Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor Band Brightness Temperature over the Global Monsoon Regions

The upper-troposphere water vapor (UTWV) band brightness temperature (BT) dataset derived from the High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) channel 12 of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar satellites from 1979 to 1995 is used to analyze the seasonal and interannual variations for the global monsoon regions. Results show that (i) there are three major regions where the UTWV band BT varies significantly with season, i.e., South Asia, the western coastal South-North America tropical region and the low-latitude African region; (ii) UTWV band BT clearly reveals the water vapor temporal/spatial features as well as the atmospheric circulation structure over the low-latitude during the monsoon onset; and (iii) there is a remarkable relationship between the interannual variation of the UTWV band BT over the monsoon regions and the sea surface temperature anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific.

Water masses classification of the upper layer in the Equatorial Western Pacific using ISODATA of fuzzy cluster

-In this paper,by using ISODATA of fuzzy cluster,the water masses classification of the upper layer in the E-quatorial Western Pacific is carried out. On the basis of the degree of the membership in the obtained optima) classification matrix, the solid distribution of the detailed structure of water masses is made. The water of the upper layer,consisting of six water masses,may be divided into three layers,i, e. ,the surface,subsurface and intermediate layer. Besides analyzing the features of various water masses,a discussion on their distribution structure and formation mechanism is also made.

Retrieval of Upper Tropospheric Relative Humidity by the GMS-5 Water Vapor Channel:A Study of the Technique

This paper presents an analysis of a technique for retrieving upper tropospheric relative humidity through the GMS-5 satellite's 6.7-micron water vapor channel brightness temperature. NCEP analysis shows that a critical assumption of the retrieval theory, namely the constant temperature lapse rate, matches only in the tropical atmosphere. By statistical analyses of brightness temperature simulated by a radiative transfer model and of relative humidity, we examine the effect of lapse rate on this retrieval method and obtain retrieval parameters and error estimates applicable to the GMS-5 satellite over East Asia. If the retrieval parameters are properly chosen, the relative error of retrieving the upper tropospheric relative humidity in this region is less than 10%, and if applied to the low-latitude summer atmosphere, it is less than 5%.

Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Upper Senegal Basin (West Africa)

This study assesses the potential impacts of climate change on water resources and the effect of statistical bias correction on the projected climate change signal in hydrological variables over the Upper Senegal Basin (West Africa). Original and bias corrected climate data from the regional climate model REMO were used as input for the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology-Hydrology Model (MPI-HM) to simulate river discharge, runoff, soil moisture and evapotranspiration. The results during the historical period (1971-2000) show that using the bias corrected input yields a better representation of the mean river flow regimes and the 10th and 90th percentiles of river flow at the outlet of the Upper Senegal Basin (USB). The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient is 0.92 using the bias corrected input, which demonstrates the ability of the model in simulating river flow. The percent bias of 3.88% indicates a slight overestimation of the river flow by the model using the corrected input. The evaluation demonstrates the ability of the bias correction and its necessity for the simulation of historical river regimes. As for the potential changes of hydrological variables by the end of 21st century (2071-2100), a general decrease of river discharge, runoff, actual evapotranspiration, soil moisture is found under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in all simulations. The decrease is higher under RCP8.5 with uncorrected data in the northern basin. However, there are some localized increases in some parts of the basin (e.g. Guinean Highlands). The projected climate change signal of these above variables has the same spatial pattern and tendency for the uncorrected and bias corrected data although the magnitude of the corrected signal is somewhat lower than that uncorrected. Furthermore, the available water resources are projected to substantially decrease by more than -50% in the majority of the basin (especially in driest and hottest northern basin with RCP8.5 scenario) for all data, except the Guinean highlands where no change is projected. The comparison of simulations driven with uncorrected and bias corrected input reveals that the bias correction does not substantially change the signal of future changes of hydrological variables for both scenarios over the USB even though there are differences in magnitude and deviations in some parts of the basin.

