Optimization design of wide face water slots for medium-thick slab casting mold

A three-dimensional finite-element model has been established to investigate the thermal behavior of the medium-thick slab copper casting mold with different cooling water slot designs. The mold wall temperatures measured using thermocouples buried in different positions of the mold with the original designed cooling system were analyzed to determine the corresponding heat flux profile. This profile was then used for simulation to predict the temperature distribution and the thermal stress distribution of the molds. The predicted temperatures during operation matched the plant measurements. The results showed that the maximum temperature, about 635 K in the wide hot surface, was found about 60 mm below the meniscus and 226 mm from the center of the mold. For the mold with the type I modified design, there was an insignificant decrease in temperature of about 5 K, and for the mold with the type II modified design, the maximum temperature was decreased by about 15 K and the temperature of the hot surface was distributed more uniformly along the length of the mold. The corresponding maximum thermal stress at the hot surface of the mold was reduced from 408 MPa to 386 MPa with the type II modified design. The results indicated that the modified design II is beneficial to the increase of mold life and the quality of casting slabs.

Numerical Study on Mechanism of Blast-Induced Damage Considering Guiding Effect of Water Jet Slot

Damage is one of the most important characteristics of rock failure.Studying the damage mechanism of rock blasting under the guiding effect of the water jet slot and revealing the mechanism of controlled blasting with water jet assistance are crucial.In this study,a rock-like material was chosen as the research object for the calibration experiment of the numerical model.The numerical simulation models were then established by ANSYS/LS-DYNA,and the blastinduced damage mechanism under the guiding effect of the water jet slot was analyzed according to the blasting theory.The results indicated that explosive energy accumulates toward the direction of the slot as the guiding effect of the water jet slot,which allows the rock mass in the direction of the slot bear more damage.Meanwhile,the rock mass in the middle of the connection line between two blast-holes bears more damage under the combination of the effect of the explosion stress wave and guiding effect of water the jet slot on the detonation gas during double-slotted borehole blasting,which results in the formation of a gourd-shaped blast-induced damage area.In addition,the influence of the water jet slot on blast-induced damage varies depending on the blasting-process stage.

Switching mechanism and optimisation research on a pressure-attitude adaptive adjusting coal seam water jet slotter

To investigate the attitude-switching mechanisms of existing jet slotters,which integrate drilling,punching and slotting operations,and to improve its fracture ability,we used the power bond diagram theory to analyse the dynamic flow pressure,and force of slotters.A mathematical model was developed for the dynamic characteristics of slotter systems.Furthermore,to study the effect of the main characteristic parameters on the ability of the nozzle to erode sandstone,multi-orthogonal experiments were carried out.And the optimised slots were applied in later practical operations.The research results show that the inlet fluid passed through the time-varying orifice to generate pressure differential thrust,which overcame the spring force,pushed the valve core to open the side nozzle,and closed the rear cavity channel thereby realising the switch of the slotter attitude.An optimal plan was established to balance the diameter,depth,and volume of punching,and a rock-breaking plan was developed for the slotter.Subsequently,the optimised water jet slotter was practically used in coal seam gas drainage.Compared with conventional dense drilling,water jet slotting technology significantly improves the ability,efficiency,and effect of increasing the permeability of the coal seam.

Simulation of Wetting and Drying Processes in A Depth Integrated Shallow Water Flow Model by Slot Method

A particular porosity method named ＂slot method＂ is implemented in a depth-integrated shallow water flow model （DIVAST） to simulate wetting and drying processes. Discussed is the relationship between the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ and the preset depth used in ＂wetting-drying＂ algorithm. Two typical tests are conducted to examine the performance of the method with the effect of the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ being checked in detail in the first test. Numerical results demonstrate that： 1 ） no additional effort to improve the finite difference scheme is needed to implement ＂slot method＂ in DIVAST, and 2） ＂slot method＂ will simulate wetting and diying processes correctly if the shape factors of the ＂slot＂ being selected properly.

导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透强化瓦斯抽采技术及应用

针对低透气性高瓦斯煤层预抽瓦斯困难问题,提出导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透技术,通过理论推导计算煤层段扩孔后塑性区分布,分析穿层钻孔煤层段水压裂缝的起裂与扩展,揭示导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透的力学机制,研发导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透装备。在山西中兴煤矿进行现场应用,结果表明:利用水射流方法对穿层钻孔煤层段进行扩孔,使得煤中产生形似圆柱孔洞,穿层钻孔围岩塑性区半径与钻孔半径成正比,钻孔扩孔是增大塑性区范围的一种有效方法,裂隙扩展明显,瓦斯采出率提高。同时研发了一种导向槽定向水力压裂防突成套装备,主要部件有移动高压水力泵站、喷头、喷嘴、螺旋辅助排渣水射流高压钻杆、孔口防喷装置以及高压旋转接头,结合井下水力化作业远程监测和控制,现场监测结果表明,通过增透作业钻孔的方法,平均瓦斯浓度和瓦斯抽采混合量提高到常规孔的2.75倍和1.81倍,说明采取导向槽定向水力压裂措施的增透效果显著。

