Analysis of the relationship between water level fluctuation and seismicity in the Three Gorges Reservoir(China)

The Three Gorges Reservoir is a good site for the further researches on reservoir induced seismicity due to decades＇ seismic monitoring. After the first water impounding in 2003, seismic activity becomes more frequent than that before water impoundment. In order to quantitatively study, the relationship between the water level fluctuation and earthquakes in TGR, we introduced statistical methods to attain the goal. First of all, we relocated the earthquakes in TGR region with double difference method and divided the earthquakes into 5 clusters with clustering analysis method. Secondly, to examine the impacts of water level fluctuation in different water filling stages on the seismic activity in the 5 clusters, a series of statistical analyses are applied. Pearson correlation results show that only the 175 m water level fluc- tuation has significantly positive impacts on the seismic activity in clusters I, II, III and V with correlation coefficients of 0.44, 0.38, 0.66 and 0.63. Cross-correlation analysis demonstrates that 0, ], 0 and 0 month time delay separately for the clusters I, II, III and V exists. It illustrated the influences of the water loading and pore pressure diffusion on induced earthquakes. Cointegration tests and impulse response analysis denoted that the 175 m water level only had long term and significant effects just on the seismic events in the intersection region of the Fairy Mount Fault and Nine-brook Fault. One standard deviation shock to 175 m water level increased the seismic activity in cluster V for the first 3 months, and then the negative influence was shown. After 7 months, the negative impulse response becomes stable. The long-term effect of the 175 m water impoundment also proved the important role of pore pressure diffusion in RIS with time.

Online location of seismic damage to a water distribution system

As one of the most important urban lifeline systems,a water distribution system can be damaged under a strong earthquake,and the damage cannot easily be located,especially immediately after the event.This often causes tremendous difficulties to post-earthquake emergency response and recovery activities.This paper proposes a methodology to locate seismic damage to a water distribution system by monitoring water head online at some nodes in the water distribution system.An artificial neural network-based inverse analysis method is developed to estimate the water head variations at all nodes that are not monitored based on the water head variations at the nodes that are monitored.The methodology provides a quick,effective,and practical way to locate seismic damage to a water distribution system.

Groundwater Monitoring with Passive Seismic Interferometry

Passive seismic interferometry takes advantage of natural ambient seismic noise generated by the wind, the storms and the human activities (e.g. cars, trains and hereafter pumps) to recover the slight variations of the seismic wave velocity induced by changes in the groundwater level. Here we compare the seismic measurements with actual piezometric data acquired on the Crépieux-Charmy (Lyon, France) groundwater exploitation field. We show the excellent correspondance between variations in the groundwater level and seismic velocity variations. We present hereafter the time and space monitoring of an hydraulic dome formed to prevent biological and chemical pollutions to enter the exploitation field. The horizontal resolution is solely limited by the number of seismic stations used, and is about 30 m in the present study. The vertical resolution of seismic measurement is impaired by spurious artifacts linked to the intermittent sources of noise. In average, the sensitivity of the seismic velocity change corresponds to a 50 cm change of waterlevel. This study confirms the possibility of groundwater monitoring in an industrial context with ambient seismic noise.

Using Ambient Noise to Study the Seismic Velocity Changes Caused by the Rise and Fall of the Water Level in the Zipingpu Reservoir Region

We study the feature of media changes beneath the Zipingpu reservoir and discuss the process of permeation with the water level rise and fall of the reservoir from January 2005 to January 2008 from ambient noise cross correlation by using continuous seismic data recorded by the stations of Zipingpu seismic network and YZP station. A moving-window cross-spectrum technique has been used to calculate the relative seismic velocity changes between station pairs. Results revealed an obvious relationship between relative seismic velocity, and the water level changes with a time delay that may be caused by permeation during three main impoundments and two large scale disemboguements. Impoundment generates a fast and large impact on the superficial layer, and the changes of seismic velocity is the result of increased pressure and permeation during the impoundment. At the first impoundment, the main effect factor is pressure. During the next two process of impoundment, permeation becomes the main effect factor, affecting the fault at a depth of about 8kin.

Seismic response analysis of arch dam-water-rock foundation systems

The effect of water compressibility on the seismic responses of arch dams is not well understood.In this paper,a numerical model is developed with rigorous representation of the dynamic interaction between arch dam-water- rock foundation.The model is applied to the seismic response analysis of an arch dam with a height of 292m designed to a seismic intensity of IX.It is shown that consideration of the water compressibility clearly decreases the stress responses at key positions of the dam,while the added mass model gives a conservative estimate.

