Irrigation Water Demand Model as a Comparative Tool for Assessing Effects of Land Use Changes for Agricultural Crops in Fraser Valley, Canada

Available water for human needs and agriculture is a growing global concern. Agriculture uses approximately 70% of global freshwater, mainly for irrigation. The Lower Fraser Valley (LFV), British Columbia, is one of the most productive agricultural regions in Canada, supporting livestock production and a wide variety of crops. Water scarcity is a growing concern that threatens the long-term productivity, sustainability, and economic viability of the LFV’s agriculture. We used the BC Agriculture Water Demand Model as a tool to determine how crop choice, irrigation system, and land-use changes can affect predicted water requirements under these different conditions, which can aid stakeholders to formulate better management decisions. We conducted a comparative assessment of the irrigation water demand of seven major commercial crops, by distinct soil management groups, at nineteen representative sites, that use both sprinkler vs drip irrigation. Drip irrigation was consistently more water-efficient than sprinkler irrigation for all crops. Of the major commercial crops assessed, raspberries were the most efficient in irrigation water demand, while forage and pasture had the highest calculated irrigation water demand. Significant reductions in total irrigation water demand (up to 57%) can be made by switching irrigation systems and/or crops. This assessment can aid LFV growers in their land-use choices and could contribute to the selection of water management decisions and agricultural policies.

Root-Zone Soil Water Balance and Sunflower Yield under Deficit Irrigated in Zambia

The study was conducted at the University of Zambia, Research Field Station, Lusaka, Zambia to evaluate the root zone soil water balance under full, and deficit irrigated sunflower. The specific objectives were: 1) to assess the sunflower growth and yield under varying irrigation water regimes;2) to evaluate the root-zone water balance;and 3) to evaluate the water use efficiency of sunflower. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus, var Milika) was planted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four irrigated water regimes in four replications. The treatments comprised: treatment (T1) = 30% ETc;treatment (T2) = 54% ETc;treatment (T3) = 65% ETc;and treatment (T4) = 100% ETc. The sunflower crop was irrigated on a weekly irrigation schedule using sprinklers. The measured parameters included: weather data, soil moisture profiles, growth stages (emergence, flowering, maturity), above-ground biomass, and grain yield. The results of the study showed that growth parameter (biomass and seed yield) decreased with a decrease in applied irrigation water. The sunflower seed yield varied from 0.22 to 1.40-ton·ha-1 with an average yield of 0.81-ton·ha-1. The highest grain yield was obtained under treatment (T4), and the least grain in yield harvest was at treatment (T1). The statistical analysis showed significant differences in seed yield among the treatments. The treatments (T1 and T2) were not significantly different (p > 0.05). These results showed that when water deficit was set at 65% and 100% ETc and uniformly distributed throughout the sunflower growth, there were no significant differences in biomass, stover and seed yield. In literature, the allowable soil moisture depletion factor for irrigation scheduling of sunflower is set at 45%. The yield components decreased as irrigation levels decreased for each irrigation interval. The 65% ETc treatment could be recommended for sunflower irrigated in semi-arid regions and be used as a good basis for improved irrigation strategy development under water stressed environment.

Experimental Investigation of Soil Evaporation and Evapotranspiration of Winter Wheat Under Sprinkler Irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation is one of the typical irrigation technologies used for the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. To evaluate the evapotranspiration （ET） of winter wheat under sprinkler irrigation in Beijing area, field experiments were conducted in growing seasons through 2005-2008, in the experimental station located in Tongzhou County, Beijing, China, with different irrigation depths. Results indicated that a relatively large variation of soil water content occurred within 0-40 cm soil layer. The seasonal ET of winter wheat generally increased with increasing irrigation amount, while the seasonal usage of soil water had a negative relationship with irrigation amount. Soil evaporation （Es） was about 25% of winter wheat ET during the period from reviving to maturity. Es increased while Es/ET decreased with increasing irrigation amount. Sprinkler irrigation scheduling with relatively large irrigation quota and low irrigation frequency can reduce Es and promote the irrigation water use efficiency.

Demonstration of Center Pivot Uniformity Evaluation and Retrofit to Improve Water Use Efficiency

