Qingdao City Resources Water Price Estimate

The water resource price is currently one of the difficult problems of water price research.After references collection,investigation and analysis,the water resource price of Qingdao City was calculated by applying fuzzy mathematics.According to the present situation and region characteristic of Qingdao,water quality,per capita water supply,economical level,population density and alternative water resources were selected as water resource influence factors and weigh coefficients of all these factors were ascertained.The results show that the water resource price of Qingdao is 3.05yuam/m3 and total water price is 4.65Yuan/m3.

Carrying capacity of water environment in public tourism resources based on matter-element model

When water environmental carrying capacity of public resource tourist attraction is studied, the two action subjects of tourists and local residents should be discussed, and comprehensive consideration must be given to the influence of these two on water environment. On the basis of water resource carrying capacity and water quality carrying capacity, water environmental carrying capacity index of public resource tourist attraction was constructed, the model for the water environmental carrying capacity of public resource tourist attraction was established on the basis of matter-element model and analytical hierarchy process. By applying this method, water environmental carrying capacity situation of a certain public resource tourist attraction can be gained, moreover, situations about several aspects of water environmental carrying capacity can be evaluated.

The Mixed Mechanism in the Management of Water Resources in China

It is a challenge for China to address its serious water resource problems, and inefficient water use. Improving water use efficiency is the key solution to dealing with this issue. There are two basic mechanisms practiced in the world aiming to pursue water conservation, i.e. administrative and market-based management pattern. Water as an irreplaceable resource with many attributes, either public or market-based management mechanism has its disadvantages. In order to avoid the inherent "administrative failure" or "market failure", this paper emphasizes the importance of changing traditional water resource management mechanism to establish a mixed mechanism of public and market water management based on China’s conditions and experiences from developed countries. Three key aspects of this combined mechanism are identified in this paper, i.e. recognizing and managing water rights to promote efficiency, strengthening effectiveness of government management to lower transaction cost and encouraging water user participation to increase flexibility. Detailed information on implementing of this combined mechanism in China is given in the end.

Water pricing towards sustainability of water resources: a case study in Beijing

The role of water pricing for managing water resources is widely recognized in many areas of the world because of the increasing scarcity of water resources, a high competition between water uses and environmental degradation. Based on the analysis of cost of water, this paper explores which types of cost should be reflected in the water pricing enhancing the sustainability of water resources. The principle of full cost pricing in which the cost should include supply cost, opportunity cost and externalities is proposed as a means to achieve the sustainability of water resources. In a case study of Beijing, low water price is analyzed as one reason for unsustainable water consumption. Thus water pricing justified is necessary and pressing. It is proposed to justify water price in phased manner and eventually towards full cost pricing. The assessment of impacts on water resources by raising water price shows water pricing could alleviate the conflict between water supply and demand. This paper concludes that water pricing can play an effective role in enhancing the sustainability of water resources in Beijing.

Urban Water Supply Industry Marketization of China in View of Public Water Service and Water Resource Management

Started with the discussions on the value orientation of urban water supply industry marketization,the article points out that the current urban water supply industry marketization reform is inconsistent with the goal of public water service equalization to some extent.The article also analyzes the problems emerged in urban water supply industry marketization reform and various rea-sons in view of efficiency and fairness.An efficiency and fairness oriented management model is built in this article to illustrate how the government should conciliate interests of various communities involved in the process of marketization reform of the urban water supply industry so as to actualize the coordination of efficiency and fairness.At the end,an assumption on urban water price is put forward to help achieve the public water service equalization.

Restructuring water industry in China: towards sustainable urbanization

In its urbanization course, China is faced with a scarcity of water resources in terms of both water quantity and quality. The development of water industry is a fundamental way to alleviate water shortage. Influenced by the traditional planned economy, Chinas urban water industry has been mainly owned and run by local municipal governments. Their tight fiscal budgets have led to very inadequate investments in water industry and thus, caused a slow development of water industry. In this case, restructuring urban water industry is very important. Based on the discussion concerning the trend of demand for and supply of urban water resources, this paper explores such strategic issues as water industry organization and integrated approaches addressing water scarcity. These are followed by a discussion of introducing market mechanism for restructuring water industry.

Impact of Urban Water Pricing on Future Water Demand： A ＇Socioeconomic＇ Study in Greece

The main aim of this study is to assess various aspects of the current water policy, investigate the perspectives of water saving, evaluate water price elasticity and explore new approaches toward sustainable water management in the water sector, through a questionnaire survey that has been performed in the city of Volos, Greece, concerning the residential sector. The appropriate design of water management measures presupposes the investigation of the influence of some selected variables to consumers＇ behavior. The price of water, the size of the dwelling, the indoor and outdoor uses, the educational level, the income of consumers as well as rainfall and temperature levels are examined, the residential water demand curve is estimated and projections of future water demand under different pricing policies are performed.