Evaluation of Water Quality Index in Lerma River Upper Basin

The Lerma River Upper Basin is located between Almoloya del Rio shallow lakes and Atlacomulco Municipality in the State of Mexico;is a natural resource essential to human activities in its surroundings and serves as a source of electricity and drinking water for Mexico City. However, this river is threatened by over-exploitation of its aquifers, disappearance of many of its wellsprings and uncontrolled discharges of wastewater from all sorts. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the water quality in the Upper Lerma River Basin using WQI proposed by the NSF and compare these results with those obtained by the National Water Commission of Mexico (CNA). WQI was calculated using seven parameters: dissolved oxygen, pH, DOB5, temperature change, total phosphates, nitrates, and total solids obtained in four different sampling campaigns carried out in 2005, 2006 and 2012. The results showed that water quality in the Upper Lerma River is bad, mainly associated with high levels of BOD5, nitrates and phosphates found. The results obtained with WQI yielded the same diagnosis that the studies carried out by the CNA, in which water quality was unacceptable. It is worth noting that there is a significant water quality deterioration in the Upper Lerma River Basin with the course of the years, because in 2012 were observed the lower index values regarding 2005 and 2006, so it is imperative to implement measures to restore and preserve the water quality of this important river.

柴达木盆地南八仙地区渐新世浅水三角洲物源及沉积演化

以古近系渐新统下干柴沟组上段(E23)为研究对象,在精细岩芯观察和钻(测)井资料综合分析的基础上,结合重矿物组合、ZTR指数、砂岩碎屑组分、粒度累积概率图和砂地比等参数综合分析结果,对柴达木盆地南八仙地区E23湖盆扩张期弱退积型浅水三角洲物源方向、砂体展布规律和沉积微相发育演化进行了深入研究。结果表明:①南八仙地区E23沉积时期物源主要来自南祁连山中酸性岩浆岩和中高级变质岩发育区,物源方向为近北东—南西向,稳定重矿物(磁铁矿、石榴子石、白钛矿和锆石)含量高(质量分数介于81.0%~99.9%)、不稳定重矿物(绿帘石和角闪石)含量低。②南八仙地区E23沉积时期为浅水三角洲—滨浅湖沉积环境,主要发育水下分流河道砂体,岩性主要为岩屑长石砂岩,其次为长石岩屑砂岩,砂体的成分成熟度一般中等—较差、分选磨圆度中等—较差,粒度概率图以反映河流作用的一跳跃一悬浮式为主;沉积构造类型多样,主要发育块状层理、正粒序层理、平行层理和槽状交错层理。③E23沉积时期,南八仙地区继承性发育3条北东—南西向呈条带状展布的砂体富集带(砂地比值介于35%~65%之间),早期到中期砂体发育程度增强,呈进积式;中期到晚期砂体发育程度有所减弱,呈弱退积式。④E23沉积时期,南八仙地区处于浅水三角洲前缘亚相沉积环境,持续发育3个呈北东—南西向展布的沉积朵叶体,主要发育水下分流河道微相,其次为水下分流间湾微相,早期到中期浅水三角洲前缘发育规模增大,中期到晚期发育规模减小。

Based on the Theory of Optimizing the Allocation of Research of Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources of the Upper Reaches of Minjiang River

Water resource is an important supporting material for life support system and economic development, and the sustainable development and utilization of water resource are the guarantee of social sustainable development. The upper Minjiang River is the most important source of water supply for the Chengdu Plain. With the water resources of the upper Minjiang River facing the problems of overall water volume reduction, flood and water pollution, etc., based on the optimal allocation theory, this paper constructs an optimal allocation model of water resources in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, analyzes its characteristics and proposes some relevant countermeasures and suggestions to solve the existing problems, aiming to provide references for the sustainable utilization of water resources in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River.

Changing water regime and adaptation strategies in Upper Mustang Valley of Upper Kaligandaki Basin in Nepal

Recent climate change has brought changes to the water regime that has affected the traditional agro-pastoral production systems and livelihoods in the Upper Kaligandaki Basin of the Nepal Himalayas. Based on fieldwork and available meteorological and hydrological data, this paper examines the changing water regime and various adaptation strategies that local farmers have adopt- ed in this cold alid region. Increasing temperature and decreasing min｜hll and snowfall have resulted in a negative water balance. In this scenario, lhmlers have implemented six major adaptive strategies in the trans-Himalayan Upper Mustang Valley.

