Seismic responses of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with full-height rigid facing from shaking table test

To investigate the seismic response of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with fullheight rigid facing in terms of the acceleration in the backfill, dynamic earth pressure in the backfill, the displacements on the facing and the dynamic reinforcement strain distribution under different peak acceleration, a large 1-g shaking table test was performed on a reduced-scale reinforced-earth retaining wall model. It was observed that the acceleration response in non-strip region is greater than that in potential fracture region which is similar with the stability region under small earthquake,while the acceleration response in potential fracture region is greater than that in stability region in middle-upper of the wall under moderately strong earthquakes. The potential failure model of the rigid wall is rotating around the wall toe. It also was discovered that the Fourier spectra produced by the inputting white noises after seismic wave presents double peaks, rather than original single peak, and the frequency of the second peak trends to increase with increasing the PGA(peak ground amplitude) of the excitation which is greater than 0.4 g. Additionally,the non-liner distribution of strip strain along the strips was observed, and the distribution trend was not constant in different row. Soil pressure peak value in stability region is larger than that in potential fracture region. The wall was effective under 0.1 g-0.3 g seismic wave according to the analyses of the facing displacement and relative density. Also, it was discovered that the potential failure surface is corresponds to that in design code, but the area is larger. The results from the study can provide guidance for a more rational design of reinforced earth retaining walls with full-height rigid facing in the earthquake zone.

Shaking table test of subgrade slope reinforced by gravity retaining wall with geogrids

Gravity retaining wall with geogrids has showed excellent seismic performance from Wenchuan great earthquake.However,seismic damage mechanism of this kind of wall is not sufficiently clear.In view of this,a large shaking table test of the gravity retaining wall with geogrids to reinforce the subgrade slope was carried out,and based on the HilbertHuang transform and the marginal spectrum theory,the energy identification method of the slope dynamic failure mode was studied.The results show that the geogrids can effectively reduce displacement and rotation of the retaining wall,and it can effectively absorb the energy of the ground movement when combined with the surrounding soil.In addition,it also reveals the failure development of the gravity retaining wall with geogrids to reinforce the subgrade slope.The damage started in the deep zone near the geogrids,and then gradually extended to the surface of the subgrade slope and other zones,finally formed a continuous failure surface along the geogrids.The analysis results of the failure mode identified by the Hilbert marginal spectrum are in good consistency with the experimental results,which prove that the Hilbert marginal spectrum can be applied to obtain the seismic damage mechanism of slope.

Dynamic Behavior of Gravity Retaining Walls with Coral Sand Backfill Under Earthquakes:Shaking Table Tests

The retaining walls in coral sand sites are inevitably threatened by earthquakes. A series of shaking table tests were carried out to study the seismic stability of gravity retaining walls with coral sand backfill. Parallel tests with quartz sand were performed to compare and discuss the special dynamic properties of coral sand sites. The results show that the acceleration difference between the retaining wall and the coral sand backfill is 76%-92% that of the quartz sand,which corresponds to the larger liquefaction resistance of coral sand compared with the quartz sand. However, the horizontal displacement of the retaining walls with coral sand backfill reaches 79% of its own width under 0.4g vibration intensity. The risk of instability and damage of the retaining walls with coral sand backfill under strong earthquakes needs attention.

Influence factors on the seismic behavior and deformation modes of gravity retaining walls

This study investigated the influence factors on the seismic response and deformation modes of retaining walls using large-scale model shaking table tests. Experimental results showed that the distribution of peak seismic earth pressures along the height of a wall was a single peak value curve. The seismic earth pressures on a gravel soil retaining wall were larger than the pressures on the weathered granite and quartz retaining walls. Also, the peak seismic earth pressure increased with increases in the peak ground acceleration and the wall height. The measured seismic active earth pressures on a rock foundation retaining wall were larger than the calculated values, and the action position of resultant seismic pressure was higher than 0.33 H. In the soil foundation retaining wall, the measured seismic earth pressures were much smaller than the calculated values, while the action position was slightly higher than 0.33 H. The soil foundation retaining wall suffered base sliding and overturning under earthquake conditions, while overturning was the main failure mode for the rock foundation retaining walls.

