解读单元考点,牵手高频考题——Unit 13 The Water Planet(英文)

人教版高二( 下) 册第十三单元的中心话题是 "水的星球", 不仅涉及水的化学结构、水的物理性质、水的用途、入海口、海洋等, 还涉及很多语法点、单词、短语、句型结构等, 下面就人教版高二 ( 下)Unit 13 TheWater Planet 的重点语法、句型结构结合近几年高考试题做如下透视。

Flow Calculation of Water Environmental Capacity Controlling Units in a Small Watershed Based on GIS Technology

[Objeetive] We aimed to calculate the flow of controlling units in a small watershed based on GIS technology. [Method] Hydrologic analysis on Qingyi River was conducted by using ArcGIS9.0, and the controlling units with response of water-land were divided according to the riv- er monitoring sections of Xuchang City; considering the wastewater entering the river and the water from its upper reach, the runoff of controlling sections in the driest month （ with guarantee rate of 90% ） was calculated by means of isoline, runoff coefficient and hydrologic analogy method, and the calculated value of Gaocun Bridge section in Linying was contrasted with the measured value in 2010. [Result] The results showed that the cal- culated value and measured value of Gaecun Bridge section in Linying in the driest month of 2010 were 6.03 and 5.93 m^3/s respectively, with relative error of 1.69%, which revealed that the result of calculated runoff was reasonable. [ Conclusion] The way to divide controlling units was reason- able, and the calculation result of runoff was accurate and can meet the precision of water environment capacity calculation.

An Overview of Conventional and Non-Conventional Water Resources in Arid Region: Assessment and Constrains of the United Arab Emirates (UAE)

The aridity, population growth, agriculture and industrial activities threaten the water resources in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In UAE, groundwater quantity is reduced and its quality is also deteriorated due to the scanty of rainfall and over pumping for different uses. The deficit of groundwater is met by desalinated water and reused of treated wastewater. Agricultural activities have negative impacts on water resources and this causes reduction of groundwater quality as the agriculture the main land use in the UAE and it accounts for more than 70% of groundwater use. The treated wastewater is an alternative source for agricultural activities. To improve the current water situation, a national water resources strategy has been prepared and imple-mented to assist in achieve this target and maintain the country’s water security. This paper intends to give an overview of water resources in the UAE with emphasis on challenges facing the management of these resources.

Integrating Lithostratigraphic Units and GIS-Analysis Techniques to Modified Surface Water Quality Index

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters as alternatives to the lithostratigraphic units covered the catchment area, on water quality index (WQI) values that have been implemented with GIS technique at Wadi Al-Arab Dam. The analyzed results (by WQI method) have been used to depict water quality for the two approaches. Based on physico-chemical parameters, the calculated values for WQI over the 3-year for study period were 169, 168, and 157, respectively. While the WQI values were 184, 183 and 172, respectively, as a result of incorporated Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters in WQI calculations that significantly contributed to increasing the WQI. The elevated values may be attributed to the influence of carbonate stone dissolution and mechanical erosion under weathering conditions that are prevalent during winter season in the catchment area. As a consequence of lithostratigraphic unites product and GIS technique integration and normalization processes, most of water quality ranks are good and only autumn season has poor water quality in the 2012 and 2013, while in 2014 it has good water quality in the same season. The WQI values increase in general trend from winter to autumn seasons during the study period that may be referred to outflow by daily consumption, evaporation rising, and seepage water. The analysis shows that the modified water quality values of the Wadi Al-Arab Dam Reservoir (WADR) vary after using Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters by constant value. Generally, the results signify that the WADR is not polluted based on the physical and chemical characteristics of water.

A Study on Water Demand Load Estimation by Using Unit of Living Water - Focused on Micro Water Supply Area in Daegu City

Water supply capability has been significantly reduced as water demand has been increased due to changes of the world's weather, causing the increase of drought frequency, and urbanization. In terms of water production, water can be secured by construction a dam or procuring substitute water. However, the study approaches in terms of management of water supply area to control the existing water efficiently. Therefore, water demand was estimated by buildings, by which water load of micro water supply area was calculated. As a result, the deviation of water demand for 1,357 micro water supply areas could be calculated while the alternatives to dissolve the spatial demand unbalance were suggested by two types. From the study, firstly, we could anticipate the total water supply demand from the total sum by filtration plants but it was not possible to anticipate the characteristics of distribution within urban areas. For this, the study attempted to anticipate the demand of each 250 thousands of buildings, comprehending the demand of micro areas. Secondly, based on the built results, we suggest the directions to dissolve the water demand unbalance between and among regions, which could be the foundation to suggest the concrete methodology in the future.

