A THIRD GENERATION SHALLOW WATER WAVE NUMERICAL MODEL-YE-WAM

This paper pnesents a third gneration shallow Whter disode spedtal wave nbotal medeIYE-WAM based on the spedtal action balance equation. The mode accounts for all edevan effectsof currents on waves, incuding tmpotally and spatialy varying depth and current inded refraction,sttalning and fequency shift and also explidtly takeS into aanunt all source terms, speclally adePth-limited breaking dheipation. In addition, an energy forcing scheme is propond and applied to themode’s open boundaries to areUn for the propagution of sedIs into the study spstem The upwinddiffeIenng scheme and a standard hybrid diffdrencing scheme for the propagaion terrn and a simpleEuler method for the source teme are employed.

Wave Numerical Model for Shallow Water

The history of forecasting wind waves by wave energy conservation equation Is briefly described. Several currently used wave numerical models for shallow water based on different wave theories are discussed. Wave energy conservation models for the simulation of shallow water waves are introduced, with emphasis placed on the SWAN model, which takes use of the most advanced wave research achievements and has been applied to several theoretical and field conditions. The characteristics and applicability of the model, the finite difference numerical scheme of the action balance equation and its source terms computing methods are described in detail. The model has been verified with the propagation refraction numerical experiments for waves propagating in following and opposing currents; finally, the model is applied to the Haian Gulf area to simulate the wave height and wave period field there, and the results are compared with observed data.

Numerical Modeling of Water Wave Interaction with A Soft Mud Bed

A vertical 2-D numerical model is presented for simulating the interaction between water waves and a soft mud bed. Taking into account nonlinear rheology, a semi-empirical rheological model is applied to this water-mud model, reflecting the combined visco-elasto-plastic properties of soft mud under such oscillatory external forces as water waves. In order to increase the resolution of the flow in the neighborhood of both sides of the inter-surface, a logarithmic grid in the vertical direction is employed for numerical treatment. Model verifications are given through comparisons between the calculated and the measured mud mass transport velocities as well as wave height changes.

Applications of sediment sudden deposition model based on the third-generation numerical model for shallow water wave

The existing numerical models for nearshore waves are briefly introduced, and the third-generation numerical model for shallow water wave, which makes use of the most advanced productions of wave research and has been adapted well to be used in the environment of seacoast, lake and estuary area, is particularly discussed. The applied model realizes the significant wave height distribution at different wind directions. To integrate the model into the coastal area sediment, sudden deposition mechanism, the distribution of average silt content and the change of sediment sudden deposition thickness over time in the nearshore area are simulated. The academic productions can give some theoretical guidance to the applications of sediment sudden deposition mechanism for stormy waves in the coastal area. And the advancing directions of sediment sudden deposition model are prospected.

Modeling of Tsunami Generation and Propagation by a Spreading Curvilinear Seismic Faulting in Linearized Shallow-Water Wave Theory

The processes of tsunami evolution during its generation in search for possible amplification mechanisms resulting from unilateral spreading of the sea floor uplift is investigated. We study the nature of the tsunami build up and propagation during and after realistic curvilinear source models represented by a slowly uplift faulting and a spreading slip-fault model. The models are used to study the tsunami amplitude amplification as a function of the spreading velocity and rise time. Tsunami waveforms within the frame of the linearized shallow water theory for constant water depth are analyzed analytically by transform methods (Laplace in time and Fourier in space) for the movable source models. We analyzed the normalized peak amplitude as a function of the propagated uplift length, width and the average depth of the ocean along the propagation path.

Parameterization of Longwave Optical Properties for Water Clouds

Based on relationships between cloud microphysical and optical properties, three different parameterization schemes for narrow and broad band optical properties in longwave region for water clouds have been presented. The effects of different parameterization schemes and different number of broad bands used on cloud radiative properties have been investigated. The effect of scattering role of cloud drops on longwave radiation fluxes and cooling rates in cloudy atmospheres has also been analyzed.