Climate Influenced Challenges of Accessibility to Water by Households Downstream of the Upper Benue River Basin-Nigeria

The study examined climate influenced challenges of accessibility to water by households downstream of the Upper Benue River Basin, Nigeria. Literatures related to the topic being investigated were reviewed. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study consisted of communities in Adamawa, Gombe, Bauchi and Taraba states. Eight different communities, two in each local government were sampled for the study. Simple random and purposive samplings were used for the study. A total of 351 respondents were selected for the study using Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination. Data analysis was done using frequency tables percentages and mean statistics. The findings of the study showed that climate variability has great impact on water stress and threats to households’ downstream in Upper Benue River basin represented with a mean 3.85 (decrease in the quality and quantity of surface water) as well as 3.43 (drying up of rivers and lakes). The study also revealed that water stress induced by climate variability has a significant effect on household livelihoods represented by 87% of the respondents in the study area. It was also revealed that that households downstream the basin are vulnerable to climate change and households in the study area have development strategies to contend with water stress so as to better their livelihood among which is surface water harvesting (2.78), reducing the number of times dishes are washed (2.96), reducing the quantity of water used for bathing (3.0) among others. The study recommended that stakeholders and the government should make proactive efforts to ensuring that alternative water sources are established in the study area to reduce water stress among the rural populace.

Impact of Surface Water and Groundwater Pollutions on Irrigated Soil, El Minia Province, Northern Upper Egypt

Current research has been focused on heavy metals pollution in surface water and groundwater and effect on irrigated soil from El Minia Province, north Upper Egypt. Concentration of heavy metals (e.g., As, Co, Hg, Ni, Se, Cd and Cr) in surface water, groundwater and irrigated soil samples is most significantly affected by leachate of many pollutants as the factories, agricultural activities, urban and natural processes. Microbiological parameters and microscopic investigations are revealed that some localities are common by micro-organisms, which are unsuitable for drinking waters.

Water Purification Capacity of Four Kinds of Aquatic Plants in the Upper Reaches of Luanhe River

Under artificially simulated conditions, the water purification effects of Lythrum salicaria, Typha minima, Scirpus validus, Iris wilsonii and their configurations were studied. The results showed that various aquatic plants and their configurations showed purification effects for total nitrogen(TN), nitrate nitrogen(NO_3^-), total phosphorus(TP), orthophosphate(PO_4^(3-)) and chemical oxygen demand(COD) in water body, and the purification effects of aquatic plant configurations were better than those of single ones. Regression analysis was conducted for dynamics of various water quality indicators. The removal rates of TN and COD within 50 d by the combination of L. salicaria and I. wilsonii were 73.83% and 77.4%, respectively, with the best purification effect; the removal rate of NO_3^- within 20 d by the combination of S. validus and I. wilsonii was 89.41%; and the combination of S. validus and I. wilsonii showed the best removal effect for TP and PO43-, of which the 50-d removal rates were 88.98% and 92.39%, respectively. Reasonable choice of local aquatic plants and their optimal combinations can be applied in the improvement of water quality of rivers.

考虑土体非均质性和孔隙水压力耦合作用的地下连续墙槽壁稳定性研究

针对非均质和富水地层中地下连续墙成槽施工诱发槽壁坍塌失稳的发生机理和破坏模式研究尚不透彻这一现状,利用空间离散技术构建了地下连续墙槽壁极限状态下的三维离散型破坏机制。基于该破坏机制和极限分析上限定理,通过将土体非均质特性和孔隙水压力引入内外能耗功率计算获得了极限状态下槽壁的安全系数目标函数。利用非线性规划算法对该目标函数进行优化计算,得到了地下连续墙槽壁安全系数的最优上限解。为了验证该方法的有效性,将计算得到的槽壁安全系数分别与已有计算结果以及数值模拟结果进行了对比分析,对比结果表明:该方法计算的安全系数与已有计算结果和数值模拟结果基本一致。在此基础上,考虑土体非均质特性和孔隙水压力的耦合作用对地下连续墙槽壁的安全系数进行了参数分析,分析结果表明:孔隙水压力和土体非均质性对地下连续墙槽壁安全系数有较大影响,地下连续墙槽壁安全系数随地下水位高度Hw的升高和黏聚力非均质系数kc的增大而减小,随重度非均质系数kg的增大而增大。