Succession of aquatic microbial communities as a result of the water quality variations in continuous water

The changes of structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities in continuous water on campus of Tsinghua University, China are investigated by polyurethane foam unit(PFU) method. The measured compositions of the communities include alga, protozoa, and some metazoa(such as rotifers). The measured indicators of water quality include water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen(DO), potassium permanganate index(COD Mn ), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and chlorophyll-a(Chla). The trophic level, expressed by the trophic level indices(TLIc), is assessed with analytic hierarchy process and principal component analysis(AHP-PCA) method. The changing trends of the structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities, such as Margalef index of diversity(D), Shannon-weaver index of diversity (H), Heterotropy index(HI), number of species when the colonization gets equilibrium(S eq ), colonizing speed constant(G) and time spent when 90 percent of S eq colonized in PFU(T 90% ), are also analyzed. The experimental results showed the succession of aquatic microbial communities along the water flow is consistent with the water quality changes, so the parameters of microbial community can reflect the changes of water quality from the ecological view.

Unit 13 The water planet课本要点精练(英文)

Ⅰ.单词拼写根据句意、汉语或首字母的提示,写出所缺单词的完全形式。1.She dropped a(块)of sugar into hertea and stirred(搅拌)it with a spoon.2.People in the small island didn't

Unit 13 The water planet要点解读

一、词语例解1.benefitvt."有益于;有利于;对……有好处",后面接名词或代词Exercise benefits our health.锻炼对我们的健康有利。They are working together to benefit thewhole community.

Performance Simulation of H-TDS Unit of Fajr Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant Using a Combination of Neural Network and Principal Component Analysis

Nowadays, with regard to environmental issues, proper operation of wastewater treatment plants is of particular importance that in the case of inappropriate utilization, they will cause serious problems. Processes that exist in environmental systems and environmental engineers are dealing with them mostly have two major characteristics: they are dependent on many variables;and there are complex relationships between its components which make them very difficult to analyze. Being familiar with characteristics of industrial town effluents from various wastewater treatment units, which have high qualitative and quantitative variations and more uncertainties compared to urban wastewaters, plays very effective role in governing them. In order to achieve a better and efficient control over the operation of an industrial wastewater treatment plant, powerful mathematical tool can be used that is based on recorded data from some basic parameters of wastewater during a period of treatment plant operation. In this study, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) feed forward neural network with a hidden layer and stop training method was used to predict quality parameters of the industrial effluent. Data of this study are related to the Fajr Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant located in Mahshahr—Iran that qualitative and quantitative characteristics of its units were used for training, calibration and evaluation of the neural model. Also, Principal Component Analysis technique was applied to modify and improve performance of generated models of neural networks. The results of this model showed good accuracy of the model in estimating qualitative pro- file of wastewater. This model facilitates evaluating the performance of each treatment plant units through comparing the results of prediction model with the standard amount of output.

Study on Flow Unit of Heavy Oil Bottom Water Reservoir with Over-Limited Thickness in Offshore Oilfield

The upper Ming section of L oilfield is a typical offshore heavy oil bottom-water reservoir with thick fluvial layers. All horizontal wells are developed by natural energy. Due to the few drilling holes and influence by the resolution of seismic data, it is difficult to describe reservoirs with thickness over 20 meters. In this paper, seismic resonance amplitude inversion technology is introduced to restore the real response of thick reservoirs and interbeds by drilling and drilling verification, and the geological bodies with different thickness are displayed by frequency division RGB three primary colors. Flow units of heavy oil reservoirs with bottom water are divided according to the three major factors of interlayer, lithologic internal boundary and water-oil thickness ratio which have the greatest influence on horizontal well development, thick sand bodies are divided into 10 different flow units in three levels, each unit is separated from each other, and the reservoir structure, water-cut characteristics and water-flooding characteristics are different. The reliability of the research is improved by using the dynamic data of horizontal wells and newly drilled passing wells, which provides a basis for tapping the potential of heavy oil reservoirs with bottom water.