Nonlinear Wave Force on Pier Group in Shallow Water

Based on the 1st order cnoidal wave theory, the wave diffraction around the pier group inshallow water is studied in this paper. The formulas for calculating the nonlinear wave forces are also presented here. In order to verify the theoretical results, model tests are conducted in the wave flume in The State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering located in Dalian University of Technology. The range of the wave parameters in the experiments is characteristic wave period T g/d^(1/2) = 8.08- 22.86, characteristic wave height H/ d= 0.1 ~ 0.45. The results obtained from the experiments agree with the theoretical results quite well. It is shown that, in shallow water the nonlinear wave forces acting on a pier group are greater than those calculated by linear wave theory, the value of increment in wave force increases with the increases of the nonlinearity of the wave. In the wave range studied in this paper, the nonlinear wave force can reach over 4 times the force calculatecd by linear wave theory. Thus, it is suggested that, when Tg / d^(1/2)> 8, the wave force on the piers in the pier group in shallow water should be calculated by using the cnoidal wave theory.

Numerical study on water waves and wave-induced longshore currents in Obaky coastal water

In this paper, the water waves and wave-induced longshore currents in Obak6y coastal water which is located at the Mediterranean coast of Turkey were numerically studied. The numerical model is based on the parabolic mild-slope equation for coastal water waves and the nonlinear shallow water equation for the wave-induced currents. The wave transformation under the effects of shoaling, refraction, diffraction and breaking is considered, and the wave provides radiation stresses for driving currents in the model. The numerical results for the water wave-induced longshore currents were validated by the measured data to demonstrate the efficiency of the numerical model. Then the water waves and longshore currents induced by the waves from main directions were numerically simulated and analyzed based on the numerical results. The numerical results show that the movement of the longshore currents was different while the wave proDaRated to a coastal zone from different directions.

Model Test and Design of the Wave Energy System on "Central Fairway No. 1" Light Ship

This paper presents the test of a ship model for the design of a backward-bent duct oscillating water column type wave energy conversion system, to supply electric power for a light ship. This system suggests a new way to produce electric power automatically for large light ships.

Model Study of Permeable Caisson Breakwater with Slanting Slabs

This paper describes the design of a permeable caisson breakwater with slanting slabs (Types I and II) and presents some preliminary experimental results, together with relevant figures and tables. Analysis is made of the reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, acting wave pressures, water jetting at the crest of the breakwater, and wave overtopping. Experiments show conclusively that this type of breakwater has the advantages of light dead weight, good wave-absorbing performance, low coefficients of reflection and transmission, and small wave overtopping.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Surface Gravity Waves Transformation under Shallow-Water Conditions

This work considers the problems of numerical simulation of non-linear surface gravity waves transformation under shallow bay conditions. The discrete model is built from non-linear shallow-water equations. Are resulted boundary and initial conditions. The method of splitting into physical processes receives system from three equations. Then we define the approximation order and investigate stability conditions of the discrete model. The sweep method was used to calculate the system of equations. This work presents surface gravity wave profiles for different propagation phases.

A Coupling Model of Nonlinear Wave and Sandy Seabed Dynamic Interaction

In the paper, a weak coupling numerical model is developed for the study of the nonlinear dynamic interaction between water waves and permeable sandy seabed. The wave field solveris based on the VOF （Volume of Fluid） method for continuity equation and the two-dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes （RANS） equations with a k-ε closure. The free surface of cnoidal wave is traced through the PLIC-VOF （P/ecewise Linear/nterface Construction）. Blot＇s equations have been applied to solve the sandy seabed, and the u-p fmite dement formulations are derived by the application of the Galerkin weighted-residual procedure. The continuity of the pressure on the interface between fluid and porous medium domains is considered. Laboratory tests were performed to verify the proposed numerical model, and it is shown that the pore-water pressures and the wave heights computed by the VOF-FEM models are in good agreement with the experimental results. It is found that the proposed model is effective in predicting the seabed-nonlinear wave interaction and is able to handle the wave-breakwater-seabed interaction problem.