渤海油田稳产增产钻完井技术进展与展望

为了解决渤海在生产油田面临的井槽、井筒资源紧张,储层产能释放程度受限,水淹储层高含水加剧等问题,通过技术攻关和工程实践,形成了以井槽、井筒高效利用,海上压裂增产,水淹储层高效控水为代表的渤海油田稳产增产钻完井技术体系。主要技术成果指标包括:中短半径侧钻技术全角变化率可达到18.97°/ 30 m,近钻头测斜盲区由23 m缩短至0.6 m,突破技术瓶颈;压裂充填技术可实现177.8 mm套管内的1趟6层压裂充填作业,突破作业极限;可充填式自适应防砂控水一体化技术创新采用“双层筛管、内层基管不打孔”的形式结构,实现了控水和防砂双重目标。基于油田未来面临的工程技术难题,建议在浅水水下井口开采模式、精细化可控超短半径侧钻技术、海上大规模压裂作业模式和多专业协同控水模式等方面持续攻关,为渤海油田实现稳产增产目标提供技术保障。

门槽充水对塔式进水口工作性态的影响研究

坝下涵管作为重要输水建筑物,在土石坝工程中被广泛应用。其进水口启闭竖井塔柱结构遭遇设计洪水位甚至校核洪水位时,竖井内工作门槽及检修门槽常常会充水,此时结构受力状态与常水位下存在差异。采用有限元法对某工程进行仿真分析,分析门槽充水对塔式进水口工作性态的影响。研究结果表明,各工况下结构位移和应力分布规律基本一致,且数值均较小。校核洪水位下,检修闸门门槽及工作闸门门槽内充满水体,结构位移及主拉应力均小于正常蓄水位工况,门槽充水对结构的稳定性和安全裕度具有增强作用。

石漠化边坡及其植被板槽的地下渗漏一体化综合观测技术及应用模拟

【目的】表土贫瘠的石漠化边坡的地表和地下水土流失严重,限制了该地区的植被恢复,其水土保持生态防护是目前绿色公路建设的热点问题。【方法】结合广西贺巴高速来都段石漠化边坡应用梯级植被板槽进行水土保持的工程需求,研发了石漠化边坡地下渗漏的一体化综合观测技术,并利用数值分析软件,分别对该石漠化边坡及其植被板槽水土流失一体化综合观测的概化模型,进行应用性的数值试验模拟观测和分析。【结果】数值试验结果表明:石漠化边坡在仅覆盖一层薄土层时,总地下渗漏量达到65%以上,随着岩溶裂隙率和裂隙倾角的增加,基岩裂隙渗漏量占比增加,表层岩溶带渗漏量占比减小;在石漠化边坡上设置集约化填土的植被板槽措施后,在不考虑板槽底的防渗漏材料时,总地下渗漏量占比变成40%左右,与仅覆盖一层薄土的石漠化边坡相比地下渗漏占比降低25%以上。石漠化边坡上植被板槽的蓄水效率随植被覆盖度的增加而增加;坡度的增加会造成裸露边坡的地下渗漏量增加,因此必须加强石漠化边坡集雨面功能的建设和坡面降雨径流收集。【结论】研究成果可为石漠化边坡植被板槽水土保持生态防护措施的现场研究和工程应用提供理论依据。

松软煤层水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术研究及应用

为解决松软煤层(f>0.2)超高压水力割缝期间缝槽发育难控制、易垮孔等问题,通过理论分析手段,分析了割缝缝槽周围煤体应力分布规律,获得了割缝缝槽周围煤体塑性区分布影响因素。研究了高压水射流破煤规律,得到了影响割缝缝槽形态的主要因素为割缝压力、喷嘴直径及煤体自身硬度。提出了基于松软煤层特点的超高压水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术,获得了控制松软煤层缝槽深度、宽度以及发育速度的关键参数为割缝压力、喷嘴直径及压力调节速度。通过现场应用表明,针对松软煤层其缝槽形态控制合理参数为:割缝喷嘴直径2.5~3.0 mm,割缝压力70 MPa,割缝调压间隔3~5 min。验证了松软煤层水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术适用性,可效提高松软煤层水力割缝施工成功率及安全性。

Progress on the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking to enhance coal seam permeability