Agricultural irrigation is a primary user for freshwater withdrawal. Irrigation plays an important role in crop production, as it provides the benefit of reducing the effects of prolonged dryness and erratic precipitation. Center pivot irrigation system is the most common irrigation system in agriculture. As the center pivot irrigation system ages, the system could develop a leaking joint, clogged sprinklers, and physical damage. This can cause areas of non-uniformity that can lead to under- or over-irrigated in some areas of the land, resulting in excess energy use and cost, wasting resources, and environmental impacts. Thus, it is important to evaluate the performance of a center pivot irrigation system regularly to maximize return on investments and minimize wasting resources. This study focuses on evaluating the impacts and benefits of improved center pivot irrigation distribution uniformity by performing distribution uniformity evaluations pre- and post-retrofit. This study also focused on demonstrating an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to assess the performance of the center pivot irrigation system in two irrigated farmlands. The Coefficient of Uniformity (CU), Distribution Uniformity (DU), and Scheduling Coefficient (SC) were calculated based on the catch can test data. The values were utilized to evaluate water and energy savings from the improved coefficients. The team has found that replacing sprinkler packages increased the CU from 78 to 89 and the DU from 77 to 82, and reduced the SC from 1.3 to 1.2 in Field A. In Field B, replacing sprinkler packages increased the CU from 73 to 91 and the DU from 62 to 84 and reduced the SC from 1.6 to 1.2. The estimated water savings in Field A due to the reduced scheduling coefficient was approximately 151,000 liters/hectare/year, with consideration of the corn and soybean rotation field in Michigan. The estimated water savings in Field B was 608,000 liters/hectare/year. The data from this demonstration study showed the value of distribution uniformity evaluation and retrofit of irrigation systems. This information will encourage farmers and agricultural industries to consider performing more distribution uniformity evaluations, ultimately improving irrigation water use efficiency and supporting sustainable water management in agriculture.

Retrofitting Sprinkler Systems for Suppressing Dust Generated by Moving Vehicles Inside Farms

Fugitive dust is one of the well known problems in agriculture and it affects both humans and machine producing quality. Dust problems can seriously cause harmful diseases to workers and ruin expensive equipments. In this study, a dust formation generated in open environment by vehicles was analyzed on unpaved roads. Formed dust was measured by calculating total forces on the PM10 （airborne particles smaller than 10 mm） of dust particles, such as air velocity, gravity forces and air turbulence generated by the moving vehicle. The water fogger nozzle discharge was measured to determine the approximate droplets quantity in the air. The foggers were used to suppress the generated dust in an open environment via installing a proposed automatic suppression system which opens automatically when vehicles pass under the system. The relationship between water droplet speed and ability of collecting fugitive dust showed that high air temperature above 40oC and wind speed above 10 m s-1 have negative effects on the system’s ability of collecting dust due to evaporation of small radius droplets and/or drifting water droplets away from the effective area. The overall system efficiency was found to be 85% and the proposed dust suppression system was found to be a satisfying solution for reducing fugitive dust hazards.

养殖肥水喷灌条件下摇臂式喷头水力性能研究

【目的】研究不同喷灌介质对喷头水力性能的影响。【方法】以20PY2H摇臂式喷头为研究对象,在不同工作压力下测定了清水和养殖肥水2种喷灌介质对喷头压力-流量、喷头水量分布的影响。通过模拟计算和田间喷灌试验分析相结合的方法,探查喷灌介质、工作压力、组合间距、田间气象条件与喷灌均匀性之间的关系。【结果】(1)与清水灌溉相比,养殖肥水运行下喷头流量降低了2.06%~5.38%,射程前中段径向水量分布差异较大;(2)工作压力为200~300k Pa、组合间距为1.0R~1.4R条件下,MATLAB拟合出的CU模拟值为0.74~0.88,CU试验值为0.66~0.79。复杂的大田气象条件导致喷灌均匀系数下降了6.28%~12.78%。工作压力、喷头组合间距对清水运行喷灌均匀性的影响大于养殖肥水运行。【结论】养殖肥水喷灌更利于喷灌系统降低工作压力和增加喷头布置间距以降低设计成本。

基于射流脉冲三通的桁架喷灌机水力性能试验

为了研究安装射流脉冲三通的桁架喷灌机与普通桁架喷灌机水力性能的差异,试验喷灌机搭载4个距地面高度1 m的Nelson D3000型折射式喷头,分别设置100、150、200 kPa 3种进口压力和3.0、3.5、4.0 m 3种喷头组合间距进行全因素组合试验。通过间距500 mm的5列9行雨量筒阵列集水,测试了安装射流脉冲三通喷灌机的定喷、行喷水量分布和安装普通三通的行喷水量分布。结果表明:定喷试验时,在100、150、200 kPa进口压力下,4 m喷头组合间距的克里斯琴森均匀系数Cu与分布均匀性系数Du均最高,分别大于90%和84%;行喷试验时,在100、150、200 kPa进口压力下,脉冲组的水深峰值比对照组分别降低了27.1%、27.9%、28.6%,克里斯琴森均匀系数Cu分别提升了17.1%、12.6%、3%,分布均匀性系数Du分别提升了24.2%、11.2%、9.5%。射流脉冲三通提供的脉冲流能够有效降低桁架喷灌机的峰值喷灌强度并提高水量分布均匀性。