The change characteristics of the calculated wind wave fields near lateral boundaries with SWAN model

Since the wind wave model Simulating Waves Nearshore （SWAN） cannot effectively simulate the wave fields near the lateral boundaries, the change characteristics and the distortion ranges of calculated wave factors including wave heights, periods, directions, and lengths near the lateral boundaries of calculation domain are carefully studied in the case of different water depths and wind speeds respectively. The calculation results show that the effects of the variety of water depth and wind speed on the modeled different wave factors near the lateral boundaries are different. In the case of a certain wind speed, the greater the water depth is, the greater the distortion range is. In the case of a certain water depth, the distortion ranges defined by the relative errors of wave heights, periods, and lengths are different from those defined by the absolute errors of the corresponding wave factors. Moreover, the distortion ranges defined by the relative errors decrease with the increase of wind speed; whereas the distortion ranges defined by the absolute errors change a little with the variety of wind speed. The distortion range of wave direction decreases with the increase of wind speed. The calculated wave factors near the lateral boundaries with the SWAN model in the actual physical areas, such as Lake Taihu and Lake Dianshan considered in this study, are indeed distorted if the calculation domains are not enlarged on the basis of actual physical areas. Therefore, when SWAN is employed to calculate the wind wave fields near the shorelines of sea or inland lakes, the appropriate approaches must be adopted to reduce the calculation errors.

Application of the Characteristic CIP Method to a Shallow Water Model on the Sphere

Semi-implicit algorithms are popularly used to deal with the gravitational term in numerical models. In this paper, we adopt the method of characteristics to compute the solutions for gravity waves on a sphere directly using a semi-Lagrangian advection scheme instead of the semi-implicit method in a shallow water model, to avoid expensive matrix inversions. Adoption of the semi-Lagrangian scheme renders the numerical model always stable for any Courant number, and which saves CPU time. To illustrate the effciency of the characteristic constrained interpolation profile （CIP） method, some numerical results are shown for idealized test cases on a sphere in the Yin-Yang grid system.

Wave propagation speeds and source term influences in single and integral porosity shallow water equations

In urban flood modeling,so-called porosity shallow water equations(PSWEs),which conceptually account for unresolved structures, e.g.,buildings, are a promising approach to addressing high CPU times associated with state-of-the-art explicit numerical methods. The PSWE can be formulated with a single porosity term, referred to as the single porosity shallow water model(SP model), which accounts for both the reduced storage in the cell and the reduced conveyance, or with two porosity terms: one accounting for the reduced storage in the cell and another accounting for the reduced conveyance. The latter form is referred to as an integral or anisotropic porosity shallow water model(AP model). The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in wave propagation speeds of the SP model and the AP model and the implications of numerical model results. First, augmented Roe-type solutions were used to assess the influence of the source terms appearing in both models. It is shown that different source terms have different influences on the stability of the models. Second, four computational test cases were presented and the numerical models were compared. It is observed in the eigenvalue-based analysis as well as in the computational test cases that the models converge if the conveyance porosity in the AP model is close to the storage porosity. If the porosity values differ significantly, the AP model yields different wave propagation speeds and numerical fluxes from those of the BP model. In this study, the ratio between the conveyance and storage porosities was determined to be the most significant parameter.

浅水波方程模型与奇非线性行波方程解的动力学行为及精确的参数表示:动力系统方法

首先,介绍在重力作用下,无旋、无黏性和不可压缩的流体的表面波传播的一维(或两维单向)浅水波运动的各种不同模型(PDE),这些模型对应的行波系统一般是奇平面动力系统.其次,用著名的广义Camassa-Holm方程作为例子,通过对应的行波系统的精确解来研究该方程的尖孤子、周期尖波、伪尖孤子、伪周期尖波及有界破缺波解的存在性.第三,应用动力系统分支理论和奇摄动几何理论相结合的方法,建立了奇非线性行波方程研究的理论和方法,介绍奇非线性行波动力学行为的2个主要定理,完整地解决了波的光滑性与非光滑性、完整性和破缺性的判定问题.第四,介绍当伴随正则系统直线解上的奇点是结点时,如何用相轨道识别对应的波形,并研究一个非线性水波方程,获得该系统的各型光滑的孤立波和周期波在不同参数条件下的存在性和精确的参数表示.

