Aircraft Observation and Simulation of the Supercooled Liquid Water Layer in a Warm Conveyor Belt over North China

This paper studied a snow event over North China on 21 February 2017,using aircraft in-situ data,a Lagrangian analysis tool,and WRF simulations with different microphysical schemes to investigate the supercooled layer of warm conveyor belts(WCBs).Based on the aircraft data,we found a fine vertical structure within clouds in the WCB and highlighted a 1-2 km thin supercooled liquid water layer with a maximum Liquid Water Content(LWC) exceeding0.5 g kg^(-1) during the vertical aircraft observation.Although the main features of thermodynamic profiles were essentially captured by both modeling schemes,the microphysical quantities exhibited large diversity with different microphysics schemes.The conventional Morrison two-moment scheme showed remarkable agreement with in-situ observations,both in terms of the thermodynamic structure and the supercooled liquid water layer.However,the microphysical structure of the WCB clouds,in terms of LWC and IWC,was not apparent in HUJI fast bin scheme.To reduce such uncertainty,future work may focus on improving the representation of microphysics in bin schemes with in-situ data and using similar assumptions for all schemes to isolate the impact of physics.

Soil erosion calculation in the hydro-fluctuation belt by adding water erosivity factor in the USLE model

Soils in the hydro-fluctuation belts of the reservoirs are most highly influenced by the special hydro-conditions and reservoir operation,leading to unique soil erosion process and largely accelerate soil erosion intensity.The present study aimed to estimate soil erosion rate in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Pubugou Reservoir,Southwest China,based on the framework of Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE).An attempt has been made to modify the original USLE by including the reservoir water erosivity(W),a new factor into the model.Soil erosion rate from different land use types were quantitatively estimated,using the USLE and the modified USLE respectively.Field observation showed that soil erosion rate in dry farmland,bare land and grassland was 4700,44600 and 5050 t/km2,respectively.The erosion rate assessed by the modified USLE was closely related to that recorded from the field monitoring data.The findings of this study clearly highlight the importance of inclusion of the W factor to the original USLE model while assessing soil erosion in the reservoir hydro-fluctuation belt.

Water-Rock Interactions and Chemical Composi-tional Variations During Ductile Deformation ofthe NW-Striking Shear Zone in the Jiapigou Gold Belt, China

Two kinds of mylonite series rocks, felsic and mafic, have been recognized in the NW-striking shear zone of the Jiapigou gold belt. During ductile deformation, a large amount of fluid interacted intensively with the mylonite series rocks: plagioclases were sericitized and the An values declined rapidly, finally all of them were trans formed to albites; dark minerals were gradually replaced by chlorites （mostly ripidolite）. Meanwhile, large-scale and extensive carbonation also took place, and the carbonatization minerals varied from calcite to dolomite and ankerite with the development of deformation. The δ13C values of the carbonates are - 3. 0‰--5. 6‰ suggesting a deep source of carbon. The ductile deformation is nearly an iso-volume one （fv=1）. With the enhancement of shear deformation, SiO2 in the two mylonite series rocks was depleted, while volatile components such as CO2 and H2O, and some ore-forming elements such as Au and S were obviously enriched. But it is noted that the enrichment of An in both the mylonite series rocks did not reach the paygrade of gold. The released SiO2 from water-rock interactions occurred in the form of colloids and absorbed gold in the fluid. When brittle structures were formed locally in the ductile shear zone, the ore-forming fluids migrated to the structures along micro fractures, and precipitated auriferous quartz because of reduction of pressure and temperature. Fluid inclusion study shows that the temperature and pressure of the ore-forming fluids are 245-292℃ and 95.4-131. 7MPa respectively; the salinity is 12. 88-16. 33 wt% NaCl; the fluid-phase is rich in Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, F- and Cl-, while the gaseous phases are rich in CO2 and CH4. The δDand δ18 O values of the ore-forming fluid are - 84. 48‰- - 91. 73‰ and - 0. 247‰-+2.715‰ respectively, suggesting that the fluid is composed predominantly of meteoric water.

A modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion considering the damage to reservoir bank slope rocks under water saturation-dehydration circulation

After water is impounded in a reservoir, rock mass in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the reservoir bank slope is subject to water saturation- dehydration circulation （WSDC）. To quantify the rate of change of rock mechanical properties, samples from the Longtan dam area were measured with uniaxial compression tests after different numbers （1, 5, 10, 15, and 20） of simulated WSDC cycles. Based on the curves derived from these tests, a modified Hock- Brown failure criterion was proposed, in which a new parameter was introduced to model the cumulative damage to rocks after WSDC. A case of an engineering application was analyzed, and the results showed that the modified Hock-Brown failure criterion is useful. Under similar WSDC-influenced engineering and geological conditions, rock mass strength parameters required for analysis and evaluation of rock slope stability can be estimated according to this modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion.

Water quality,natural chemical weathering and ecological risk assessment of the contaminated area of vanadium ore in Yinhua River,China:Evidence from major ions and trace elements

There are abundant vanadium ores in the Cambrian strata in southern Shaanxi,China.Many years of mining activities and surface leaching have polluted the surface water to a certain extent,but the researches on the water quality characteristics and pollution degree are relatively weak.This contribution was organized to investigate the surface water quality by general parameters,including TDS,Eh,pH,DO,TOC,COD,and EC,in the vanadium ore belt(Yinhua River basin).Major ions were determined to detect the water type and natural chemical weathering,while trace elements were used to illustrate their geochemical characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals.The study found that the surface water was weakly alkaline and mainly dominated from normal to pool grade.The particle size with1000–10,000 nm of suspended particles was the main carrier of organic matter.The concentration of HCO_(3)^(-)and SO_(4)^(2-)in the anions and Ca^(2+)and Mg^(2+)ions in the cations were relatively high,and the water type was Ca-Mg-HCO_(3)-SO_(4) type.Rock weathering had a great influence on surface water,and the weathering products were mainly silicate and carbonate.Compared with the Type river,the contents of V elements showed an obvious positive anomaly,which may be affected by mining activities of vanadium ore and the annual leaching of the tailings pond.As and Cd in the surface water was polluted seriously.The integrated pollution index suggested that the surface water pollution was serious,and the main stream was more serious with the increasing tailings ponds.

Bottom water temperature measurements in the South China Sea,eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean

文章报道了一批新的海底底水温度(BWT)数据,其中南海(SCS)158个站位、东印度洋(EIO)30个站位及西太平洋(WPO)37个站位。基于这批新的BWT数据,获得南海和西太平洋海域底水温度与水深经验关系,可为地球物理和物理海洋提供准确、可靠的海底温度边界。这将有助于海底油气资源调查与评估。同时,这批实测数据表明:1)水深超过3500m的海域,其底水温度在南海约为2.47℃,比东印度洋(～1.34℃)和西太平洋(～1.60℃)稍微偏高。这与大洋传送带模式所预测的情况比较吻合。该模式认为:低温高盐的海水,从北大西洋格陵兰岛和冰岛附近海域下沉到深层,然后向南流动,再与南极洲周围海域的低温高盐海水一同向北进入印度洋和太平洋。而南海是一个相对比较封闭的热带边缘海,其内部海水与印度洋和菲律宾海交换有限,导致海水温度整体高于印度洋和太平洋。2)台西南盆地水深在2700～3000m的部分站位,其底水温高达约3.00℃,明显高于其周边同水深海域底水温度(平均值约为2.33℃)。这可能是台西南盆地海底水热活动导致的结果。3)在东印度洋和西太平洋水深超过4800m海域,底水温度随着水压增大稍有升高,其升高率分别为10.6mK·MPa^(-1)和12.0mK·MPa^(-1)。这与理论估算的深层底水绝热压力温度梯度范围较为吻合。这也意味着东印度洋和西太平洋深层底水,主要由绝热自压作用导致其温度随着深度的增大而升高。

