Estimating minimum ecological water required of the western route first stage project of China＇s south-to-north water transfer scheme for water exporting rivers

It is well known that there is abundant water resources in basin of the Yangtze River, the first largest river in China, which is mainly located in Southern China. However, water resources is very scarce in the basin of the Yellow River, which is mainly located in Northern China. So the western route project of south-north water transfer scheme （WRP-SNWTS） aims to transfer water from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River. The area of WRP-SNWT, located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the main areas of Sichuan and the marginal areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has sufficient water resources but fragile ecology and environment. Therefore, it is necessary for WRP-SNWT to analyze the ecology water required. Based on the planning principles of from low elevation to high elevation, from small to large, from short to long and from easy to difficulty, the WRP-SNWT will be constructed through three stage projects. The western route first stage project of the south-north water transfer scheme （WRFST-SNWTS） is planned to transfer 4×10^9m^3/a from six tributaries of the Yalong river and from Dadu river to Jiaqu of Yellow River.. Daqu river and Niqu river are the branches of Xianshui river. Sequ river, Duke river, Make river and Ake river are the branches of Dadu river, which account for 65-70% of the total river run-off. It need more research and the rest run-off can satisfy channel ecology water required. According to analysis ecological water required which mainly satisfy for aquicolous biology in water-exporting region, such as low air temperature. Fish and aquicolous biology main living from May to August, and rivers are iced up from December to March of next year, ecology water required mainly for fish and aquicolous biology. The flow criterion of Tennant method is modified. The ecology water required of WRFSP-SNWTS is estimated by the flow data of Zhuwo gauging station, Zhuba gauging station, Chuosijia gauging station and Zumuzu gauging station. The result show that the ecology water required calculated by modified Tennant less 1 l percent than that of Tennant. This estimating result can supply more water resources for transferring to Yellow River. Meanwhile, this can supply gist for research transferring water of WRFSP-SNWTS.

Water Security Situation in Haihe River Basin after South-to-North Water Transfer Project

The over-exploitation of water resources in the Haihe River Basin （HRB） has now become a serious problem. This is clearly evidenced by the fact that many local rivers and lakes are drying up and the total amount of over-exploited groundwater has reached over 1000×10^8m^3. It is important to note that the exploitation of water resources in HRB was reasonable before 1979. After 1980, however, over-exploitation happened with an annual average amount of 40×10^8m^3. Both the dry season and rapid economic growth in HRB took place at the same time. Therefore, the over-exploitation of water in HRB was actually the negative result of the conjunction of a continuous dry season and rapid economic growth. So the over-exploitation would not be as serious as it is today if either of the above two stopped. After the first stage of south-to-north water transfer project, the water shortage problem in HRB could be eased for the following reasons： firstly, water transfer project will bring to the Basin 60x108m3 water resources; secondly, a wet season will come back eventually according to natural law of climate variability; finally, its agricultural and industrial use and total water consumption all have decreased from the peak value, so that the groundwater table will raise certainly and ecological water in rivers and lakes that were dried-up will be partly restored. In the future, the main problem of water resources security in HRB will include water pollution, operation risk of the south-to-north water transfer project, groundwater pollution and engineering geological hazards that may be brought by groundwater rise. The proposed countermeasures are as follows： keeping strengthening water demand management, raising water price as well as subsidies for the low- income family and improving other water related policies, preventing and dealing with water pollution seriously and getting fully prepared for the operation of south-to-north water transfer project.

不同调水方式对巢湖水质影响模拟

引调水工程是目前用来改善湖泊水质的重要手段,然而引调水的调水路线、来水水量以及来水水质对湖泊水质改善效果都至关重要。本文以“引江济巢”工程为例,针对巢湖的浅水湖泊特征,考虑引调水入湖后不仅对水量和水质有直接改善作用,还可能因为湖区水动力条件改变及内源释放影响水质,通过构建二维水动力水质模型,模拟不同调水路线、水量下湖区水动力条件,进一步考虑不同来水水质和底泥释放对水质改善的影响。结果显示,调水对流场的扰动在丰水年较弱、枯水年较强,流量对湖区水质影响随流量增大而增强,来水水质的优劣是决定湖区水体水质是否改善的关键。整体而言,西湖区受调水影响较小,东湖区能够对全湖水质变化起到指示作用。调水方案应基于湖泊实际水量与水质状态综合考虑调水流量与水质制定。

