Mitigation of blast loadings on structures by an anti-blast plastic water wall

Seven in-situ tests were carried out in far field to study the blast mitigation effect of a kind of water filled plastic wall. Test results show that the mitigation effect of water filled plastic wall is remarkable. The maximum reduction of peak reflected overpressure reaches up to 94.53%, as well as 36.3% of the minimum peak reflected overpressure reduction in the scaled distance ranging from 1.71 m/kg1/3 to 3.42 m/kg1/3. Parametric studies were also carried out. The effects of the scaled gauge height, water/charge scaled distance(the distance between the explosive charge and the water wall), water wall scaled height and water/structure scaled distance(the distance between the water wall and the structure) were systematically investigated and compared with the usual rigid anti-blast wall. It is concluded that these parameters affect the mitigation effects of plastic water wall on blast loadings significantly, which is basically consistent to the trend of usual rigid anti-blast wall. Some formulae are also derived based on the numerical and test results, providing a simple but reliable prediction model to evaluate the peak overpressure of mitigated blast loadings on the structures.

Analysis on thermophoretic deposit of fine particle on water wall of 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor

The water wall is an important part of the passive natural circulation residual heat removal system in a high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The maximum temperatures of the pressure shell and the water wall are calcu- lated using annular vertical closed cavity model. Fine particles can deposit on the water wall due to the thermophore- sis effect. This deposit can affect heat transfer. The thermophoretic deposit efficiency is calculated by using Batch and Shen’s formula fitted for both laminar flow and turbulent flow. The calculated results indicate that natural convection is turbulent in the closed cavity. The transient thermophoretic deposit efficiency rises with the increase of the pressure shell’s temperature. Its maximum value is 14%.

Coupled Heat Transfer Simulation of the Spiral Water Wall in a Double Reheat Ultra-supercritical Boiler

This paper presented a coupled heat transfer model combining the combustion in the furnace and the ultra-supercritical(USC) heat transfer in the water wall tubes. The thermal analysis of the spiral water wall in a 1000 MW double reheat USC boiler was conducted by the coupled heat transfer simulations. The simulation results show that there are two peak heat flux regions on each wall of spiral water wall, where the primary combustion zone and burnt-out zone locate respectively. In the full load condition, the maximal heat flux of the primary combustion zone is close to 500 kW/m^2, which is higher than that in the conventional single reheat USC boilers. The heat flux along the furnace width presents a parabolic shape that the values in the furnace center are much higher than that in the corner regions. The distribution of water wall temperature has a perfect accordance with the heat flux distribution of the parabolic shape curves, which can illustrate the distribution of water wall temperature is mainly determined by heat flux on the water wall. The maximal water wall temperature occurs at the middle width of furnace wall and approaches 530°C, which can be allowed by the metal material of water wall tube 12Cr1MoVG. In the primary combustion zone, the wall temperatures in half load are almost close to the values in 75% load condition, caused by the heat transfer deterioration of the subcritical pressure fluid under the high heat flux condition. The simulation results in this study are beneficial to the better design and operational optimization for the double reheat USC boilers.

Wall Sticking of High Water-Cut, Highly Viscous and High Gel-Point Crude Oil Transported at Low Temperatures

Some crude oils with high water cut have the capability to flow below the oil gel point, while the oil particles adhere to the pipe wall in the form of paste, also called "wall sticking". Wall sticking is a serious problem during the pipeline transportation, leading to partial or total blockage of the pipeline and energy wastage. In this paper, a series of laboratory flow loop experiments were conducted to observe the wall sticking characteristics of crude oil with high water cut, high viscosity and high gel point at low transportation temperatures. The effects of shear stress and water cut on the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were lower under stronger shear stress and higher water cut conditions. A criterion of wall sticking occurrence temperature(WSOT) and a regression model of wall sticking rate were then established. Finally, the software was developed to calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines of crude oils with high water-cut. It was able to predict the wall sticking thickness of gelled oil and then calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines. A typical case study indicated that the prediction results obtained from the software were in agreement with actual measured values.

Direct transition of potential of water droplets to electric energy using aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes

In this paper, we report that an electromotive force （EMF） can be induced in a rope of aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWNTs） when water droplets fall on this rope. The magnitude of this EMF depends sensitively on the slant angle of the SWNTs. Most interestingly, both the magnitude and the direction of the induced EFM can be modulated by applying a current to the SWNTs. The concepts of electrical slip and no-slip are proposed and can be quantitatively described by ＂electrical slip resistance＂. This kind of generator does not need any magnet, rotor, etc and shows quite a different operating mechanism and design compared with a conventional large scale hydroelectric power generator.