Water Resource Pricing Study Based on Water Quality Fuzzy Evaluation: A Case Study of Hefei City

Price plays an important role in water resources management. The price of water resources can also be considered as a “water resource tax” which reflects the value and opportunity cost of water, and people will pay for the right to use water. Currently, the water resource fees’ effect of regulating resource differential revenues is not manifest and it’s not enough to reflect the principle of paid use of resources as well as regulating resources differential revenues. Due to the ambiguity and complexity of water resources price, this paper uses methods relating to fuzzy mathematics for modeling and processing. The study had a comprehensive consideration of five factors including water quality, water resources per capita, household consumption level, per capita GNP, population or population density to evaluate the water resource price.

Scrutiny of Microorganisms in Fermented Milk Beverage and Water from Dairy under State Inspection

The aim of the study was to examine microorganisms in samples of fermented milk beverage and water from dairy under state inspection. In a dairy located in the Recôncavo of Bahia, fifteen samples of fermented milk beverage were collected, corresponding to three different batches, and six water samples, two from each point of use in the industry: Point 1—Sanitary barrier;Point 2—Internal faucet for cleaning surfaces and utensils;Point 3—Drinking fountain for employees. All samples were submitted to microbiological research of total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas spp. In the water samples, there was also quantification of heterotrophic bacteria and analysis of free residual chlorine. The fermented milk beverage samples did not show growth of total coliforms, E. coli and Aeromonas spp. With regard to water, no sample showed measurable levels of free residual chlorine, while in the microbiological analysis the count of heterotrophic bacteria in the drinking water exceeded the limit established by legislation (5.6 × 102 CFU.mL-1). In addition, the water from the sanitary barrier revealed total coliforms above the allowed value (1.3 × 101 CFU.100 mL-1) and showed contamination by Aeromonas spp. (7.0 × 101 CFU.mL-1). Thus, it can be inferred that, although the fermented milk beverage did not present the investigated microorganisms, the water used by the industry showed microbial contamination, and due to its participation in the entire production process, water quality control is extremely important to prevent contamination of the food handler and the final product, preventing the spread of diseases and harm to public health.

Brazilian’s Legal Framework and Water Regulation

The legal framework of water regulation can assume different characteristics according to each country’s reality.The preservation and conservation of water and ecosystems depend on rules configuration in the Constitution and legal prescriptions.This manuscript presents the Brazilian legal framework and water regulation.The analysis confirms that in the Brazilian system water is regulated as environmental resource and environmental good.From a descriptive methodology,the article explains how the Brazilian legal system works.The article also remarks on the regulation of multiple uses of water,approaching the legal regulation among industrial,agricultural,and human consumption of water.The aim of the paper is to explain normative regulation of water in Brazil,including the court’s activities in cases of discharges of sewage directly into the rivers.

关于水价、水权、水资源税费改革协同发力的思考

运用系统思维,深化水价形成机制、水权及水资源税改革,促进协同发力,是当前和今后一个时期深化水利改革的重点任务。文章在总结改革进展、分析新形势新要求的基础上,对水价、水权、水资源税费的基本属性、改革目的、重点内容进行理论解析,分析了三者间的耦合关系,提出了水价、水权、水资源税费改革协同发力的总体考虑和相关建议。

国内外水资源价值与价格研究综述

针对学术界在水资源价值与价格方面的理论探索及其实践应用,以及目前水价面临的主要挑战,系统整理并归纳了水资源价值研究进展,水资源定价方法和水资源计价方式的种类、适用范围,以及与价值理论相对应的定价模型。研究结果表明:目前对于水资源多元价值的研究仍处于初级阶段,对水资源多元价值的认识不足;现有定价研究大多从单一角度出发,难以全面涵盖水资源社会价值、市场经济价值以及生态经济综合价值,且单一的计价方式不利于节水目标的实现。未来需要开展多维度评估价值、多角度制定价格以及多种计价方式研究,加强水价改革中市场机制的引入,应特别关注发展较慢的农业水价综合改革,以实现水资源的可持续利用。

社会资本参与农业水价综合改革的理论与实践研究

社会资本是水利基础设施建设重要的资金筹措渠道。建立社会资本参与农业水价综合改革机制,鼓励和引导社会资本参与到农田水利基础设施的投资建设、运营管理和维修养护等方面,能够扩大农田水利设施建设有效投资、提高农田水利基础设施和相关公共服务的供给能力,发挥“两手发力”的要素资源配置优势、提升水资源管理能力、优化水资源配置格局,促进农业用水方式由粗放向节约集约转变,提高水资源整体承载能力。文章从理论层面研究提出了社会资本参与农业水价综合改革的总体思路,梳理了社会资本参与农业水价综合改革的方式与内容;并以陆良县恨虎坝项目区为例,从实践层面总结归纳社会资本参与恨虎坝项目区农业水价综合改革的做法及成效,以期为相关地区推进农业水价综合改革提供参考。

综合水价内涵、形成机制及实施路径探析

在我国南水北调工程受水区水价管理问题分析的基础上,考虑我国南水北调受水区推进综合水价改革的现实需求,参考电价和天然气价格形成机制,系统解析了综合水价内涵及形成机制,明确综合水价具有区域水资源一体化管理、各类水源成本统一核算和用户终端水价差异化核定特征,提出综合水价需具备工程一体化、管理一体化、监管制度化的实施基础,通过供给侧一体化定价、用户侧差别化定价和管理侧梯次化推进落实综合水价改革,最后提出了推进综合水价改革的相关建议,为我国综合水价改革提供技术支撑,并服务于相关决策的制定。