协同推进南水北调后续工程和长江经济带高质量发展

推动长江经济带高质量发展,是以习近平同志为核心的党中央作出的重大决策,是关系党和国家事业发展全局的重大战略。南水北调东、中、西三条线均以长江为水源,是跨流域跨区域配置水资源的骨干工程,是国家水网的主骨架和大动脉,在保障国家经济安全、粮食安全、生态安全等方面具有基础性、战略性作用。两者联系紧密,互促共生。文章通过对长江经济带高质量发展内涵的分析,以及在国家水安全保障、长江经济带高质量发展对南水北调高质量发展的具体要求梳理的基础上,对共同推进南水北调和长江经济带高质量发展提出了初步的认识和思考。

基于NSGA-Ⅱ的南水北调东线一期北延应急工程水资源多目标优化配置

为推进南水北调工程高质量发展,以南水北调东线一期北延应急供水工程为研究对象,开展北延应急供水工程水资源多目标优化配置研究。以缺水量最小、调水成本最低为目标,构建北延应急供水工程受水区水量多目标优化配置模型,基于非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)进行模型求解。确定各受水区在经济最大化和缺水总量最小化条件下的供水量,制定符合农业、生态和城市应急等需求的精准调配方案。结果表明:平水年满足按需分配条件,做到满足最大需水量的同时也满足供水成本最低的目标;枯水年年供水保证率分别为57%、56%、55%、54%、53%、49%、46%、36%、34%和21%情况下的10组最优解作为水量优化配置方案,其中7个优化配置方案供水保证率大于规划调水量的供水保证率值38%。在水资源多目标优化配置方案下可高效完成受水区供需水任务的同时,有效提高供水保证率,同时保证调水成本的经济性。

Impact of the Yalong-Yellow River water transfer project on the eco-environment in Yalong River basin

The planning Yalong-River water transfer project will transfer 5.65 billion cubic meters water from the Yalong River into the Yellow River per year.The Yalong River will be dramatically impacted hydrologically and ecologically because more than 60% of the runoff will be diverted.An ecohydrological model was used to evaluate the impacts of the project on river corridor and wetland in this study.Schizothorax is a typical plateau river species and was used as the indicator species for assessment of the impact of water transfer project.The model simulated the habitat area of Schizothorax in the reach between the Reba Dam and the Ganzi Hydrology Station on the Yalong River.The Reba Dam,A'an Dam and Renda Dam will be constructed in the Yalong River for enhancing the water level for water diversion into the Yellow River.The velocity,channel width,runoff,and water depth will be reduced due to the water transfer,especially during flood season.The reduction in the velocity,channel width,runoff and water depth will occur mainly in the reach near the three dams and the reduction will be reduced to a minimum level in a distance about 100 km downstream of the dams.The maximum net water loss of Kasha Lake is only 1197200 m3,only 0.3% of runoff flowing into the lake.The project cannot bring adverse effect on the lake.The habitat area of Schizothorax in the Yalong River might be reduced if the water was transferred from the Reba Dam.The habitat area of this species will be reduced more than 40%.

河南省西霞院水利枢纽输水及灌区工程

河南省西霞院水利枢纽输水及灌区工程从黄河小浪底水利枢纽的配套工程西霞院水库引水,自西向东新建1条输水总干渠,为温孟武滩区2.18万hm^(2[2])灌区提供水源,并向武嘉灌区、人民胜利渠灌区及大功灌区补水,是国务院确定的172项节水供水重大水利工程之一,同时也是河南省委、省政府实施“四水同治”战略首批推进的10项重大水利工程之一。从工程建设的必要性、工程总体布局、工程主要建设内容和规模、工程地质、工程设计以及建成后的工程效益6个方面对河南省西霞院水利枢纽输水及灌区工程进行分析。

安徽省引江济淮二期工程对沿线自然公园生态及景观的影响分析

引江济淮工程是我国水利建设的标志性调水工程。引江济淮二期工程经过淮河以北的8个自然公园,对沿线自然公园的扰动和影响不可避免。根据工程影响区的生态及景观现状的系统调查,分析和预测该工程对沿线的生态及景观影响程度,探讨减轻该工程在自然公园生态及景观方面产生负面影响的思路和方法,提出优化工程方案、建立常态化生物多样性监测、用本土植物进行栖息地生态恢复等措施。安徽引江济淮二期工程对沿线涉及的自然公园生态和景观影响程度为“中低度影响”,通过施工阶段和运行期生态保护手段和栖息地恢复措施可有效解决问题。