Water structures inside and outside single-walled carbon nanotubes under perpendicular electric field

The structures of water inside and outside （6,6）, （8,8）, and （10,10） single- walled carbon nanotubes （SWCNTs） under an electric field perpendicular to the tube axis are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that dipole reorientation induced by electric field plays a significant role on the structures of confined water inside and outside SWCNTs. Inside SWCNTs, the average water occupancy and the average number of hydrogen bonds （H-bonds） per water molecule decrease as the electric intensity increases. Because the field intensity is sufficiently strong, the initial water structures inside the SWCNTs are destroyed, and the isolated water clusters are found. Outside SWCNTs, the azimuthal distributions of the density and the average number of H-bonds per water molecule around the solid walls become more and more asymmetric as the electric intensity increases. The percentages of water molecules involved in 0-5 H-bonds for all the three types of SWCNTs under different field intensities are displayed. The results show that those water molecules involved with most H-bonds are the most important to hold the original structures. When the electric field direction is parallel with the original preferred orientation, the density and the H-bond connections in water will be increased; when the electric field direction is perpendicular to the original preferred orientation, the density and the H-bond connections in water will be decreased.

Numerical Simulation of Thermal Stress Field of Water-cooled-wall Pulverized-coal Gasifiers

A local thermal stress model of water-cooled-wall pulverized-coal gasifier was built, and ANSYS was used to simulate the stress field in the gasifier operation to research the damage of refractories and slag layer caused by the thermal stress. The results reveal that:（1） the maximum stress of water-cooled-wall gasifier appears at the interface between anchor nails and refractories as well as the interface between refractories and the slag layer, and the maximum stress of slag layer appears on the surface of the slag layer;（2） the increase of slag layer thickness can significantly reduce the thermal stress at the interface between anchor nails and refractories, but increase the thermal stress between slag layer and refractories;（3） when the therma I conductivity is 2-6 W · m-1 · K-1, the thermal stress increases rapidly with the increase of the thermal conductivity, but when the thermal conductivity is 6-10 W · m-1 · K-1, the thermal stress is basically stable;（4） the higher the cooling rate, the faster the decreasing speed of the temperature and thermal stress.

适应锅炉调峰运行的水冷壁高温腐蚀预测模型

随着可再生能源大规模并网,传统火电机组作为调配能源的地位显著增强,这对锅炉灵活调峰运行的安全稳定性提出了更高要求。本文耦合烟气侧与工质侧传热,结合管壁温计算,形成水冷壁壁温分布耦合计算方法。同时,建立了用于确定还原性气氛下的燃料硫释放以及含硫组分的相互转化过程的SO_(x)生成模型。综合炉膛数值模拟、水冷壁壁温耦合计算以及包含时间维度的管壁高温腐蚀模型,提出了一种适应锅炉调峰运行的水冷壁高温腐蚀预测模型并基于Matlab GUI开发了对应软件。选取一台超临界600MW四角切圆燃煤锅炉为研究对象,结果表明:采用壁温耦合计算模型和SO_(x)生成模型得到水冷壁的壁温分布和近壁面H_(2)S浓度分布准确度高,为水冷壁高温腐蚀的准确预测提供了良好基础。不同负荷下水冷壁高温腐蚀特征存在差异,壁面腐蚀程度整体上随负荷降低而降低。100%BMCR与75%THA负荷下前墙水冷壁燃烧器与SOFA之间的区域腐蚀最为严重,最大年腐蚀深度分别为276μm和233μm;50%THA与35%BMCR负荷下高温腐蚀深度在燃烧器区域的上部迅速增加至最大值,分别为224μm和256μm。多工况运行水冷壁高温腐蚀状态表现为各工况腐蚀状态的时空叠加。运用水冷壁高温腐蚀预测模型可实现通过锅炉运行参数和运行时间预测多工况下水冷壁高温腐蚀状态程度的时空分布。

Effect of Groundwater Radiolysis on the Wall-rock Alteration of Uranium Ore Deposits

Reported for the first the in this paper are the results of simulating experimnts on theγ-irradiation-induced oxidation of Fe2+ under the physicochemical conditions tr= 200℃,P= 50 MPa,Eh= -0.1V, PH=7.2) similar to tfor under which moderate-low temperature hydrothermal uraniumdeposits are formed . Evdence shows that the effect of groundwater radiolysis m to be the majormechanism of wall-rock alteration (hematitizaton ) of hydrothermal uranium deposits.Moreover, adiscussion was made of possible dets of radiolyss of the waterrock system on wall-rock alterationsincluding argillization and decoloration of uranium ore deposits on the basis of the experimentalresults.

