After hydraulic fracturing treatment,a reduction in permeability caused by the invasion of fracturing fluids is an inevitable problem,which is called water blocking damage.Therefore,it is important to mitigate and eli...After hydraulic fracturing treatment,a reduction in permeability caused by the invasion of fracturing fluids is an inevitable problem,which is called water blocking damage.Therefore,it is important to mitigate and eliminate water blocking damage to improve the flow capacities of formation fluids and flowback rates of the fracturing fluid.However,the steady-state core flow method cannot quickly and accurately evaluate the effects of chemical agents in enhancing the fluid flow capacities in tight reservoirs.This paper introduces a time-saving and accurate method,pressure transmission test(PTT),which can quickly and quantitatively evaluate the liquid flow capacities and gas-drive flowback rates of a new nanoemulsion.Furthermore,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to analyze the damage mechanism of different fluids and the adsorption of chemical agents on the rock surface.Parallel core flow experiments were used to evaluate the effects of the nanoemulsion on enhancing flowback rates in heterogeneous tight reservoirs.Experimental results show that the water blocking damage mechanisms differ in matrices and fractures.The main channels for gas channeling are fractures in cracked cores and pores in non-cracked cores.Cracked cores suffer less damage from water blocking than non-cracked cores,but have a lower potential to reduce water saturation.The PTT and SEM results show that the permeability reduction in tight sandstones caused by invasion of external fluids can be list as guar gum fracturing fluid>slickwater>brine.Parallel core flow experiments show that for low-permeability heterogenous s andstone reservoirs with a certain permeability ratio,the nanoemulsion can not only reduce reverse gas channeling degree,but also increase the flowback rate of the fracturing fluid.The nanoemulsion system provides a new solution to mitigate and eliminate water blocking damage caused by fracturing fluids in tight sandstone gas reservoirs.展开更多
我国煤层普遍具有低透气性、高瓦斯含量的特性,在低透气性煤层增透方面,煤层注水、水力压裂、水力割缝等水力化技术得到了广泛应用,并取得了良好的瓦斯治理效果。然而水作为外侵液进入煤体,堵塞了瓦斯流动通道,降低了瓦斯解吸量,产生了...我国煤层普遍具有低透气性、高瓦斯含量的特性,在低透气性煤层增透方面,煤层注水、水力压裂、水力割缝等水力化技术得到了广泛应用,并取得了良好的瓦斯治理效果。然而水作为外侵液进入煤体,堵塞了瓦斯流动通道,降低了瓦斯解吸量,产生了水锁效应。为分析水力化技术造成水锁效应的内在机理,利用压汞实验分析了煤样孔容分布规律,以及利用扫描电镜分析了原始、饱水、饱CMC溶液煤样的微观结构,基于低场核磁共振技术研究了煤样在饱水状态以及饱CMC溶液状态下的液相滞留效应,并根据曲线相似度法分析了孔径与束缚流体饱和度的相似度。研究结果表明:CMC溶液可以溶解煤中的矿物质增加煤孔隙裂隙以及降低水在煤体表面的表面张力,从而达到解除水锁效应的目的;随着煤变质程度的增大,T 2截止值在逐渐减小,T 2截止值的数值与煤样孔径大小呈负相关;煤样的束缚流体饱和度远大于自由流体饱和度,煤样在饱水状态下的束缚流体饱和度比饱CMC溶液状态下高;高变质程度的煤大孔孔容少、微孔孔容多,使得水在煤孔隙中的毛细管力大,最终造成高阶煤的水锁效应严重;大孔孔容是影响束缚流体饱和度的主控因素,微孔起到正向促进作用,得到束缚流体饱和度S与大孔孔容V A、微孔孔容V D的耦合关系式:S=94.86-1078.96 V A+261.24 V D。滞留在煤体内的束缚水阻塞了瓦斯流动通道,是造成水锁效应的根本原因,增加煤层的孔隙裂隙以及选用合适的表面活性是减缓煤层水锁效应的有效措施。展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51804033)China Postdoctoral Science and Foundation(Grant No.2018M641254)the National Science and Technology Major Projects of China(Grant Nos.2016ZX05051,2016ZX05014-005,and 2017ZX05030)。
文摘After hydraulic fracturing treatment,a reduction in permeability caused by the invasion of fracturing fluids is an inevitable problem,which is called water blocking damage.Therefore,it is important to mitigate and eliminate water blocking damage to improve the flow capacities of formation fluids and flowback rates of the fracturing fluid.However,the steady-state core flow method cannot quickly and accurately evaluate the effects of chemical agents in enhancing the fluid flow capacities in tight reservoirs.This paper introduces a time-saving and accurate method,pressure transmission test(PTT),which can quickly and quantitatively evaluate the liquid flow capacities and gas-drive flowback rates of a new nanoemulsion.Furthermore,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to analyze the damage mechanism of different fluids and the adsorption of chemical agents on the rock surface.Parallel core flow experiments were used to evaluate the effects of the nanoemulsion on enhancing flowback rates in heterogeneous tight reservoirs.Experimental results show that the water blocking damage mechanisms differ in matrices and fractures.The main channels for gas channeling are fractures in cracked cores and pores in non-cracked cores.Cracked cores suffer less damage from water blocking than non-cracked cores,but have a lower potential to reduce water saturation.The PTT and SEM results show that the permeability reduction in tight sandstones caused by invasion of external fluids can be list as guar gum fracturing fluid>slickwater>brine.Parallel core flow experiments show that for low-permeability heterogenous s andstone reservoirs with a certain permeability ratio,the nanoemulsion can not only reduce reverse gas channeling degree,but also increase the flowback rate of the fracturing fluid.The nanoemulsion system provides a new solution to mitigate and eliminate water blocking damage caused by fracturing fluids in tight sandstone gas reservoirs.
文摘我国煤层普遍具有低透气性、高瓦斯含量的特性,在低透气性煤层增透方面,煤层注水、水力压裂、水力割缝等水力化技术得到了广泛应用,并取得了良好的瓦斯治理效果。然而水作为外侵液进入煤体,堵塞了瓦斯流动通道,降低了瓦斯解吸量,产生了水锁效应。为分析水力化技术造成水锁效应的内在机理,利用压汞实验分析了煤样孔容分布规律,以及利用扫描电镜分析了原始、饱水、饱CMC溶液煤样的微观结构,基于低场核磁共振技术研究了煤样在饱水状态以及饱CMC溶液状态下的液相滞留效应,并根据曲线相似度法分析了孔径与束缚流体饱和度的相似度。研究结果表明:CMC溶液可以溶解煤中的矿物质增加煤孔隙裂隙以及降低水在煤体表面的表面张力,从而达到解除水锁效应的目的;随着煤变质程度的增大,T 2截止值在逐渐减小,T 2截止值的数值与煤样孔径大小呈负相关;煤样的束缚流体饱和度远大于自由流体饱和度,煤样在饱水状态下的束缚流体饱和度比饱CMC溶液状态下高;高变质程度的煤大孔孔容少、微孔孔容多,使得水在煤孔隙中的毛细管力大,最终造成高阶煤的水锁效应严重;大孔孔容是影响束缚流体饱和度的主控因素,微孔起到正向促进作用,得到束缚流体饱和度S与大孔孔容V A、微孔孔容V D的耦合关系式:S=94.86-1078.96 V A+261.24 V D。滞留在煤体内的束缚水阻塞了瓦斯流动通道,是造成水锁效应的根本原因,增加煤层的孔隙裂隙以及选用合适的表面活性是减缓煤层水锁效应的有效措施。