Seismic earth pressures on flexible cantilever retaining walls with deformable inclusions

In this study, the results of 1-g shaking table tests performed on small-scale flexible cantilever wallmodels retaining composite backfill made of a deformable geofoam inclusion and granular cohesionlessmaterial were presented. Two different polystyrene materials were utilized as deformable inclusions.Lateral dynamic earth pressures and wall displacements at different elevations of the retaining wallmodel were monitored during the tests. The earth pressures and displacements of the retaining wallswith deformable inclusions were compared with those of the models without geofoam inclusions.Comparisons indicated that geofoam panels of low stiffness installed against the retaining wall modelaffect displacement and dynamic lateral pressure profile along the wall height. Depending on the inclusioncharacteristics and the wall flexibility, up to 50% reduction in dynamic earth pressures wasobserved. The efficiency of load and displacement reduction decreased as the flexibility ratio of the wallmodel increased. On the other hand, dynamic load reduction efficiency of the deformable inclusionincreased as the amplitude and frequency ratio of the seismic excitation increased. Relative flexibility ofthe deformable layer （the thickness and the elastic stiffness of the polystyrene material） played animportant role in the amount of load reduction. Dynamic earth pressure coefficients were compared withthose calculated with an analytical approach. Pressure coefficients calculated with this method werefound to be in good agreement with the results of the tests performed on the wall model having lowflexibility ratio. It was observed that deformable inclusions reduce residual wall stresses observed at theend of seismic excitation thus contributing to the post-earthquake stability of the retaining wall. Thegraphs presented within this paper regarding the dynamic earth pressure coefficients versus the wallflexibility and inclusion characteristics may serve for the seismic design of full-scale retaining walls withdeformable polystyrene inclusions. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Time history of seismic earth pressure response from gravity retaining wall based on energy dissipation

The seismic design of gravity retaining walls is based mostly on the pseudo static method.The seismic earth pressure is assumed to be a constant without considering the wave traveling effect when the seismic wave propagates through the slope.However,under continuous ground motion,the actual earth pressure on the retaining wall varies with time.The present seismic earth pressure calculation method yields results that differ significantly from the actual scenario.Considering this,a slip surface curve was assumed in this study.It is more suitable for engineering practice.In addition,a theoretical calculation model based on energy dissipation was established.The time history of seismic earth pressure response under continuous ground motion was calculated using the equilibrium equation between the external power and the internal energy dissipation power of the sliding soil wedge.It can more effectively reflect the stress scenario of a retaining wall under seismic conditions.To verify the applicability of the proposed approach,a large-scale shaking table test was conducted,and the time history of the seismic earth pressure response obtained from the experiment was compared with the calculation results.The results show that the proposed approach is applicable to the calculation of the time history of seismic earth pressure response of gravity retaining walls.This lays the foundation for the seismic design of retaining structures by using dynamic time history.

Deformation and localisation behaviours of reinforced gravelly backfill using shaking table tests

To understand the deformational behaviours of geosynthetics-reinforced soil retaining walls(GRS RWs),a series of plane-strain shaking table tests was conducted on retaining wall models.The backfill of the models was made of poorly graded gravel.Deformations and strains in the gravelly backfill induced by seismic loading are recorded in real time,which are of importance to understand the seismic strength and stability of the GRS RW systems,as strain localisation development in the backfill and foundation is related to the degree of strength degradation of the system.In the present study,we aimed at quantifying the induced deformations of the GRS RW models due to shaking.Digital image correlation(DIC)technique was then employed to analyse and provide full-field deformation and motion images with the models.It is demonstrated that,unlike conventional contact devices that are yet limited to provide quantities of a singular and fixed location,DIC provides deformation and motion of the area of interests to reveal the evolution of localisation.

含建筑桩基的顺层岩质边坡桩锚支护体系振动台模型试验研究

基于Bockinghamπ定理,对具有建筑桩基的顺层岩质边坡桩锚支护体系开展振动台模型试验,通过分析预应力锚索、建筑桩基的应变以及边坡坡顶加速度,研究支护体系的动力响应规律。结果表明,预应力锚索的应变在地震波加速度达到峰值时达到最大值,且上排锚索受力大于下排锚索,随着地震幅值的增大,最上排锚索锚固段率先发生滑移破坏失去锚固作用;建筑桩基应变最大值点位于滑动面以下一定深度,且远离边坡坡面的建筑桩基受力大于邻近边坡坡面的建筑桩基;坡顶各点峰值加速度随地震波幅值增大整体表现为线性增大,但在Wenchuan-Wolong波(0.55g)和Sin波(0.4g)工况时,各点峰值加速度相对有所下降,随着地震波幅值增大,各点峰值加速度放大系数在汶川波和正弦波作用下并非单调变化,而是表现为先减小后增大波动变化特点。