A preliminary analysis of the pigments from ice algae in theadjacentwatersofGreatWallStation，Antarctica

This paper reports the results of separation and identification of the pigments from ice algae in the adjacent waters (62°12′30″S～62°14′30″S, 58°53′W～ 58°57′W) of Great Wall Station, Antarctica during the icing Pened (from June 1988～ December 1988) and the discussion is also made on the composition and seasonal variations of the pigments of ice algae in that area as well as their roles in marine ecosystems. The results indicate that 15 kinds of pigments have been separated from ice algae, of which 13 kinds can be identified. They are respeCtively: carotene, pheophytin-a, chlorophyll-a, -b, -c, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, chlorophyllide-a, violaxanthin, pheophorbide-a, chlorophyllin-a, derivative of chlorophyll-c (diadinoxanthin), but two kinds of pigments can not be identified. There are distinct seasonal variations in the pigments of ice algae at that sea area.

塑性混凝土咬合桩防渗墙变形机理研究

以大连湾沉管隧道南岸港池临时围堰工程监测数据为基础,建立了塑性混凝土咬合桩防渗墙数值计算模型,通过实测数据验证了模型的准确性,分析了不同影响因素下咬合桩防渗墙的变形演化规律,结论表明:水压力相比土压力对咬合桩变形和内力的影响更为显著,水压力增大导致桩身变形和弯矩增大,扰动临时围堰土体;土体坡度的影响较小,但土体坡度应逐渐放缓,不小于1∶1.5;桩长的变化对变形影响较大,较短的桩身未嵌固在岩石中,较长的桩身在桩顶出现最大位移;随着桩径增大,桩顶变形和最大弯矩逐渐增大,弯矩分布较为一致。

锅炉水冷壁管失效分析

锅炉水冷壁管材料为20G钢,在320℃和10.3 MPa下使用约5年后外表面出现鼓包并泄漏。对失效的水冷壁管进行了宏观检查、化学成分分析、力学性能检测、金相检验、腐蚀产物分析及锅炉水质检测。结果表明:水冷壁管失效是由于锅炉水碱性超标从而发生高温碱腐蚀所致。

超临界W型火焰锅炉结构效应导致前墙水冷壁温差偏大问题的研究与治理

为解决某锅炉前墙水冷壁温差偏大导致水冷壁频繁超温爆管的问题,从管外传热和管内吸热两方面对热偏差进行分析,发现采用内螺纹管技术的水冷壁管具有自补偿特性,通过数值模拟试验发现结构效应带来温度场和气流场的变化对热偏差影响显著,是造成水冷壁变形和泄漏的主要原因,进而提出二次风差异配风、水冷壁前墙喷涂绝热涂料和优化卫燃带等治理方案,成功治理了水冷壁超温爆管问题.

水冷壁管接头开裂原因

某电厂发生锅炉水冷壁管开裂现象。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度测试等方法分析了水冷壁管开裂的原因。结果表明:水冷壁管接头对接环焊缝焊接产生了残余应力,材料中存在焊接缺陷,在高温、高压环境下,缺陷逐渐扩展为孔洞,并对其他管壁造成冲蚀破坏,最终导致水冷壁管开裂。

计算机视觉的电站锅炉水冷壁缺陷检测方法

发电厂锅炉巡检可有效避免安全事故发生,针对现场巡检过程中,锅炉水冷壁巡检区域较大,部分区域检测困难问题,开发一种基于YOLOv3模型的水冷壁缺陷检测系统。无人机携带视觉采集装置,对豫能集团某电厂锅炉水冷壁进行图像采集,画面经压缩后实时无线传输到检测末端装置,采用YOLOv3算法对水冷壁数据进行分析,对模型重要参数进行调整并做出样本增广与平衡化改进处理,提高检测效果,共测出磨损、裂缝、氧化等106处失效部位,与人工检测对比,成功率达77.9%。该方法解决了在巡检区域大、部分区域检测困难问题,使大型电站锅炉在开展水冷壁检测方面实际付出的成本得到有效缩减。