南宁市宾阳县供水水源布局方案研究

宾阳县人均水资源量少,且地处流域分水岭交界及河流源头地区,水资源开发利用难度大,资源性和工程性缺水问题严重。目前,宾阳县城区及周边乡镇大部分以地下水为主水源,供水能力不足。通过分析宾阳县城区周边水资源状况和开发利用条件,结合水源水量水质情况、宾阳县发展规划、经济合理可行等因素,对不同水源工程方案进行综合比较,最终推荐郁江调水作为宾阳县正常供水水源。

引黄入冀补淀省界水质监测现状与问题对策分析

探讨了引黄入冀补淀工程的水质监测现状,分析了省界断面水质监测数据,指出了存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。通过优化水质监测站点布局及监测频次、加强沿线监督检查、提升生活污水处理能力、建立健全协调机制、强化法律法规和政策支持等措施,以期提高水质监测的准确性和及时性,为进一步实施水资源管理提供理论依据和实践指导。

汉江流域骤旱演变规律及其对南水北调中线工程的响应分析

通过识别汉江流域骤旱事件,分析了汉江流域在南水北调中线工程实施前后其骤旱事件特征的差异,并且使用偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares Regression, PLSR)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)和随机森林(Random Forest, RF)3种机器学习方法建立了骤旱历时回归模型,定量分析了南水北调中线工程对骤旱历时的影响。结果表明:(1)南水北调中线工程实施后,汉江流域骤旱频次从平均每年0.7次上升至0.9次,骤旱历时从平均每年24.6 d上升至34.5 d,但在空间上,上游骤旱历时显著延长,中游增加幅度减弱,下游骤旱历时却缩短;(2)骤旱爆发历时在空间分布上由5~6 d均匀分布变为上下游不均分布,上游爆发历时缩短至3~5 d,而中下游地区延长至7~9 d;(3)随机森林对骤旱历时模拟效果最好,气候条件对骤旱历时影响最大,相对重要性为0.34,其中降水为0.14,净辐射为0.12,相对湿度为0.08,南水北调中线工程延长了汉江流域中下游地区的骤旱历时,相对重要性为0.12。

牛栏江—滇池补水工程生态效益评估

云南省牛栏江—滇池补水工程是国务院172项节水供水重大水利工程之一,也是滇池水污染综合治理的关键性措施之一,工程运行9年多以来,已累计向昆明调水46.06×108m3,其中向滇池补水42.15×108 m3、城市应急供水3.91×108 m3,发挥了巨大的生态效益。为合理评估工程产生的生态效益,从定性分析与定量计算两方面来评估工程生态效益,定量分析中采用了生态补偿法、等效替代法、生态水价法3种方法将生态效益量化为资金价值,经综合分析,推荐采用等效替代法计算工程生态效益。

Coupling interaction between biodiversity and aquatic habitat area in Western Route Project vicinity

The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project will divert water from the upper Yangtze River and its tributaries, the Dadu River and Yalong River, to the upper Yellow River. The project may ease the water shortage in the Yellow River Basin. However, it may also have some effects on the ecosystem in the upper Yangtze River Basin. Benthic invertebrates play an important role in the river ecosystem, particularly in the circulation of materials and nutrition. Benthic invertebrates are widely used to quickly assess river ecosystems because of their rapid response to changes in the water environment. The diversity of benthic invertebrates is closely associated with the aquatic habitat area. This study examined this interaction by sampling the benthic invertebrates in an expanding area. The conclusions are that the diversity of benthic invertebrates begins to decrease when the aquatic habitat area is reduced to 45% of the original area, and decreases dramatically when the aquatic habitat area is reduced to 10% of the original area. The aquatic habitat area should be kept at more than 45% of the original area in order to maintain the significant diversity of benthic invertebrates.

引江补汉工程实施后的南水北调中线水源工程可调水量分析

随着新时期南水北调后续工程的高质量发展,首批建设工程引江补汉工程正式开工,为支撑未来南水北调中线水源工程与引江补汉工程的联合协调运行,根据引江补汉工程设计参数,提出多组丹江口水库与引江补汉工程联合调度方式,并模拟分析得到引江补汉工程实施后南水北调中线水源工程可调水量具有重要意义。研究结果表明:设置引江补汉工程补水水位控制线、同步优化陶岔渠首引水调度线,充分利用引江补汉工程补水来满足汉江中下游用水需求,从而置换更多坝前水量引至陶岔渠首、清泉沟等用水需求方,可在一定程度上实现丹江口水库供水与引江补汉工程补水决策的有效衔接;相比于中线一期工程现状供水调度情景,采用合适的引江补汉工程与中线水源工程联合调度方式,可在保障汉江中下游用水量需求的同时,满足下游断面最小用水量达标率至98.9%~99.2%,并提高中线受水区可供水量17.7亿~25.8亿m^(3),继而有效协调中线水源工程的中线受水区、清泉沟渠首及汉江中下游等多方用水需求。