农田灌溉节水技术滴灌、喷灌与微喷灌的效果对比分析

农田灌溉节水技术是提高水资源利用效率、保障全球粮食安全的有效手段。该文对滴灌、喷灌和微喷灌技术进行综合分析,评价其节水效果、生产效益、经济效益和环境效益。研究结果表明,滴灌技术在节水方面具有显著优势,喷灌技术在生产效益方面表现突出,而微喷灌技术则具有一定的经济效益和环境效益。因此,在实际应用中,需要根据当地水资源状况、作物类型及生产需求等因素,合理选择和搭配灌溉技术,以实现可持续发展。

茶树喷灌防霜中植株储水/冰量动态变化与影响因素研究

喷灌是园艺作物有效的防霜技术之一。为确定茶树喷灌防霜需水量和节约水资源,需研究喷灌过程中植株的储水/冰量动态变化及影响因素。本文设计了一种防滴落、茎杆水收集及称量组合装置,可直接精确获取整株茶树的储水/冰量;试验分析非冻结和冻结、微量和摇臂2类喷头条件下储水/冰量变化的异同;最后探究了冻结下微量喷头喷灌时长对储冰量和茎杆水量的影响。研究结果表明,非冻结条件下,茶树储水量变化经历积累、动平衡和干燥3个阶段;冻结条件下的储冰量随喷灌进行持续增加,并在停喷后较长时间内保持不变,即积累和保持阶段,随后依次经历融化流失和干燥阶段;相同喷灌压力和时长下,微量喷头的储水量和储冰量分别是摇臂喷头的1.2倍和2.0倍;微量喷头喷灌时长对最大储水量无明显影响,约为0.22 kg,最大储冰量则随喷灌时长的增加而显著增加,1.5 h的储冰量是0.5 h的2.9倍。微量喷头作用的茎杆水量,在非冻结和冻结条件下也较高,分别是摇臂喷头的3.0倍和2.7倍。本文研究了茶树植株表面储水/冰量变化及影响因素,改进了灌木类植物冠层截留量的测量方法,为提升防霜效果和实现精准喷灌奠定了基础。

广东某沿海住宅小区给排水系统设计特点介绍

给排水系统设计应兼顾经济性和安全性。某住宅小区通过优化消防管网分区,在不增加管道数量的基础上,减小了管道和阀门附件的压力等级。通过适当调整喷淋管道的管径,有效控制了喷淋水量和消防水池容积。室外给排水管道采取了多种防沉降措施,减小软土地基区域不均匀沉降对管道的损害风险。架空层住户卫生间单独排水、排水立管设置堵塞溢流装置,降低返水风险,进一步保障住户财产安全。

某医药工业甲类厂房消防给排水设计及若干问题讨论

介绍了某医药工业甲类厂房的生产污废水系统、室内外消火栓系统、闭式泡沫-水喷淋系统及建筑灭火器的配置,对甲类车间生产污废水的收集、预作用闭式泡沫-水喷淋系统在甲类厂房设计中的使用问题进行分析探讨。

水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌装置设计与试验

为解决南方水稻工厂化田间育秧水肥药人工管理作业中存在的灌溉均匀性差、化肥和农药浪费以及劳动强度大等问题,该研究设计了一种水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌装置,阐述了水肥药变量喷灌装置总体结构和工作原理,进行了关键部件设计与试验;以可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller,PLC)为控制核心,构建了注肥量在线调控及整机变量喷灌控制系统。采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法,对装置喷灌均匀性与主要影响因素进行试验研究,应用单目标优化方法对喷灌关键参数进行优化,并通过验证试验,得到最优参数组合为:干管入口水压0.20 MPa、球阀开度90°、喷头喷角80°,此时装置的喷灌均匀性为92.69%;构建了氯化钾肥液质量浓度与电导率(electrical conductance,EC)值的线性模型,开展了装置变量灌溉施肥性能试验,3种喷灌等级下各作业区的肥液EC值分别为1.65、1.66和1.68 mS/cm,平均喷灌强度分别为900.85、1 092.04和1 263.67 mm/h,施肥均匀系数分别为85.21%、87.86%和91.62%。采用水肥药变量喷灌装置开展水稻育秧田间管理试验,华航51常规稻和广8优165杂交稻的秧苗长势均匀度均高于95%,成毯性良好,各项素质指标满足机插作业要求。所设计的水肥药变量喷灌装置能够满足水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌作业要求,对提高水稻工厂化田间育秧机械化水平、保证秧苗质量具有实际应用价值。

不同修复措施对温性草原植被特征的影响

试验以温性草原为研究对象,通过实施免耕补播、喷灌补水+免耕补播、保水剂+免耕补播和飞播等4种修复措施,比较天然草原植被特征和土壤理化特性的改良效果,为退化草原保护修复提供参考。结果显示:与项目区外相比,免耕补播、喷灌补水+免耕补播、保水剂+免耕补播和飞播区的植物种数增加,植被平均高度提高2~5 cm,喷灌补水+免耕补播显著提升了植被盖度、地上生物量和土壤含水量(P<0.05)。研究表明,喷灌补水+免耕补播对地上植被特征和土壤涵水能力的修复效果最佳,保水剂+免耕补播次之,水分仍是限制退化草原生态修复效果的主要因素。