Hydrogeochemical Variations of Groundwater of the Northern Jabal Hafit in Eastern Part of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates (UAE)

This study is aimed to assess and evaluate the suitability of groundwater of the area located to the south-east of Al-Ain area in the UAE using hydrogeochemcical approach. The chemical analyses of groundwater samples collected from the study area showed that the groundwater salinity is high which resulted from heavy groundwater pumping. High chloride concentrations in groundwater of Mubazarah and Neima might be attributed to the entrapped saline water within the limestone sequence of Jabal Hafit, or it can be the agricultural activities as it clear from the positive relationship between Cl- and Br-. High sulphate concentrations in groundwater might be related to the presence of gypsum and anhydrite within the limestone sequence of Jabal Hafit. The anionic and cationic compositions of groundwater indicate that the chloride and sodium ions are the dominant and presence of bicarbonate and sulphate may reflect the mixing of such water by the recent freshwater through the existing structural lineaments within the study area. The hydrochemical parameters indicate a relative increase in the concentration of calcium, magnesium and sulphate ions and this could reflect the influence of carbonates and evaporite sediments.

基于“水⁃土耦合”视角的城市开发容量评估与诊断——以杭州86个水管理单元为例

城市水环境问题涉及源头控制、过程监管和末端治理三个过程,而当前的水环境保护与治理工作未能明确水问题的成因及背后的责任边界。对此,基于“水⁃土耦合”视角,引入水质“效应值”“实测值”“目标值”概念,构建起“三值联动”分析的城市开发容量评估与水质问题诊断系统,并以杭州为例进行实证研究。结果表明:(1)基于控制断面、子流域、行政边界三要素划分的水管理单元明确了属地管理部门的责任边界。(2)82.6%的研究单元水环境容量盈余(效应值<目标值),其余水环境容量亏损的单元主要分布在钱塘江以南片区;67.4%的研究单元水质达标(目标值>实测值),主要分布在杭州主城区西部和北部,水质超标的单元集中在萧山科技城、钱江世纪城、湘湖新城等地区;87.2%的研究单元存在过程监管或末端治理缺位(效应值<实测值)的情况,其中68.0%研究单元的末端治理到位但过程监管还存在漏洞(目标值>实测值),其余32.0%的研究单元在过程监管和末端治理上都有漏洞(目标值<实测值)。(3)该评估诊断系统能够实时把握土地开发容量动态与水质约束条件,为“水⁃土耦合”的国土空间用途管制提供新的决策工具。

Three-dimensional physical simulation and optimization of water injection of a multi-well fractured-vuggy unit

With complex fractured-vuggy heterogeneous structures, water has to be injected to facilitate oil pro- duction. However, the effect of different water injection modes on oil recovery varies. The limitation of existing numerical simulation methods in representing fractured- vuggy carbonate reservoirs makes numerical simulation difficult to characterize the fluid flow in these reservoirs. In this paper, based on a geological example unit in the Tahe Oilfield, a three-dimensional physical model was designed and constructed to simulate fluid flow in a fractured-vuggy reservoir according to similarity criteria. The model was validated by simulating a bottom water drive reservoir, and then subsequent water injection modes were optimized. These were continuous （constant rate）, intermittent, and pulsed injection of water. Experimental results reveal that due to the unbalanced formation pressure caused by pulsed water injection, the swept volume was expanded and consequently the highest oil recovery increment was achieved. Similar to continuous water injection, intermit- tent injection was influenced by factors including the connectivity of the fractured-vuggy reservoir, well depth, and the injection-production relationship, which led to a relative low oil recovery. This study may provide a constructive guide to field production and for the devel- opment of the commercial numerical models specialized for fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.