渗透各向异性土层中考虑挡墙厚度的基坑稳态渗流解析解

本文对考虑厚度挡墙支护下渗透各向异性土层中基坑的二维稳态渗流进行了解析研究。根据对称性取基坑半截面,将周围土层划分为5个规则区域,采用坐标变换将渗透各向异性土层转换成等效各向同性土层,对各区域利用叠加法和分离变量法推导得到二维稳态渗流场、挡墙上水压力以及坑底出逸比降的显式解析解。对比保角变换和积分变换方法,本文解渗流场计算结果连续且无奇异点,且基坑水头和挡墙两侧水压力分布情况与数值软件分析一致性较好,说明本文解析解的正确性和优越性。本文解与不同计算方法得到的挡墙水压力结果对比分析发现,挡墙厚度d、竖直与水平向渗透系数比α对挡墙上水压力的影响不可忽略。分析α、d对挡墙底部水压力及出逸比降的影响,随着α和d的增大,基坑外侧挡墙底部水压力增大,基坑内侧挡墙底部水压力减小;随着α和d的逐渐减小,坑底出逸比降不断增大;当α和d较小时,考虑一维渗流情况得到的出逸比降安全性较低,且随着α和d的减小与本文解析解差距越来越大。

基于黏着滑动耦合动力分析的Newmark滑块位移法

基于摩擦滑移结构的抗震机制,在动力响应分析中考虑塑性滑动位移与加速度响应之间的关联性。当滑动体发生滑动时,将滑动加速度作为附加惯性荷载直接引入动力平衡方程的右端荷载项,联立滑动体底部的平衡方程,利用振型叠加法确定滑动时刻滑动体的响应加速度和滑动加速度,进而利用Newmark滑块位移法得到该时刻滑动位移增量和累计滑动位移,直至地震结束。利用上述方法对Wartman振动台试验中所采用的可变形土柱进行动力响应分析,加速度响应和滑动位移结果均与Wartman的试验结果较为一致。最后,借助重力墙挡土结构对处于共振状态下基于上述算法和传统解耦算法墙体的动力响应和滑动变形结果进行比较。计算结果表明,塑性滑动位移和动力响应之间的关联性对滑动体动力响应幅值和滑动变形均具有显著的影响,忽略两者关联性的解耦算法在滑动方向上的响应加速度幅值和累计滑移量与基于上述算法的计算结果存在较大差异,累计滑动位移和加速度的卓越周期为上述算法的2倍左右,计算结果较为保守。

水平地震作用下双级加筋土挡墙损伤识别研究

因对台阶式加筋土挡墙损伤识别的研究不足,开展了双级加筋土挡墙的大型振动台试验。采用时域识别方法分析了水平地震作用下模型的动力响应特征,阐述了上、下级挡墙自振频率、阻尼比的分布规律,探究了结构损伤程度与自振频率、阻尼比间的对应关系。研究结果表明:加载前上、下级挡墙的自振频率基本一致,阻尼比随墙高的增加而减小;随着加载工况的累积,自振频率逐渐减小,阻尼比逐渐增大。采用数学方法对自振频率和阻尼比分布曲线进行多项式拟合,对比分析可得:当自振频率减小0~15.41%、阻尼比增大0~299.35%时,结构处于基本完好阶段;当自振频率减小15.41%~18.92%、阻尼比增大299.35%~360.07%时,结构处于轻微破坏阶段;当自振频率减小18.92%~21.29%、阻尼比增大360.07%~398.21%时,结构处于中等破坏阶段;当自振频率减小21.29%~29.60%、阻尼比增大398.21%~532.99%时,结构处于毁坏状态。