基于全价值和全成本模型的农业水价方案及其可行性分析

针对现行农业水价标准过低的问题,选取粮食主产区——黑龙江省为研究区域,从农业用水全价值和全成本出发,利用能值理论分析确定农业用水价值,采用全成本水价法确定用水成本,结合现行水价制定不同情境下农业水资源定价方案;运用双对数模型建立农业用水需求价格函数,揭示水价提升带来的研究区域节水潜力,结合指数分析法确定农户可承受能力,从而判断所制定水价方案的可行性。结果表明:2020年,农业水资源全价值为0.594元/m^(3),地表水与地下水全成本分别为0.180元/m^(3)和0.355元/m^(3);针对设计的3种阶梯水价调整方案,利用2005、2010、2015、2020年进行实证分析,过渡期和长期水价方案平均年节水量分别可达2.72×10^(9)、4.45×10^(9)m^(3),平均年节水潜力分别为12.74%、19.48%,且一阶水价均在农户可承受能力范围,确定为可行方案。本文为研究区农业水价综合改革提供了支持,可结合实际情况逐步提高农业水价到合理水平。

基于动态博弈模型的多水源-多用户水价定价机制研究——以义乌市为例

水价是促进水资源合理配置的一个重要杠杆,关系到经济社会的健康发展,科学合理制定水价是实现健康有序发展的核心。当前我国水价的制定由于核准机制难以统一、成本形成时间不同、多水源-多用户的科学比价关系尚未建立等原因难以解决复杂的水资源配置问题。为推进分质供水和再生水利用,实现优质优价,发挥水价机制在多水源配置中的调节作用,建立科学合理的多水源-多用户均衡水价体系势在必行。本文从水价定价市场化的视角出发,充分考虑了多水源市场的供需状况、供求主体和其地因素在多水源定价过程中的作用机理,并以义乌市为例,构建地方政府、供水企业与用水户分别居于主导的Stackelberg博弈模型,对比分析了3个主体在不同情况下的均衡价格与收益。结果表明:在用水户占主导的情况下,多水源水价价格最低,供水企业占主导地位的情况下,总体收益最高,得到的价格体系为水库水-居民用户5.63元/m^(3),水库水-非居民用户6.20元/m^(3),水库水-特种用户6.21元/m^(3),河道水-非居民用户3.34元/m^(3),再生水-居民用户2.95元/m^(3),再生水-非居民用户3.06元/m^(3)。此价格体系可以实现供水企业盈利合理、用水户支付合理和水资源配置合理的均衡目标,为实现水资源市场化定价提供理论依据,同时为这一领域的后续研究提供思路参考。

非常规水源推动下水资源价格系统动力学模型的构建——以宁夏地区为例

提出在非常规水源利用的推动下研究水资源定价,缓减水资源供需矛盾,利用系统动力学方法和vensim软件构建区域内水资源价格系统动力学模型,基于宁夏地区经济、社会、环境、生态确定时间范围和空间范围,分析影响水资源供水价格的各种因素,根据各因素之间的因果关系确定变量方程式,利用历史性数据做模型历史性检验和灵敏度分析。结果表明,模型通过历史性检验和灵敏度分析可用于后续的仿真模拟分析。

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China:Opportunities and challenges

The growing water stress both in terms of water scarcity and quality deterioration promotes the development of reclaimed water as a new water resource use. This paper reviewed wastewater reuse practices in China, and the opportunities and challenges of expanding reclaimed water use were analyzed. Rapid urbanization with the increasing of water demand and wastewater discharge provides an opportunity for wastewater reuse. The vast amount of wastewater discharge and low reclaimed water production mean that wastewater reuse still has a great potential in China. Many environmental and economic benefits and successful reclamation technologies also provide opportunities for wastewater reuse. In addition, the overall strategy in China is also encouraging for wastewater reuse. In the beginning stage of wastewater reclamation and reuse, there are many significant challenges to expand wastewater reuse in China including slow pace in adopting urban wastewater reuse programs, the establishment of integrated water resources management framework and guidelines for wastewater reuse programs, incoherent water quality requirements, the limited commercial development of reclaimed water and the strengthening of public awareness and cooperation among stakeholders.

黄河水资源超载区水价改革探索——以山东省广饶县为例

为深入推进区域水价改革,加快完成黄河水资源超载区的治理任务,于2023年3月在山东省选取东营广饶县、德州平原县开展黄河水资源超载区水价改革试点研究。以广饶县为例,归纳了优化区域供水结构、搭建多水源供水管理平台、制定出台综合水价政策试点经验,探究了构建黄河水、长江水同质、同价“双保障”供水新模式,提出“激励约束并重、用户公平负担、发挥市场作用”水价改革的对策建议,为黄河水资源超载区综合水价改革提供借鉴。