引黄灌区水资源调配模型及和谐评估

基于引黄灌区普遍特征及存在的水资源问题,构建考虑水资源、经济社会和生态环境多维目标的水资源优化调配模型,建立引黄灌区水资源和谐评估指标体系,并将模型和评估体系应用到赵口引黄灌区二期工程。基于模型解集中选取的4种代表性优化调配方案进行水资源、经济社会、生态环境的效益分析,选定P_(4)方案为赵口二期水资源多目标优化调度方案,并基于该方案开展和谐评估和多方案调控研究。结果表明:模型优化后灌区和谐度明显提高,通过对和谐度较低的地下水开采率、农业用水比例、城镇化率、人均粮食产量、绿化覆盖率等指标调控后,和谐度可进一步提高到0.790。

珠江三角洲水资源配置工程运行管理的实践与探索

广东省水资源时空分布不均,随着经济社会发展,矛盾日益突出。从广东省调水历史出发,借鉴国内外相关工程管理经验,通过珠江三角洲水资源配置工程运行管理的具体实践,提出全生命周期智慧管理架构,并展望调水工程未来发展的重点及方向。

含支线调蓄的调水系统水库群联合调度

针对调水工程与其支线调蓄工程所面临的复杂水库群联合调度问题,以陕西省引汉济渭调水工程及其支线调蓄工程焦岩水库、玉带河水库构成的联合调度系统为工程实例,运用拓扑概化方式揭示了各水源之间的水利-水量联系,并由此构建了联合调度模型,采用协同粒子群算法求解了10 a长系列调度,提出了单一水库多目标供水方案,解析了耦合系统补给调水效果。结果表明:支线调蓄工程能够在均衡多目标供水效益的基础上,通过耦合系统有效增加补给调水量,显著改善调水过程。

全球水系格局与水网构建研究进展

在水资源时空分布不均匀、社会经济发展不均衡以及全球气候变化条件下,科学合理的水网构建已成为新时期实现水资源高效利用和促进区域可持续发展的重要途径,因此在多目标下如何把握各级水系对应水网构建的“度”也就成为当前关注的核心问题.本文回顾了全球天然水系格局、识别与表征方法、形成机制、时空分布及演化特征等方面的研究进展,分析了典型水系格局所对应的流域水资源禀赋和水资源结构特征,指出了水系格局的若干生态环境效应.进一步在对世界著名大河跨流域引水工程与骨干水网构建关系典型案例分析的基础上,指出了面向生态的水系格局优化与骨干水网构建的发展趋势.

淮河干流污染团应急处置水质水量联合调度

针对淮河干流污染团事件应急处置的需求,对污染团事件的水质水量联合调度措施进行研究。构建淮河干流中游段的水动力水质模型,分析加大蚌埠闸流量、加大引江济淮流量、两者同时加大、背景调度(无引江济淮工程)和常规调度(有引江济淮工程,但不加大流量)5种调度方式对淮河干流污染团的应急处置效果。结果表明:从污染团离开研究区域时间、峰值长度、峰值质量浓度等角度看,不同调度方式对污染团的处置效果有所不同;加大蚌埠闸流量、加大引江济淮流量和两者同时加大对污染团的处置效果均比背景调度和常规调度更优。研究结果可为淮河干流突发水污染事件应急处置提供参考。

Financing Model Decision of Inter-basin Water Transfer Projects

Inter-basin Water Transfer Projects require the appropriate financing model to attract large amounts of social investment.Therefore,financing model decision becomes the key of engineering construction.In three aspects,such as the subject,the object and the target of the financing model,Grey Target Model is established in this paper.First,the complex financing mode decision problems of Inter-basin Water Transfer Projects are decomposed by using hierarchical decomposition method.Then Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) method is used to calculate the comprehensive weight of evaluation index.Experts' opinions financing model are transformed into the evaluation matrix based on the Dephi method.The Weighted Grey Target Model is used to calculate the approaching degree of financing model and assists financing mode decision.In addition,this paper takes the water diversion project from the Han to the Wei River of Shaanxi Province as a verification example for the model.For other water diversion projects,the evaluation results are also reliable and provide theoretical references for the financing model decision of Inter-basin Water Transfer Projects.