Seismic reliability analysis of urban water distribution network

An approach to analyze the seismic reliability of water distribution networks by combining a hydraulic analysis with a first-order reliability method （FORM）, is proposed in this paper. The hydraulic analysis method for normal conditions is modified to accommodate the special conditions necessary to perform a seismic hydraulic analysis. In order to calculate the leakage area and leaking flow of the pipelines in the hydraulic analysis method, a new leakage model established from the seismic response analysis of buried pipelines is presented. To validate the proposed approach, a network with 17 nodes and 24 pipelines is investigated in detail. The approach is also applied to an actual project consisting of 463 nodes and 767 pipelines. The results show that the proposed approach achieves satisfactory results in analyzing the seismic reliability of large-scale water distribution networks.

Soil pressure and pore pressure for seismic design of tunnels revisited: considering water-saturated, poroelastic half-space

This paper describes a systematic study on the fundamental features of seismic soil pressure on underground tunnels, in terms of its magnitude and distribution, and further identifi es the dominant factors that signifi cantly infl uence the seismic soil pressure. A tunnel embedded in water-saturated poroelastic half-space is considered, with a large variety of model and excitation parameters. The primary features of both the total soil pressure and the pore pressure are investigated. Taking a circular tunnel as an example, the results are presented using a fi nite element-indirect boundary element(FE-IBE) method, which can account for dynamic soil-tunnel interaction and solid frame-pore water coupling. The effects of tunnel stiffness, tunnel buried depth and input motions on the seismic soil pressure and pore pressure are also examined. It is shown that the most crucial factors that dominate the magnitude and distribution of the soil pressure are the tunnel stiffness and dynamic soil-tunnel interaction. Moreover, the solid frame-pore water coupling has a prominent infl uence on the magnitude of the pore pressure. The fi ndings are benefi cial to obtain insight into the seismic soil pressure on underground tunnels, thus facilitating more accurate estimation of the seismic soil pressure.

积石山6.2级地震供水系统震害调查与分析

2023年12月18日甘肃省积石山县发生6.2级地震,造成当地各类工程结构发生不同程度的破坏,导致了重大人员伤亡。基于调查资料,总结了供水系统中的建(构)筑物、设施设备和供水管网的震害特征。研究表明:经过正规抗震设计和施工的建筑物震害较轻,表明我国抗震设计规范发挥了积极作用;低烈度区水厂设施设备因地震破坏而停运,个别设备漏油污染了水质,进而导致了供水能力下降;位于高烈度区的供水管网在老旧钢质管道连接处发生多处破坏,出现了水量不足、水压降低的情况,给居民生活造成了不利影响。最后,从采取设备减隔震技术、管道和设备接口采用柔性连接、选择供水管道材质、全面开展管网漏损排查等四个方面提出了恢复重建的建议。

Structure and Temporal Variability of Mediterranean Water in Hydrological and Marine Seismic Data South of Portimao Canyon (Gulf of Cadiz), from 1999 to 2002

Hydrological and marine seismic data, collected in the Gulf of Cadiz (respectively in July 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002, and in April 2000 and 2001) are analysed to reveal the various structures of Mediterranean Water (MW). Both the hydrological and seismic data clearly identify the MW undercurrents on the Iberian slope, detached MW eddies (meddies and a cyclone) and smaller fragments of MW (filaments and small eddies). Seismic reflectivity and synthetic reflectivity computed from hydrology, indicate that strong acoustic reflectors, associated with 8 - 64 m thick homogeneous water layers, are found above and below meddies and filaments, around the MW undercurrents, but mostly in the lower part of cyclones and below submesoscale eddies. Reflectors are also observed in the near surface layers where thermohaline contrasts are quite pronounced. The successful use of seismic data to locate submesoscale MW structures, superior to that of hydrology, is related to the improved horizontal resolution.

页岩气水力压裂开发的环境效应研究进展

水力压裂技术在改造低渗储层中得到广泛应用但其带来的环境问题也备受关注,主要包括水资源消耗、地表水与地下水污染、诱发地震等。本文通过调研国内外页岩气开发环境效应相关研究进展,针对上述环境负面效应评述目前还存在的问题与下一步研究方向。对比常规油气和其他能源开发,水力压裂作业单位能源用水密度并非最高,且总用水量占地区水资源供给量较低,不会显著增加供水压力。发展新型水基压裂液或无水压裂技术、或充分回用返排液都是减轻水力压裂消耗水资源的有效手段。油气盆地沉积地层渗透率特征及地下流体运动驱动力性质共同决定了由水力压裂作业导致压裂液及地层卤水向上直接污染浅部含水层的可能性极低,已知的甲烷、压裂液及地层卤水造成的水资源污染均是由完井施工缺陷或储运管理不当造成的。但利用地球化学与同位素方法进行水力压裂作业污染物溯源仍存在不确定性,因此完善地表水与地下水监测方案、构建适当的污染指标体系、提升对压裂液与地层卤水在复杂地层中迁移规律模拟预测能力、加强压裂液与返排液监管是应对水资源污染的有效方案。水力压裂作业一定程度上造成气田周边地震活动增加,未来需要进一步完善地震风险评估与预测预警,最大程度降低诱发地震带来的风险。