土壤介电常数模型研究综述

【目的】调查影响土壤介电常数的主控因子,归纳分析土壤介电常数模型的研究现状。【方法】从土壤介电理论出发,系统梳理土壤介电常数的主要影响因素,对现有土壤介电常数模型进行分类总结,并对比分析各模型的优势、局限和应用现状及其发展趋势。【结果】国内外不同土壤类型的介电常数主控影响因素各异,且对测试频率的依赖性较大,但能有效反映土壤的水分状态;土壤介电常数模型分为4类:理论模型、半经验理论模型、经验模型和边界模型。【结论】目前针对区域性特殊土类的介电特性及模型构建研究较少;考虑土壤三相组比、矿物成分和微观结构对介电常数的贡献度将有助于提升模型精度,进而拓展基于介电常数测试的土壤理化性质评价分析方面的应用研究。

基于WAVES模型的大清河流域典型生态系统耗水特征分析

生态系统耗水(即蒸散发)是水循环的重要组成部分,准确估算生态系统耗水是资源型缺水区域实现"以供定需"水资源可持续管理的关键。以雄安新区所在的大清河流域为研究区域,利用遥感叶面积指数和蒸散发数据对水碳热耦合的生态水文模型(WAVES)率定,并用率定好的WAVES模型估算了典型生态系统(农田、草地和林地)耗水规律和特征。结果表明:大清河流域农田、草地、林地生态系统1982-2014年多年平均耗水量依次增加,分别为383.9、424.5、439.6 mm。耗水分量中,农田和草地土壤蒸发和植被腾散发的比重大致相当,均占总耗水的40%~50%;林地以植被腾散发为主,约占总耗水的70%。研究结果可为人类活动剧烈且水资源过度利用的大清河流域和雄安新区的水土资源管理提供参考。

基于鱼群优化算法和Elman神经网络的短期电力负荷预测

精确的短期负荷预测允许用户选择合适的能源利用策略,并最大限度地降低电费支出。为实现更为精确且全局最优的短期负荷预测,提出一种基于鱼群优化算法和Elman神经网络的短期电力负荷预测方案。首先利用小波变换将时间序列分解成分量,并基于对立人工鱼群优化算法进行特征选择。接着基于Elman神经网络模型的水波优化算法进行短期负荷预测,从而显著提高了预测的精确度。最后应用逆小波变换得到每小时的负荷预测数据,借助武汉市电力负荷数据对所提方案进行验证评估。验证结果表明所提方案在冬季数据和夏季数据上的平均绝对百分比误差分别为1.43%和1.98%,明显优于支持向量机、混合网络和小波变换-神经进化算法。

中心管振荡水柱式波浪能装置外形设计性能试验

为了探索中心管振荡水柱式波浪能装置的结构外形对其性能的影响,本文进行了装置外形结构设计,通过入射波要素、浮筒吃水深度、尾管高度、水下结构比例等类型的多种工况的物理模型试验,验证不同参数对装置性能的影响。试验结果表明:设计的模型对入射波周期变化敏感,对特定入射波高响应较优越,且在波高为65 mm,周期为1.1 s时,获得最大俘获宽度比为67.64%;模型浮筒吃水深度越大,则俘获宽度比越小,通频带越窄;锥形尾管高度值对模型的俘获宽度比和通频带宽影响较小;不同水下结构比例的模型之间俘获宽度比数值差距较小,比例为0.3时,模型的俘获宽度比通频带最宽。模型试验结果对装置的进一步优化具有理论指导意义。