The Ecological Effects of Young Elm Trees Belt-Pumpkin Strip Intercropping System at the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone in Northern China

Young elm trees belt-pumpkin strip intercropping was studied to solve the actual problem of resource losses in the large barren area resulted from reconverting cultivated land into forest in the agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China. The final objective was to realize effective utilization of the barren land with both ecological improvement and economic development. Field experiments were conducted together with laboratory analysis. The results indicated that the soil moisture level was remarkably increased in young elm trees belt-pumpkin strip intereropping because the pumpkin vines covered the gap between pumpkin planting-furrow and elm trees belt. The water use efficiency of the intercropping system was increased by 23.7-163.3% as compared with the single cropping. Elm trees belt-pumpkin strip intercropping changed the sequential succession trend of the grasses growing in the gap of the pumpkin planting-furrow. The annual grasses become the dominant vegetation. The nutritive value as fodder and yield of the annual grasses were also increased remarkably. The biomass of pumpkin, elm trees and grasses under intercropping increased by 24.4, 28.4 and 144.4%, respectively, as compared with those under single cropping. The land use efficiency was increased by 132%. It was also indicated that the soil erosion from the intercropping land was not increased due to pumpkin plantation. The differences in the soil erosion among intercropped area, elm trees belt and pumpkin strip with single cropping were not remarkable. Therefore, it was concluded that young elm trees belt-pumpkin strip intercropping is an effective way to utilize the barren land between the young elm trees belt and realize synergistic enhancement of ecological benefit and economic profit.

全球天然氢气勘探开发利用进展及中国的勘探前景

在全球能源脱碳背景下,天然氢气作为一种一次能源,因其零碳、可再生的优点而备受关注,但中国目前还未开展专门针对天然氢气的勘探工作。通过介绍全球已知高含量天然氢气(体积分数大于10%)气藏的主要形成地质环境及成因类型,系统总结了天然氢气富集的有利地质条件,并结合国外天然氢气的勘探开发现状,评价了中国天然氢气的勘探前景。研究结果表明:(1)全球高含量天然氢气主要发育于蛇绿岩带、裂谷和前寒武系富铁地层中,且以无机成因为主,富铁矿物的蛇纹石化过程是天然氢气最主要的成因来源,其次为地球深部脱气和水的辐解。(2)优质的氢源与良好的运移通道是氢气富集的前提,而盖层的封盖能力是天然氢气能否成藏的关键要素;天然氢气作为伴生气时,传统盖层对其具备封盖能力,但当其含量较高时,传统盖层可能难以形成有效封盖;裂谷环境、蛇绿岩发育区以及断裂发育的前寒武系富铁地层是富氢气藏的勘探有利区。(3)国外多个国家和地区已制定了天然氢气的勘探开发和利用计划,其中,马里已实现天然氢气的商业开采,美国、澳大利亚也已成功钻探天然氢气勘探井。(4)中国高含量氢气区与富氢地质条件高度匹配,天然氢气勘探前景良好,郯庐断裂带及周缘裂陷盆地区、阿尔金断裂带及两侧盆地区、三江构造带—龙门山断裂带及周缘盆地区的天然氢气勘探潜力较大;中国应尽快开展天然氢气普查工作,加强氢气成藏过程研究和潜力评价,并进行勘探技术、开采分离技术和储运技术的攻关,为天然氢气的大规模开发利用做好技术储备。

基于水平旋喷桩处置优化的地铁隧道施工变形控制分析

为研究富水砂层隧道中水平旋喷桩+超前小导管组合预加固的效果,以青岛地铁某区间段隧道为依托,采用有限元数值模拟方法,对比分析了无预加固、单独使用水平旋喷桩及旋喷桩配合超前小导管组合预加固三种工况的加固效果。结果表明,与无预加固方案相比,单独使用水平旋喷桩预加固可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约61%、59%、38%;而水平旋喷桩与超前小导管组合预加固方案可使地表沉降、拱顶沉降、掌子面纵向位移分别相应减少约66%、77.6%、38.9%,典型开挖断面处与拱脚处地下水渗流量分别减少93.4%、96.7%,预加固效果与止水效果显著。