考虑水质因素的供水管网抗震韧性评估

城市基础设施系统抗震韧性分析模型是评估城市防震减灾能力并指导震后恢复工作的重要依据。提出了耦合水力与水质模拟的供水管网抗震韧性评估模型。根据管道地震易损性模型和Monte Carlo模拟生成管网地震破坏场景,并采用动态重要度方法模拟管网震后修复过程。通过管网中余氯浓度的降低表示地震破坏对管网水质的负面影响,震后管网余氯浓度的变化取决于管道破坏引起的供水路径和水量的变化。采用震后余氯浓度未下降的用户节点供水量,作为管网系统水质性能评估指标。所提出的模型应用于2个不同布局的Benchmark案例管网。研究结果表明:管道破损处的水量漏失导致其上游管道的水流量增加、余氯浓度增大,下游管道的供水路径延长、余氯浓度减小。管网的水质韧性值往往低于水力韧性值,水力和水质韧性相对差异程度受到管网布局和运行规则的影响,文中案例管网水质和水力指标计算的抗震韧性损失指标的相对差异在17%~286%之间;运行规则复杂且含有调节水箱的管网,其水力和水质韧性的差异较大。

基于代理指标的供水管网抗震改造优化

基于水力模型计算的管网供水量满足率(SSIQ)指标,是评估供水管网震后性能的常用指标。在供水管网抗震改造优化模型中,若采用SSIQ表示优化目标函数,优化求解需进行大量水力模型计算,计算耗时很长。为减小管网抗震改造优化模型的计算量,对节点流量韧性指标(FR)进行了改进,增加了管道破坏漏水能量损失的影响项,提出了一种管网能量指标(Energy Resilience, ER)表示震后管网性能;以ER指标作为SSIQ的代理指标,用于量化抗震改造优化模型的目标函数。仅通过管道地震失效概率、管网震前正常运行工况的水力参数计算ER指标,不必进行震后管网水力模型计算,以期提升优化模型计算效率。以供水管网震后性能最大化和改造费用最小化为目标,以管道抗震改造措施为优化变量,建立了管网抗震改造多目标优化模型,并比较了ER指标、FR指标以及两个拓扑代理指标的替代效果。案例管网应用结果表明,ER指标与SSIQ指标相关系数呈现强相关性,基于ER指标的优化方案与基于SSIQ指标的优化方案的差异小于3%,ER指标优化模型计算时间不足SSIQ指标优化模型计算时间的1%。

大庆SN油田东部过渡带油水边界综合确定

为确定大庆SN油田东部过渡带油水界面,综合钻井、测井、地震资料,结合岩心含油产状分析和老井油水层二次解释,基于双相介质理论的叠后属性油气检测以及基于叠前地震波形指示反演的流体识别等技术,探讨构造油气藏外扩区油水边界的综合确定方法。研究区油水边界具有以下特征:岩心含油产状为油斑以上;测井解释外推为油层或油水同层;叠后属性低高频能量比大于0.85;叠前反演预测含水饱和度小于75%。因此,以“井点定深度、地震定边界、动态来验证”为原则,从“点—线—面—空”,经过综合分析,确定最终油水边界位置。研究成果有效指导了研究区外扩评价部署,对同类型构造油田油水边界研究具有参考意义。

2023年甘肃积石山6.2级地震灾害特征

2023年12月18日,甘肃省临夏州积石山县发生6.2级地震,震源深度10km。此次地震造成了大量人员伤亡。地震强度较大,建筑结构、非结构构件震害严重;生命线系统多见破坏;场地灾害主要表现为土壤液化、山体崩塌、液化流滑,其中以金田村的液化流滑现象尤为突出。与2018年印尼帕鲁7.5级地震、1303年洪洞8.0级地震、1920年海原8.5级地震相比,此次地震液化流滑现象具有低角度、大范围、长距离的显著特征。现场调查分析发现,充分的水利补给、物源区的明显凹陷是导致本次地震液化流滑规模巨大的原因,且此次流滑与2018年帕鲁地震流滑现象有多处相似之处,但两者流滑机理上存在着本质的不同,值得后续深入研究。对于此次地震,美国地质调查局给出的人员伤亡及场地破坏预测偏向保守,急需发展匹配抗震设防能力的震害预测方法。

Seismic Response Improvement of Existing Prototype School Buildings Using Water Tanks, Port Said City, Egypt

There is a global trend for seismic response improvement of new buildings to reduce cost and future damage. It is also important to improve existing structures that are designed without consideration of seismic load or using old provisions that cannot meet the new one. The objective of this paper is to draw attention to evaluate existing reinforced concrete school buildings, then to present a proposed methodology to improve the behaviour of such schools with low cost especially in a developing country. The proposed method uses overhead water tanks as a tuned mass damper. A pushover analysis has been performed to evaluate the existing schools and perform a feasibility study to select the best solution to achieve seismic response improvement of the existing structure. Of course, the proposed methodology can be applied easily to other existing structures.