大冶铁矿-360 m开拓巷道注浆治水技术研究

巷道涌水问题严重影响地下矿山安全高效生产,采用注浆技术可有效治理巷道涌水问题。针对大冶铁矿尖林山采区-360 m水平巷道开拓过程中出现的巷道底板少量涌水、联络道工作面大量涌水的情况,制定了在DS23B01联络道东侧20 m的巷道点(26#)浇筑挡水墙,选用水泥单液浆和水泥-水玻璃双液浆2种浆液作为注浆材料,在26#向东112.5 m处实施浅孔注浆、在-270 m水平废弃的电机车维修硐室口部安装地质钻机,实施超深孔注浆的施工方案。结果表明:涌水量较大的情况下,在合适位置施工挡水墙可以有效截断涌水及淤泥的持续流动;在巷道底板涌水点附近施工浅孔钻孔进行注浆,并将注浆终压设计为5 MPa,可以有效治理巷道底板涌水问题;采用超深孔注浆方法对工作面涌水量较大问题进行治理,并进行分段注浆,能有效避免同水平涌水对施工过程的干扰,治水效果明显。研究成果可为其他矿山开拓工程治理涌水问题提供技术参考。

库水位涨落条件下挡墙坡体渗流特征数值模拟

为揭示库水位涨落条件对挡土墙坡体渗流特性的影响,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,采用有限元软件,分析库水位变化条件下挡土墙坡体的渗流特征。结果表明:库水位涨落的速率越大,墙后黏性土坡体比砂性土坡体的水位滞后于库水位的现象越明显;库水位骤升初期,近挡土墙坡体孔压等值线为斜率小于0的凹曲线,离挡土墙越近,孔压等值线的斜率绝对值越大,远离挡土墙,孔压等值线趋于直线;库水位骤变条件下,挡土墙墙后黏性坡体相比于砂性土坡体的孔压变化范围更小,当涨落速率为2 m/d时,挡土墙渗流时间最短,坡体孔压最快趋于稳定状态;库水位涨落条件下,挡土墙墙后附近浸润线呈曲线分布,远离挡土墙的浸润线呈直线分布,饱和渗透系数越小,浸润线曲线分布的范围增大约2倍。

濛坝河治理河段防洪现状及生态防洪堤设计

中小型河流防洪治理是水美乡村的关键内容,也是乡村振兴战略实施的重要举措。根据濛坝河封闭防洪体系和水生态文明建设新要求,结合治理河段地形地质条件及防洪现状,提出新建与加固防洪堤、清淤疏浚河道相结合的固岸防冲生态治理思路。通过分段修建格宾石笼生态式和浆砌石重力式防洪堤与上下游构建闭合防洪体系,治理河段防洪标准和行洪能力得到提高,河道水生态环境得到改善。

Shaking table tests on a cantilever retaining wall with reinforced and unreinforced backfill

Physical modelling of cantilever retaining walls with and without backfill reinforcement was conducted on a 1g shaking table to evaluate the mitigation effect of reinforcement on system dynamics(g denotes the acceleration of gravity).The model wall has a height of 1.5 m with a scale ratio of 1/4 and retains dry sand throughout.The input motions are amplified to three levels of input peak base acceleration,0.11g,0.24g,and 0.39g,corresponding to minor,moderate,and major earthquakes,respectively.Investigation of the seismic response of the retaining walls focuses on acceleration and lateral displacement of the wall and backfill,dynamic earth pressures,and tensile load in the reinforcements(modeled by phosphor-bronze strips welded into a mesh).The inclusion of reinforcement has been observed to improve the integrity of the wall-soil system,mitigate vibration-related damage,and reduce the fundamental frequency of a reinforced system.Propagation of acceleration from the base to the upper portion is accompanied by time delay and nonlinear amplification.A reinforced system with a lower acceleration amplification factor than the unreinforced one indicates that reinforcement can reduce the amplification effect of input motion.Under minor and moderate earthquake loadings,reinforcement allows the inertia force and seismic earth pressure to be asynchronous and decreases the seismic earth pressure when inertia forces peak.During major earthquake loading,the wall is displaced horizontally less than the backfill,with soil pushing the wall substantially;the effect of backfill reinforcement has not been fully mobilized.The dynamic earth pressure is large at the top and diminishes toward the bottom.

格栅条带式加筋废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙抗震性能试验研究

废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙是一种有效利用废旧轮胎的理想途径,但直立的模块式废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙不能承受高强度的地震作用,因而提出格栅条带式加筋的方法提高其抗震性能。根据土-结构动力相似体系,设计格栅条带式加筋废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙振动台试验模型,考虑地震强度、地震波、格栅加筋长度、格栅加筋间距以及墙面坡度的影响,分析胎面墙体与回填料加速度、墙体侧向位移、墙顶表面回填料沉降以及墙背动土压力等地震响应特征,并与无加筋的废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙的振动台模型试验进行对比。研究结果表明:格栅条带式加筋胎面挡土墙的方式显著改善了无加筋状态的胎面挡土墙的地震响应特征,提高了胎面挡土墙的抗震性能,格栅条带式加筋直立式废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙可以作为理想的墙体进行工程推广应用。