某援外大剧院消防给水系统设计研究

某大剧院定性为乙等中型剧院,根据驻场固定剧目的表演内容,合理设置消防给水系统,简化系统形式和管网布置,在满足规范要求的前提下,以达到经济有效的设计目的。

喷洒型自动射流灭火系统设计参数的技术分析与探讨

针对《自动跟踪定位射流灭火系统技术标准》(GB 51427-2021)的相关条文,通过与《自动喷水灭火系统设计规范》(GB 50084-2017)标准的对比,对喷洒型自动射流灭火系统的设计流量、喷洒型灭火装置的布置间距等方面进行了分析探讨,提出喷洒型自动射流灭火系统可以按作用面积方法计算确定系统设计流量,并采取相应的设计保证措施;计算推导出喷洒型灭火装置与端墙的最大距离,为喷洒型自动射流灭火系统设计提供参考。

地铁地下车站水消防系统设计的优化研究

在消防安全、节能减排、节约工程投资的基础上,对地铁地下车站常规室内外消火栓系统设置方案及自动喷水灭火系统的设置范围提出优化建议。分析并探讨利用市政管网进行稳压、地铁地下车站设置区域消防系统,以及区间采用常高压系统的可行性。同时,对地下车站室外水消防方案争议点进行归纳,提出地下车站室外水消防设置建议;对地铁地下车站设置自动喷水灭火系统优缺点进行分析,提出地下车站设置自动喷水灭火系统的设置条件和范围。

民用建筑消防给排水施工技术的应用实践

消防给排水工程是一项重要的施工技术,它与民用建筑物的安全密不可分。目前,民用建筑的消防给排水建设还存在一定的缺陷,必须进一步提升消防给排水施工的技术能力。消防给排水施工技术的应用可以确保建筑物内消防设施的正常运行和有效使用,提高火灾发生时的应急处理能力,保障人员生命安全;消防给排水施工技术的有效应用可以减少火灾对建筑物的损害和对财产造成的损失,降低火灾风险,保障财产安全;消防给排水施工技术的应用可以有效排除建筑物内部的废水、污水和雨水等,保持建筑物内部环境的清洁和卫生,提高居住和工作的舒适性。

自动喷水冷却系统保护下钢化玻璃作为防火分隔物可行性试验研究

针对目前大型综合性商业建筑拟采用钢化玻璃作为防火分隔物的使用需求,通过建立实体试验模型研究在自动喷水冷却系统保护下钢化玻璃作为防火分隔物有效性,并进而提出可行的自动喷水冷却系统保护方案。研究结果表明:快速响应型洒水喷头在高温烟气作用下可及时启动并对玻璃进行冷却保护,使钢化玻璃完整性未受到破坏,且玻璃背火面温度和热辐射强度均小于无水系统冷却保护的情况。

正三角形组合喷灌均匀度计算方法!

喷灌均匀度是衡量喷头水力性能和喷灌质量的重要指标,为研究雨量筒取样间距、计算网格点间距以及插值方法对喷灌均匀度计算结果的影响规律,利用雨量筒径向间隔为1 m和2 m的Nelson R33型喷头无风喷洒试验数据,取1 m和0.5 m的计算网格点间距,采用线性插值、立方插值、三次样条插值的两次插值法、距离插值法和平面插值法计算了克里斯琴森均匀度。结果表明,采样间隔1 m比2 m计算出的均匀度小1.3～3.4个百分点;计算网格点间距越小,喷头组合均匀度越大,但相差都小于1.2个百分点。采用线性插值、立方插值、三次样条插值的两次插值法和距离插值法,喷灌组合均匀度计算结果非常接近,但平面插值法计算结果的差异较大。均匀度影响因素正交试验的方差分析结果表明,雨量筒采样间距、计算网格点间距、插值方法对均匀度的影响依次降低。

喷淋对宿舍火灾特性影响的数值模拟

高等院校学生宿舍人员密集、火灾荷载大,是消防安全管理的重点单位。利用FDS对典型学生宿舍火灾进行全尺寸模拟,设置有无水喷淋装置两种火灾场景。对比分析模拟结果,得出水喷淋作用前后监测点烟气温度、CO体积分数和能见度等火灾特性参数的变化规律。研究表明,喷淋作用后能有效地抑制烟气温度的升高,并能把烟气控制在顶棚附近,降低其向非火灾区域蔓延的速度,最后针对学生宿舍特点提出了有效的防火设计方案,为学校的消防管理决策提供有力依据。