混合式抽水蓄能电站水温影响研究

【目的】常规电站水库水温结构的研究主要集中在气候变化的影响上,没有考虑抽水对水库水温结构的影响,且对抽水蓄能电站水库水温结构的研究也较少,为明晰抽蓄对水库水温的影响,【方法】以金沙江上游叶巴滩混合式抽水蓄能电站为研究对象,运用CE-QUAL-W2模型对水库表层水温、下泄水温和底层水温进行模拟,并分析混蓄前后上、下库的水温变化,以阐明混合式抽水蓄能水电站对水温的影响。【结果】结果显示:叶巴滩表层水温抽蓄前后最大变幅为5.8℃,底层水温最大变幅为2.8℃,下泄水温最大变幅为0.3℃;拉哇表层水温抽蓄前后最大变幅为1.8℃,底层水温最大变幅为0.1℃,下泄水温最大变幅为0.2℃。【结论】结果表明:(1)抽蓄对表层水温呈坦化作用,加强中层水体的掺混,增大底层水温的变幅;(2)混蓄对上下库水温的影响受到库区距离影响;(3)混蓄对上库叶巴滩和下库拉哇的下泄水温影响不显著。研究结果可为混合式抽水蓄能电站的水环境保护提供科学依据。

基于多对数螺旋曲线破坏机构的富水软岩隧道开挖面支护应力分析

为了避免对胡克-布朗准则进行任何线性化处理,将广义胡克-布朗(generalized Hoek-Brown, GHB)强度准则直接引入到开挖面稳定性分析中,基于极限分析理论构建了富水地层浅埋隧道开挖面多对数螺旋线破坏机构。在考虑孔隙水压力的作用下,推导出能量平衡方程,得到开挖面极限支护应力表达式,并且通过程序优化得到支护应力最优上限解。在此基础上,分析了GHB强度参数、孔隙水压力系数、岩土体重度以及隧道埋深比对开挖面稳定性的影响。最后通过归一化处理得到不同情况下的开挖面极限支护应力稳定性图表,通过该图表能够快速便捷地获得富水地层隧道开挖面维持稳定性所需的极限支护应力,为盾构隧道初步设计提供理论依据。

川东地区下侏罗统自流井组东岳庙段泥页岩沉积特征及物质来源

川东地区下侏罗统自流井组东岳庙段发育一套深色泥页岩,具有较大的页岩气资源勘探开发潜力。将宏观大地构造背景与微观岩石学特征分析相结合,利用微量元素(包括稀土元素)数据,对川东地区下侏罗统自流井组东岳庙段泥页岩的沉积环境和物质来源进行了分析与讨论。研究结果表明:(1)川东地区下侏罗统东岳庙段自下而上依次沉积灰色介壳灰岩、灰色粉砂质泥岩、深灰色介壳泥岩、灰黑色页岩、灰—深灰色泥岩。(2)研究区东岳庙段泥页岩稀土元素总体具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的特征,δCe为负异常,Ce_(anom)平均值为-0.015,V/(V+Ni)平均值为0.70,Sr/Cu平均值为2.43,Sr/Ba平均值为0.16,(La/Yb)N平均值为1.32,泥页岩沉积环境为相对贫氧的弱还原环境,整体为温暖湿润气候下的淡水沉积,且沉积速率较快,有利于有机质的富集和保存。(3)Zr/Sc-Th/Sc图和La/Sc-Co/Th图显示研究区沉积物母岩为花岗岩;Th/Sc值为0.78、Th/Co值为0.65、Th/Cr值为0.14、La/Sc值为2.14,均接近上地壳的相应元素比值,表明母岩主要为来自上地壳;La,Ce元素校正后平均质量分数分别为34.5×10^(-6)、70.71×10^(-6),La/Yb,LREE/HREE,(La/Yb)_(N)校正后的平均值分别为11.32,8.13,7.67,δEu校正后的平均值为0.82,表明其与大陆岛弧相近,且La-Th-Sc,Th-Sc-Zr/10和Th-Co-Zr/10等3个三角图显示其构造背景为大陆岛弧。因此,研究区东岳庙段物质来源于北东侧大巴山和东南侧江南古陆(雪峰古陆)。