直立式废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙(无加筋/加筋)抗震性能试验对比研究

为了解废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙的抗震性能,促进模块式废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙在高烈度地震区域的推广应用,针对直立式废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙(无加筋/加筋)开展抗震性能试验对比研究。基于相同的测试条件,分别建立了直立式废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙和土工格栅加筋废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙的两种振动台试验模型,考虑近场什邡地震波和远场松潘地震波的作用,研究不同地震强度下的墙体加速度、侧向位移、残余变形、墙后填料加速度、竖向沉降和墙背动土压力的响应特征,并与传统悬臂式刚性挡土墙的动力响应特征进行对比,综合评价以塞土轮胎为墙体面板的废旧轮胎挡土墙的整体抗震性能。得出直立式废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙(无加筋)挡土墙抗震性能较弱,而直立式废旧轮胎胎面挡土墙(加筋)整体抗震性能显著提高。

水位变化下含裂缝非饱和土挡墙的地震主动土压力研究

高烈度区挡墙抗震设计的主要荷载是地震主动土压力。首先根据水位、缝深和墙踵的相对位置关系,提出了含裂缝非饱和土挡墙在高、中、低水位下地震主动土压力分析的3种力学模型;继而通过拟动力法计算墙后滑动土体的地震效应,运用非饱和土力学原理与极限平衡法建立了水位变化下倾斜挡墙的地震主动土压力解答,并给出了迭代应用步骤、对比文献理论解答与振动台实测;最后探讨了水位、缝深以及土体非饱和特性对地震主动土压力系数的影响规律。研究结果表明:所得非饱和土挡墙地震主动土压力解答综合考虑了水位、缝深与土体非饱和特性,能退化为经典土压力公式,与文献理论解答、振动台实测吻合良好且应用较便捷,具有重要理论意义和良好的应用前景;地震主动土压力受水位、缝深、基质吸力、吸力分布与吸力角的影响均很显著,需采用工程措施维持基质吸力、吸力分布、低水位、小缝深等稳定存在以优化挡墙抗震设计。

考虑挡墙厚度基坑稳态渗流场的解析解

对悬挂式考虑厚度挡墙支护下的各向同性土层中基坑的二维稳态渗流场进行了解析研究。根据对称性取基坑半截面,将周围土层划分为5个规则的区域,利用叠加法和分离变量法将5个区域内的水头分布表示为级数解的形式,结合区域间的连续条件得出基坑周围渗流场的显式解析解。将本文解析解得到的水头计算结果和挡墙上水压力计算结果与有限元软件进行对比,结果吻合较好,验证了本文解析解的正确性。将一维渗流、二维渗流中流网法以及不考虑挡墙厚度情况下和考虑挡墙厚度情况下本文解析解计算得到的挡墙上的水压力与有限元解进行对比分析,发现考虑挡墙厚度情况下本文解析解的计算结果最为精确,指出了其他几种解法的误差。最后对基坑渗流场影响因素进行了参数分析,基坑内侧宽度、不透水层顶面至挡墙底部距离、坑内水位、挡墙厚度等因素对基坑水头分布有较大影响,随着挡墙厚度增大,最大水力梯度降到挡墙底部,基坑外侧渗流场远场水头增大,挡墙底部水头明显减小。

复合格宾土工格栅加筋土挡墙模型振动台试验

复合格宾土工格栅加筋土挡墙已被广泛应用于公路、铁路工程。为探究复合格宾土工格栅加筋土挡墙的动力响应,开展了复合格宾土工格栅加筋土挡墙振动台模型试验,研究在地震荷载作用下挡墙的加速度放大系数、竖向沉降、水平位移等动力特性。试验结果表明:当地震动峰值加速度为0.8g时,挡墙处于整体稳定状态;加速度在墙后填土中沿墙高呈现非线性增大的趋势,与《公路工程抗震设计规范》中规定的趋势一致;顶部竖向沉降最大值为3.48 mm,沉降墙高比为0.174%,远小于美国AASHTO规范的2%限值;随着输入地震动时程峰值的增大,挡墙水平位移沿墙高逐渐增加,墙体变形模式由转动为主过渡到平移、转动耦合,地震永久位移达到了墙高的1.06%。