带式输送机不停机更换托辊机器人研究与应用

针对带式输送机托辊更换频繁、人工更换工具笨重、作业劳动强度大、停机更换效率低等问题,以王家岭煤矿主平硐带式输送机为研究对象,根据巷道参数和更换托辊流程,研究不停机更换托辊机器人,制定机器人总体研究方案。基于功能分析法与不停机更换托辊理论研究,利用SolidWorks软件建立机器人三维实体模型,并对行走机构、姿态调整平台、伸缩支撑平台、拆装机械手参数进行优化。通过ANSYS Workbench软件对支撑平台和皮带举升机构进行有限元分析,伸缩支撑平台采用滑轨式结构,滑轨在悬臂和举升额定载荷下应力分别为15.647 MPa和66.395 MPa,最大变形位移出现在额定载荷条件下,位移为1.0742 mm。皮带举升机构选用剪叉式结构,额定举升时最大应力为152.82 MPa,最大位移为0.7331 mm。依据设计参数加工机器人样机,以功率为64 kW的柴油发动机为动力,通过液压马达驱动履带行走,速度范围在3~8 km/h,姿态调整平台可实现升降高度0~357 mm、俯仰角度±15°、侧倾角度-4°~7°、旋转角度-10°~20°、横移范围0~400 mm、纵移范围0~350 mm,多级伸缩机构采用组合滑轨方式实现平台0~2.1 m伸缩,采用五自由度机械手可实现对不同位置托辊进行拆装。通过地面及井下试验测试对机器人样机的行走、姿态调整、举升皮带、拆装托辊功能进行试验验证,结果表明:机器人在主平硐狭窄巷道行驶通过性良好,伸缩支撑平台在输送机不停机状态下举升皮带最大高度为241 mm,为机械手拆装不同位置托辊提供足够操作空间以达到设计性能要求,研究带式输送机不停机更换托辊机器人可为煤矿带式输送机维修提供新途径。

协同推进南水北调后续工程和长江经济带高质量发展

推动长江经济带高质量发展,是以习近平同志为核心的党中央作出的重大决策,是关系党和国家事业发展全局的重大战略。南水北调东、中、西三条线均以长江为水源,是跨流域跨区域配置水资源的骨干工程,是国家水网的主骨架和大动脉,在保障国家经济安全、粮食安全、生态安全等方面具有基础性、战略性作用。两者联系紧密,互促共生。文章通过对长江经济带高质量发展内涵的分析,以及在国家水安全保障、长江经济带高质量发展对南水北调高质量发展的具体要求梳理的基础上,对共同推进南水北调和长江经济带高质量发展提出了初步的认识和思考。

中国与“一带一路”国家粮食贸易驱动的虚拟水流动时空格局及其节水效益

粮食贸易是“一带一路”国家经济贸易合作中至关重要的部分之一,可以带动粮食生产全过程所需的虚拟水流动。将单位粮食产品虚拟水量纳入粮食贸易数据系统,进而揭示中国与“一带一路”国家间粮食贸易驱动的虚拟水流动时空格局,并测算粮食贸易所实现的全局性节水效益。研究发现:(1)研究时段中国粮食贸易所驱动的虚拟水净进口量逐年上升,净进口结构以稻米和玉米为主。(2)中国粮食虚拟水进口来源国结构稳定但相对单一,建议粮食贸易对象多元化;粮食虚拟水出口量较少,出口对象国相对分散。(3)结合水资源禀赋可以看出,在进口不可避免的前提下,中国考虑进口地区水资源禀赋后的粮食进口虽然未显示水资源节约,但浪费量大幅减少;粮食出口稀缺节水量为正,具有一定的节水效益。基于研究结果,提出我国可通过降低粮食进口国集中度,优化粮食贸易空间布局,在保障粮食安全的同时,通过虚拟水贸易实现水资源有效节约,拓展节水的思路与路径。