深水硬质岩嵌入式承台无封底施工关键技术

深水嵌入式承台基础施工中,需将泥面开挖至封底混凝土以下并对基底进行清理,以保证封底混凝土的高度和浇筑质量。对于地质条件良好的硬质岩,存在开挖困难、水下作业工期长、质量控制难、施工成本高等问题。该文依托重庆嘉华轨道专用桥主墩承台施工,采用理论分析、数值计算和工程实施验证相结合的方法,形成一种深水硬质岩嵌入式承台无封底施工技术。该施工技术,采用开挖壁体基槽并浇筑基槽混凝土的方式取代大体积封底混凝土,达到为承台施工提供干作业环境的目的,可将承台范围内基坑开挖由水下作业转为干作业,缩短水下开挖作业工期,节约水下混凝土用量,提高施工质量和施工效率,降低施工成本。

水冷壁高温腐蚀原因分析

通过宏观分析、显微组织观察、扫描电镜与能谱成分分析和X射线衍射分析,对某电厂水冷壁向火侧进行高温腐蚀原因分析。结果表明:由于该锅炉采用四角切圆燃烧方式导致水冷壁局部高温;复合空气分级低NO_(x)燃烧系统导致部分燃烧器区域处于贫氧还原性气氛,使烟气中CO+H_(2)S浓度过高;锅炉入炉煤硫份超过设计值较多,形成高浓度的H_(2)S和SO_(2);水冷壁向火侧腐蚀以硫腐蚀为主。针对该锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀问题,给出以下建议:控制入炉煤硫份,降低煤中的硫元素含量,减少H_(2)S和SO_(2)浓度;燃烧优化调整,采用侧边风技术,向炉膛内通入空气,降低水冷壁高温腐蚀区域的还原性气氛浓度,增加局部含氧量;在高温腐蚀严重的区域,对其水冷壁管进行防高温腐蚀喷涂处理,以增强其抗高温腐蚀性能。

火电厂锅炉20G水冷壁管失效分析

通过宏观分析、显微组织观察、室温拉伸性能试验、物相分析和成分分析,对某火电厂锅炉20G水冷壁管爆管原因进行分析。结果表明:开裂起源于水冷壁管内壁,爆口及爆口附近壁厚存在明显的腐蚀减薄现象,爆口附近内壁显微组织为铁素体和珠光体,珠光体存在球化现象,沿晶界出现裂纹和氧化物。结合锅炉运行状况,推测水冷壁管在接焊缝两侧积垢聚集区产生局部氧腐蚀和氢腐蚀,是引起爆裂的主要原因。建议控制水质,做好停炉保护工作,减少炉管积垢,加强焊缝连接处壁厚的检测,及时更换不满足厚度要求的管路。

H_(2)S在线监测装置研发及在锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀防治中的应用

锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀问题一直是影响锅炉安全运行的难题。为解决锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀的主要媒介H_(2)S需要连续测量,但当前行业内缺乏能长期运行的H_(2)S在线监测装置问题,研发了基于可调谐二极管吸收光谱TDLAS原理测量锅炉水冷壁H_(2)S的监测装置,并使用装置在某300 MW等级电站锅炉上进行了示范应用,跟踪评估了该装置的性能。结果显示,基于TDLAS原理所研发的仪器在现场投运12个月以来保持稳定运行,装置在线监测结果显示炉内H_(2)S呈现脉冲式波动特点,H_(2)S浓度高时超过1600μL/L。监测中发现,炉内H_(2)S浓度与运行调整存在较密切的关系,在升负荷过程中,由2台磨转为3台磨运行时,前后墙23.60 m平台测点处H_(2)S浓度急剧增加,从46μL/L增至822μL/L,H_(2)S与脱硫塔入口SO_(2)没有显著的关联性。H_(2)S在线监测装置的成功研发可以实现锅炉主燃烧器区域关键参数的在线监测,并作为运行人员调整锅炉运行参数的主要依据,这对于锅炉高温腐蚀监测和锅炉数字化建设具有积极意义。

某700 MW锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀原因分析及其防治措施

针对某电厂700 MW对冲式燃烧锅炉水冷壁腐蚀严重问题,对该锅炉高温腐蚀产生的原因进行了分析。在现场割取了腐蚀的水冷壁管,对其腐蚀垢层进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、能量色散X射线谱(EDS)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析,结果发现腐蚀产物中主要含有ZnS、FeS、Fe_(7)S_(8)、Fe_(3)O_(4)和α-FeOOH,推定此炉主要为硫化物型高温腐蚀,并制定了该锅炉的防治措施。