川西新场构造带须二段浅水三角洲砂体结构特征及控制因素

川西新场构造带上三叠统须家河组二段砂体分布广泛、砂体类型多样且厚度差异较大,导致气藏层间隔层、层内夹层分布不均,储集层分布非均质性强烈,因此需对储集砂体沉积微相与砂体分布特征及砂体结构展开精细研究,为下一步储集层预测和气藏高效开发奠定基础。作者以Cross高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,结合岩心、测(录)井、三维地震、分析测试等资料,系统阐明了川西新场构造带须二段砂体结构特征及其控制因素。研究结果表明:研究区整体处于浅水三角洲前缘亚相带,主要发育水下分流河道砂体,河口坝砂体次之,河道砂体侧向迁移频繁,垂向多期叠置、横向上广覆连片。不同位置水下分流河道特征差异大,结合其典型特征,将水下分流河道砂体进一步细分为削截型水下分流河道和完整型水下分流河道。总结出研究区共发育2大类9小类砂体垂向叠置样式和3种侧向接触样式。砂体结构特征和发育样式主要受基准面升降、河流能量控制。最终建立了川西新场构造带须二段沉积微相及砂体结构发育模式,这对浅水三角洲前缘的气藏勘探开发具有指导意义。

多参数水效在线检测系统的设计

设计了一种多参数模块化水效在线检测系统。取水和循环模块实现自动取水和循环;水效检测模块实时检测pH、电导率、浑浊度、硬度等水效参数和温度、压力、流量计等管路参数;数据处理模块对上述数据进行转换和分析。数据通信方式采用Modbus通信协议。检测机构通过上位机直观地了解用水产品水效情况,实现对目标水效的实时监控。所设计的多参数水效在线检测系统为用水产品水效检测提供了一个良好的解决方案。

长江河上游浮游生物群落结构与水质评价

为了解长江河流域浮游生物群落结构,评价水生态环境质量,于2021年9月对长江河上游典型区段15个采样站点的水体理化性质和浮游生物群落现状进行调查,分析浮游生物群落结构组成,并开展流域水质状况评价。结果表明,长江河上游监测到浮游植物共68种,隶属于6门43属;浮游动物共15种,其中轮虫类12种、枝角类2种、桡足类1种。基于水体理化参数与浮游生物学评价表明,长江河上游整体水质处于Ⅱ~Ⅲ类,为中污染状态。

综放开采下组煤首采面上覆老空水探查及突水危险性评价

为了探究左权五里堠煤业上组煤老空区富水性及其对下组煤首采工作面突水的危险性,以下组煤首采面为研究背景,系统分析了研究区上下2组煤层顶底板岩性组合及水文地质条件;根据物探探测结果,在下组煤首采面巷道先后施工了20个探放上组煤老空水钻孔,发现上组煤老空水存在局部水量大、水压高、富水性分布不均的特点。在此基础上,建立了上下组煤层开采顶底板的工程地质数值模型,采用数值模拟方法对上组煤和上下组煤开采完毕后的应力场及塑性区场变化特征进行了对比分析,得到上组煤层开采后底板破坏深度为11 m,下组煤开采后导水裂隙带高度为112 m,没有波及上组煤底板破坏深度范围,与首采面实测涌水量反映的规律是一致的。根据首采面及附近2个钻孔的资料,采用2种相关经验公式类比计算了下组煤开采导水裂隙带高度,优选了可靠性较高的经验公式。

中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系几何学特征及演化

以中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系为研究对象,利用高精度二维地震资料开展地震精细解释与几何学分析,刻画水道-堤岸体系几何学特征及时空演化过程,探讨中新世以来上印度扇发育演化主要期次及特征。结果表明,中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系可划分为中新世、上新世及更新世至今三大期次,整体表现出“单期水道-侧向迁移-扁长型”到“多期水道-垂向叠置-厚窄型”的演化特征。深入探讨中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系的几何学特征及演化可为重力流水道的沉积构型样式研究提供新的例证,并为深海油气勘探开发提供参考。