失效模式与效应分析在口腔综合治疗台水路污染管理中的应用

目的:分析失效模式与效应分析(failure mode and effect analysis,FMEA)在口腔综合治疗台水路(DUWLs)污染管理中的应用,为临床口腔综合治疗台水路污染防控提供依据。方法:采用便利抽样法,选取某三级甲等口腔专科医院40台口腔综合治疗台(DCU)为研究对象,应用失效模式与效应分析法风险管理工具,组建多学科团队,通过对口腔综合治疗台所在科室口腔综合治疗台管理相关人员进行隐蔽性参与式观察,发现口腔综合治疗台管理过程中潜在失效模式及潜在失效结果,对高风险失效模式制定并实施一系列干预措施。比较失效模式与效应分析法实施前后口腔综合治疗台手机端、三用枪、漱口水端开诊前及诊疗之间医务人员冲洗行为的依从率及正确率、各失效模式的风险优先指数(RPN)降低率以及诊疗用水合格率。结果:与干预前相比,实施失效模式与效应分析法管理后口腔综合治疗台手机端、三用枪、漱口水端开诊前及诊疗之间医务人员冲洗行为的依从率及正确率均提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与干预前相比,实施失效模式与效应分析法管理后各项高风险失效模式RPN值均下降;与干预前相比,口腔综合治疗台手机端、三用枪、漱口水端诊疗用水合格率提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:运用失效模式与效应分析法风险管理工具能有效提升口腔医务人员口腔综合治疗台水路污染管理水平,提高口腔诊疗用水合格率。

耦合0号高加的火电机组热经济性评估方法

耦合0号高加可提高大型火电机组在低负荷时的给水温度进而改善机组运行经济性。基于质量守恒与能量守恒方程,经严密数学推导,建立了耦合0号高加的热力系统汽水分布模型,给出了确定汽轮机负荷下目标给水温度工况对应的热经济性指标计算方法;进一步,提出了耦合0号高加的火电机组变工况热经济性计算方法,实现了对耦合0号高加火电机组热经济性的全面评估。以600 MW机组为例进行了计算和分析,结果表明:本文所提变工况计算方法的指标计算误差不超过0.15%,具有较高精度,可用于大型火电机组耦合0号高加时的热经济性评估;在30%~75%负荷段,增设0号高加可使机组给水温度提升19.1~32.3℃,循环热效率提升0.18%~0.2%,机组热耗率降低29.3~34.6 kJ/(kW·h),且机组负荷率越低,损失的内部功越少,热耗率降幅越大。

基于压电传感的水泵机组运行状态监测方法

常规水泵机组运行状态监测方法直接对运行状态进行监测未对运行数据进行采集,造成常规方法监测精度低。提出基于压电传感的水泵机组运行状态监测方法。利用采集模块实现运行数据采集,在采集数据的基础上,进行定量分析,建立基于压电传感的水泵机组运行状态监测模型,利用模型对监测到的数据进行编码和解码,从而实现水泵机组运行状态监测。通过对比实验证明,基于压电传感的水泵机组运行状态监测方法与常规监测方法相比监测精度得到明显提升,具备极高的监测精度。

基于KNN的水电站水轮机监控系统研究

针对大型水轮机轴承故障诊断和预警准确率低,导致抽水蓄能电站存在状态监测与运维管理效果不佳的问题,提出一种大型水轮机轴承润滑油液在线监测系统。利用电涡流传感器对轴承油液数据采集,采用改进的K最近邻算法对轴承故障进行准确分类与诊断。结果表明,通过改进KNN算法,得到新故障与集合A中故障识别球的相似度最大值为0.4787,低于相似度匹配阀值0.6,说明改进KNN算法可实现新故障类型的准确识别,具备一定的自适应性和可扩展性;实际应用也进一步证明该算法可满足对水轮机轴承的状态监测、故障诊断和预警需求,实现水电站的准确监测和智能化运维管理。

基于水煤比自寻优的直流炉给水控制策略研究

以超临界机组直流锅炉为研究对象,以解决配煤掺烧时因实际入炉煤与设计煤热值存在差异导致锅炉水煤比不平衡为出发点,提出一种基于煤质变化自适应调整水煤比(Water Fuel Ratio,WFR)设定曲线的给水控制策略。利用历史运行数据建立的水煤比自寻优模型,可根据机组实时运行工况自寻优理想的水煤比设定值,从而实现直流锅炉水煤间的动态平衡。将提出的控制策略应用于陕西省某地区350 MW超临界机组,结果表明机组中间点校水量由200 t/h下降至50 t/h以内、主汽压偏差由2 MPa下降至1 MPa、蒸汽超温频次由月均11次下降至2次。