A method of hydraulic grid slotting and hydraulic fracturing was proposed to enhance the permeability of low permeability coal seam in China. Micro-structural development and strength characteristics of coal were analysed to set up the failure criterion of coal containing water and gas, which could describe the destruction rule of coal containing gas under the hydraulic measures more accurately. Based on the theory of transient flow and fluid grid, the numerical calculation model of turbulence formed by high pressure oscillating water jet was used. With the high speed photography test, dynamic evolution and pulsation characteristics of water jet water analysed which laid a foundation for mechanism analysis of rock damage under water jet. Wave equation of oscillating water jet slotting was established and the mechanism of coal damage by the impact stress wave under oscillation jet was revealed. These provide a new method to study the mechanism of porosity and crack damage under high pressure jet.Fracture criterion by jet slotting was established and mechanism of crack development controlled by crack zone between slots was found. The fractures were induced to extend along pre-set direction,instead of being controlled by original stress field. The model of gas migration through coal seams after the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking was established. The key technology and equipment for grid slotting and fracking with high-pressure oscillating jet were developed and applied to coal mines in Chongqing and Henan in China. The results show that the gas permeability of coal seam is enhanced by three orders of magnitude, efficiency of roadway excavation and mining is improved by more than 57%and the cost of gas control is reduced by 50%.

Induced drill-spray during hydraulic slotting of a coal seam and its influence on gas extraction

Hydraulic slotting can induce drill spray in a gassy,low permeability coal seam.This then influences subsequent gas extraction.This paper describes the drill spray phenomenon from a mechanical perspective and analyzes the effects of water jet damage during slotting.A simulation of the stresses around the drill hole and slot was prepared using FLAC-3D code.It helps explain the induction of drill spray during hydraulic slotting.The stress concentration around the bore increases as the diameter of the hole increases.As the hole enlarges the variation in stress also increases,which introduces an instability into the coal.This allows easy breaking and removal of the coal.Destruction of the coal structure by the water jet is the major factor causing drill spray.Energy stored as either strain or gas pressure is released by the water jet and this causes the coal to fracture and be expelled from the hole.Field tests showed the effect on gas extraction after slotting with drill spray.The concentration of gas increases after drilling.Compared to conventional techniques,the hydraulic slotted bore gives a gas concentration three times higher and has an effective range twice as far.This makes the gas extraction process more efficient and allows reduced construction effort.

综合矿井物探技术在采煤工作面的应用

研究了综合矿井物探技术在内蒙古酸刺沟煤矿6上207工作面的应用,旨在解决该矿区水害问题,保障矿井安全生产。研究通过音频电透视法、矿井瞬变电磁法和槽波地震勘探技术,全面掌握工作面地质结构和水文地质条件,分析其对矿井安全的影响。结果表明,顶板瞬变电磁探测发现6处低阻异常区,底板音频电透视探测2处低阻异常区,孔-巷音频电透视发现1处低阻异常区,槽波勘探识别了4处断层和4处槽波能量异常区。这些成果为矿井水害防治和安全生产提供了科学依据。建议加强监测预警,合理规划探放水工程,强化地质构造研究,科学制定综合防治水措施,持续优化物探技术应用,以确保矿井安全稳定运行。

深部冲击地压煤层水射流割缝卸压参数优化研究

为确定深部冲击地压煤层高压水射流割缝卸压最优参数,采用数值模拟、理论推导剖析了高压水射流割缝卸压防冲原理,构建了钻孔间距、割缝半径等4个因素的参数优化理论模型,以某矿730采区集中巷为研究对象,基于动静载叠加原理,研究揭示了集中巷冲击地压机理,获得了各影响因素的理论参数值,并揭示了不同理论参数下应力、塑性区及冲击危险指数的异同。研究结果表明:各影响因素对高压水射流割缝卸压效果均有较大影响,且各因素之间存在显著的交互作用;采用卸压后平均垂直应力、弹性能密度、冲击危险指数及卸压成本为卸压参数的有效性及经济性指标,评估了不同参数卸压效果的优劣,获得该煤层物理力学性质下高压水射流割缝卸压最优参数;研究成果在730采区#3联络巷应用后,现场微震频次、总能量及微震空间集中度均大幅降低,为工作面安全回采提供了技术保障。

梯形断面鱼道内水流的三维特性分析

运用三维数学模型,对横断面为梯形的鱼道内水流流态进行数值模拟分析,结果表明:梯形断面鱼道内水流具有明显的三维特性;增大梯形断面鱼道竖缝过水断面面积比会减弱鱼道内水流的三维特性,在过水断面面积比小于0.375时,鱼道内水流三维特性较为明显;鱼道池室长宽比的变化对鱼道内水流三维特性的影响不大。

