调理剂改善底泥脱水性能和余水水质研究及综合性能评价

为研究调理剂对河道底泥脱水性能和余水水质影响,开展综合性能评价,选取9种调理剂调理河道底泥,对比调理后毛细吸水时间(CST)、泥饼含水率(MC)和余水总有机碳(TOC)、TP、TN变化情况,并结合调理剂投加成本(EC),采用层次分析法(AHP)构建综合评价模型,考察调理剂的综合性能。结果表明,调理剂投加量的增加有助于底泥脱水性能和余水水质的改善。FeCl3投加量为10.00%时,CST最佳为15.7s;阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)投加量为1.00%时,获得最低泥饼MC 51.48%,此时还获得最低TN 18.74mg/L;聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量为10.00%时,获得最低余水TP 1.83mg/L;经济性分析中,FeSO4的EC最低为19.0元/t,CPAM高达250.0元/t。统筹成本和调理效果,9种调理剂中FeCl3综合性能最好。

玉米茎秆汁液防治坡面土壤侵蚀的室内模拟试验

该文通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了地表施加玉米茎秆汁液对降雨产流产沙强度的影响,旨在探索玉米茎秆汁液是否可以作为土壤改良剂来减少产流产沙强度。试验设计了2种玉米茎秆汁液的施加量(400和800 g)、4种施加浓度(10%、25%、50%和75%)和4种降雨强度(50、25、75、100 mm/h)。结果表明,各施加浓度和施加量的玉米茎秆汁液都能够减少降雨产流产沙强度,且相同条件下的产沙强度减小程度大于产流强度减小程度。当玉米茎秆汁液的施加量为400 g时,随着施加浓度从10%增加至25%、50%和75%,减流百分比分别为31.243%、31.685%、34.595%和39.475%,减沙百分比分别为23.167%、41.993%、37.918%和64.606%;当玉米茎秆汁液的施加量为800 g时,随着施加浓度从10%增加至25%、50%、75%,减流百分比分别为37.583%、56.433%、63.170%和76.360%,减沙百分比分别为48.214%、77.219%、88.572%和95.539%。当施加量和降雨强度相同时,产流产沙强度与施加浓度之间呈显著的指数函数递减关系,产沙强度随降雨强度的变化呈显著的幂函数递增关系。当施加量为400 g时,各施加浓度下的产流强度与降雨强度之间呈显著的线性函数递增关系,当施加量为800 g时,各施加浓度下的产流强度随降雨强度呈显著的指数函数递增关系。研究为水力侵蚀的防治提供了新思路,为水蚀荒漠化的防治提供了新方法。

白洋淀疏浚底泥絮凝脱水试验及应用

针对白洋淀生态清淤底泥土工管袋脱水絮凝的问题,开展土工管袋脱水试验研究及工程验证。进行无机絮凝剂、有机絮凝剂和生物絮凝剂的复配小试和中试试验,提出适用于白洋淀土工管袋脱水的絮凝方案,并通过工程化实施,验证了絮凝方案的土工管袋脱水性能。研究采用分组试验的方法,以底泥絮凝后絮体大小、絮体强度和上清液清澈度作为评价指标。结果表明:复配絮凝剂投加量1.5%时,底泥絮凝效果最优,且余水水质化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)改善明显,COD和TP分别削减83.92%和91.18%,土工管袋充填结束第30 d降低底泥含水率至低于55%。

Effects of sulfate-reducing bacteria on methylmercury at the sediment–water interface

Sediment cores（containing sediment and overlying water） from Baihua Reservoir（SW China）were cultured under different redox conditions with different microbial activities, to understand the effects of sulfate-reducing bacteria（SRB） on mercury（Hg） methylation at sediment–water interfaces. Concentrations of dissolved methyl mercury（DMe Hg） in the overlying water of the control cores with bioactivity maintained（BAC） and cores with only sulfate-reducing bacteria inhibited（SRBI） and bacteria fully inhibited（BACI） were measured at the anaerobic stage followed by the aerobic stage. For the BAC and SRBI cores, DMe Hg concentrations in waters were much higher at the anaerobic stage than those at the aerobic stage, and they were negatively correlated to the dissolved oxygen concentrations（r =- 0.5311 and r =- 0.4977 for BAC and SRBI, respectively）. The water DMe Hg concentrations of the SRBI cores were 50% lower than those of the BAC cores, indicating that the SRB is of great importance in Hg methylation in sediment–water systems, but there should be other microbes such as iron-reducing bacteria and those containing specific gene cluster（hgc AB）, besides SRB,causing Hg methylation in the sediment–water system.

Adjustment in the main-channel geometry of the lower Yellow River before and after the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir from 1986 to 2015

Based on the measured discharge,sediment load,and cross-sectional data from 1986 to 2015 for the lower Yellow River,changes in the morphological parameters(width,depth,and cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient)of the main channel are analyzed in this paper.The results show that before the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir(XLDR)from 1986 to 1999,the main channel shrunk continually,with decreasing width and depth.The rate of reduction in its width decreased along the river whereas that of depth increased in the downstream direction.Because the rate of decrease in the width of the main channel was greater than that in channel depth,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in the sub-reach above Gaocun.By contrast,for the sub-reach below Gaocun,the rate of decrease in channel width was smaller than that in channel depth,and the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient increased.Once the XLDR had begun operation,the main channel eroded continually,and both its width and depth increased from 2000 to 2015.The rate of increase in channel width decreased in the longitudinal direction,and the depth of the main channel in all sub-reaches increased by more than 2 m.Because the rate of increase in the depth of the main channel was clearly larger than that of its width,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in all sub-reaches.The cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel of the lower Yellow River exhibited different adjustment patterns before and after the XLDR began operation.Before its operation,the main channel mainly narrowed in the transverse direction and silted in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below Aishan,it primarily silted in the vertical direction.After the XLDR began operation,the main channel adjusted by widening in the transverse direction and deepening in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below it,the main channel adjusted mainly by deepening in the vertical direction.Compared with the rates of decrease in the width and depth of the main channel during the siltation period,the rate of increase in channel width during the scouring period was clearly smaller while the rate of increase in channel depth was larger.After continual siltation and scouring from 1986 to 2015,the cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel changed from wide and shallow to relatively narrow and deep.The pattern of adjustment in the main channel was closely related to the water and sediment conditions.For the braided reach,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with suspended sediment concentration(SSC)during the siltation period.By contrast,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was positively correlated with discharge and negatively correlated with SSC during the scouring period.For the transitional and meandering reaches,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with SSC.