2021年玛多7.4级地震聊古1井同震响应特征分析

整理了聊古1井流量、水位、水温和水化学离子含量等流体测项在2021年青海玛多7.4级地震中的同震响应变化特征。结合聊古1井的构造背景,分析了同震变化的影响因素,初步探讨了同震变化机理。结果表明:聊古1井流量、水位及水温等流体测项在青海玛多7.4级地震发生后呈阶升型同震变化,井水离子含量也出现较大波动,明显高于背景值。本次青海玛多7.4级地震的流体同震响应特征表明聊古1井对远场地震反映灵敏,具有良好的映震效能。

复杂山地水-陆混采地震资料高精度表层速度建模与应用

塔里木盆地ZQX区块石油地质条件优越,并首次开展了水域空气枪激发、拖缆接收采集,但其近地表结构非常复杂,分布有农田、村庄、山体、戈壁砾石、水库等地表类型。针对水-陆混采资料的特殊性,笔者提出了水-陆混采初至起跳点拾取与双约束层析反演新方法。先拾取出不同激发接收模式下准确的初至波波峰时间,利用高信噪比道计算波峰到起跳点的时差,再通过插值解决低信噪比道波峰时间转初至时间的空变时差校正问题。以此为基础,采用水速硬约束和微测井软约束的层析反演方法,解决了ZQX区块水库-山地水-陆混采三维高精度近地表速度建模问题,叠加剖面及深度偏移成像质量明显提升,取得了较好的应用效果。

大型空泡水洞试验设施结构有限元分析

大型空泡水洞试验设施是目前中国规模最大的水洞系统,为评估其整体结构强度和抗震设计安全性,对空泡水洞结构进行三维有限元数值分析,考虑正常工作工况和地震载荷作用极限工况下的结构刚强度,基于振型分解反应谱法计算了地震惯性加速度载荷,并对结构地震位移响应进行校核。结果表明:空泡水洞的结构变形在正常工作工况主要表现为水洞内壁的膨胀变形,在极限工况下主要表现为由地震载荷引起的水洞顶部水平位移;空泡水洞高应力区域主要位于结构角隅处的筒壁和加强筋。这对中国自主研发大型空泡水洞具有重要的借鉴意义。

雅安地区监测井水位预测效能对比研究

为提高监测井水位映震效果的判别准确度并提升预测效能,本文运用不同方法对雅安地区两条断裂附近的6口监测井水位的映震效果开展了对比判别研究。首先,使用差分法对监测井水位数据进行处理和分析。然后,将水位数据与区域地震活动性的两种参数(能级和最大震级)相结合,分析区域地震活动性与水位波动的关系。接着,在时域和频域两个层面对该组合序列进行分析处理。最后,采用Molchan图表法检验5种方法的预测效能,并选出最佳处理方法及断裂附近预测效能最优的监测井。结果表明:水位与地震活动性参数结合处理相比单独使用水位差分法具有优势,前者能够准确排除地震活动性对水位异常的干扰。6口监测井的最优预测方法各不相同,最优预测天数均在60 d内。通过比较监测井水位对地震的预测效能检验结果,确定了两条断裂区域预测效能最优的监测井。虽然水位与地震活动性两种参数结合处理并不适用于所有监测井,但该方法能够体现水位受地震活动性影响的程度。

地震正演在深水沉积地层研究中的应用

为提升深水沉积地层的地震解释精度和地震数据信息提取能力,通过对带有峡谷的陆坡沉积进行地震正演,分析了浊流和块体搬运主控的沟谷、水道、峡谷的地震反射特征,并在此基础上对水道天然堤复合体进行精细正演。综合分析认为:块体搬运主控沟谷宽深比小且为对称充填状,内部主要为杂乱弱振幅反射;而浊流主控峡谷宽深比大,内部为波状强振幅反射;地层顶底界面夹角越小,真实尖灭点与地震反射尖灭点间的误差越大;水道天然堤复合体厚度变小使得地震反射频率降低,振幅增强;水道饱含水时的振幅强于饱含气时的振幅。由此进一步明确了不同形态属性特征下多类型深水沉积体的地震响应特征,可以有效提高深水沉积地层地震资料综合解释精度。