进鱼口水深不足时竖缝式鱼道水力特性及进出口允许最大水深差

为研究竖缝式鱼道进鱼口水深不足时鱼道进出口允许最大水深差,构建了鱼道整体数学模型,对鱼道流速、流态、水面线等进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:当进鱼口水深不足时,上游段水深与出鱼口水深一致,流速稳定;中间段水深开始缓慢下降,流速逐渐变大;下游段水深急剧下降,流速迅速变大,在进鱼口处出现跌水,流速出现最大值。当鱼道坡度相同时,出鱼口水深与进出口允许最大水深差呈线性关系,出鱼口水深越大,进出口允许最大水深差越大;当出鱼口水深相同时,鱼道坡度与进出口允许最大水深差也呈线性关系,鱼道坡度越陡,进出口允许最大水深差越小。

高压水射流煤层割缝深度数值模拟与实验研究

高压水射流割缝技术是提高低透气性煤层瓦斯抽采效率的有效措施之一,确定割缝深度是优化钻孔布置和射流参数的基础。基于Fluent软件数值模拟分析了入口压力、靶距、旋转速度对水射流流场特征的影响规律;基于高压水射流破煤实验系统,开展了淹没和非淹没条件下冲击破煤实验,并进行了现场实验。研究表明,喷嘴结构一定时,水射流速度随着入口压力的增大而增加,冲击压力随冲击距离增大而发生衰减;水射流发展过程中截面积逐渐增大,导致冲击压力集中区域的范围随靶距的增大而逐渐扩展;射流旋转会导致旋转方向一侧的应力大于另一侧,靶体表面最大切应力随旋转速度增加而增大;随着入口压力和冲蚀时间的增加,水射流对试样的冲蚀深度增大,但冲蚀深度随冲蚀时间的增加存在阈值。根据高压水射流破煤深度实验结果可知,喷嘴直径为1 mm、压力为30 MPa时,水射流割缝直径可以达到1.2 m。工程应用表明,割缝钻孔平均瓦斯抽采流量为普通钻孔的1.56~2.52倍;抽采16 d后,瓦斯抽采浓度维持在30%以上。

进鱼口水深超高时竖缝式鱼道允许水位差

若鱼道设计不当,进鱼口水深超高会影响诱鱼效果,从而降低鱼类上溯率。依托某实例工程建立鱼道整体数学模型,对鱼道流速、流态、水面线等进行研究,探究进鱼口水深超高时鱼道上下游允许水位差。研究发现,壅水工况,上游段水深与出鱼口水深一致,流速稳定,下游段水深开始缓慢增加直至达到进鱼口水深,流速随之减小,出现极小值;坡度越陡,出鱼口水深对允许水位差的影响越大,坡度相同时允许水位差和出鱼口水深呈正线性相关,随出鱼口水深增加,允许水位差变大;出鱼口水深越大,坡度对允许水位差的影响越小,出鱼口水深相同时允许水位差和坡度也呈正线性相关,坡度越陡,允许水位差越大。通过多元线性回归法,将试算数据整理为以坡度和出鱼口水深为自变量的允许水位差求解公式。研究成果可为大幅提高鱼道适应水位变动的能力提供技术支持。

进鱼口水位变幅条件下鱼道水动力特性试验

枢纽下游水文情势的改变及运行调度使鱼道进出口水位时刻变化,鱼道运行不当,进口水深不足会造成跌水,妨碍鱼类上溯。采用鱼道整体模型,分析鱼道进出口不同水位组合下鱼道内水力特性变化特征。结果表明,受下游进口水位变幅影响,鱼道池室水动力变化主要集中在进口附近池室,且越靠近下游,影响越大。当进口水位降低时,进鱼口处出现跌水,流速出现极大值,鱼类难以上溯;进口水位抬升,流速迅速减缓,鱼道孔口设计流速为0.60~1.00 m/s,鱼道运行出口与进口水深最大落差建议控制为1.00 m。同时为在鱼道进口形成有效的诱鱼流速,需根据进鱼口不同水深采取适当补水措施,补水流量与进口水深存在较好线性关系。

基于用户行为的可变时隙高校水量配置研究

高校供水结构复杂,科学准确的水量调度对高校节约用水具有十分重要的意义。为保证高校用水差异性和供水调度时效性,针对高校多区域多用户的“净水-再生水”多水源供水配置问题,提出了基于可变时隙的“净水-再生水”多水源优化配置算法。首先,基于高校学生上课和作息的用户行为,一种可变时隙(10min+50min+1h)的分配方案被提出水资源配置数学模型。然后,基于划分的可变时隙,构建了以经济效益和社会效益为目标的数学模型;最后,提出了一种改进的樽海鞘算法(ISSA),实例对比不同时隙下高校生活用水的缺水率和净水补偿量,验证了可变时隙方案的优越性,为建立节能舒适型区域生活水资源绿色发展提供参考。

广西贺巴高速来都段石漠化边坡植被恢复和生态防护技术的应用分析

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