深入学习贯彻习近平总书记重要讲话精神 努力建设安澜长江 为长江经济带高质量发展提供水安全保障

深入学习贯彻习近平总书记在进一步推动长江经济带高质量发展座谈会上重要讲话精神,准确把握精神实质和实践要求,对标对表查找问题和不足,从七个方面提出贯彻落实的对策举措,为进一步推动长江经济带高质量发展提供坚实水安全保障。

基于“人-地-水”平衡的流域国土空间格局优化--以长江经济带国土空间规划为例

以长江经济带国土空间规划的探索实践为例,围绕流域“人-地-水”的统筹平衡与高质量发展,对国土空间格局优化的技术方法进行了研究。建立了张力评价--平衡策略--平衡韧性的技术路径和模型框架体系,构建了多尺度“人-地-水”规模平衡+流域治理的空间格局优化方法,针对长江经济带形成了上、中、下游及二级流域的人口增长控制、耕地资源保护、水资源跨区域调配等空间优化策略,并提出二级流域系统治理的多目标多区域管控传导体系。

船闸止水材料性能劣化规律试验研究

平陆运河河口船闸受咸水入侵及船闸闸室频繁灌泄水作用,形成了受紫外光照强、氯盐侵蚀及高频干湿交替共同影响的特殊腐蚀环境。然而,船闸止水材料在这一特殊服役环境下的性能劣化规律不甚明了。为此,文章开展了针对船闸止水材料在纯紫外老化环境、紫外老化与咸水高频干湿交替环境下的加速劣化试验,研究了四类橡胶止水带(包括:普通、OMEGA、GB、超高性能止水带)材料硬度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率以及极限弹性模量随时间的劣化规律。结果表明:纯紫外老化环境下,四类橡胶止水带材料的硬度、极限弹性模量随劣化时间呈增大趋势,拉伸强度呈先增后减的变化趋势,断裂伸长率则单调减小;紫外老化与咸水高频干湿交替环境下,四类橡胶止水带材料的硬度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率均随劣化时间呈减小趋势,极限弹性模量则单调增加。研究成果可为平陆运河河口船闸结构缝止水材料的优选类型提供重要参考依据。

时空异质性视角下长江经济带水资源系统韧性评估及调控因子分析

水资源系统韧性的评估与调控是缓解水资源危机和规避水资源风险的重要途径之一。从水资源的自然资源、社会经济、生态环境等属性出发,综合考虑水资源系统韧性的抵抗性、恢复性、适应性特征,构建了包含水资源、水经济、水福利、水管理、水生态和水环境6个维度的水资源系统韧性评价指标体系,建立了基于麻雀搜索算法的投影寻踪模型,运用自然断点法识别区域空间分异特征,采用因子探测识别影响水资源系统韧性空间分布格局的调控因子。通过对2010—2019年长江经济带11个省(市)水资源系统韧性的分析发现,在空间上,长江经济带水资源系统韧性表现为西部最优、东部次之、中部最末,且南部优于北部;在时间上,长江经济带水资源系统韧性虽有波动但整体呈现上升的趋势。从6个维度来看,水生态韧性维度的韧性值区间跨度较大,在0.08~0.52之间波动,水福利韧性最高,水环境韧性次之。水资源和水福利的相关因子对水资源系统韧性的影响较为明显,水经济中的工业废水治理投资占GDP的比重和万元工业增加值用水量2个指标以及水福利中的供水管道密度和人均供水量2个指标的影响力逐渐上升。通过对长江经济带水资源系统韧性和调控因子的分析,有针对性地提出了提高长江经济带水资源系统韧性的对策建议。

三峡库区碳酸岩岸坡消落带岩体劣化特性

岸坡消落带是库水位升降形成的干湿交替作用区域。与岸坡其他地段相比,岸坡消落带水岩作用强烈,不断改造库岸的形貌特征,影响岸坡的整体或局部稳定性。消落带岩体劣化研究在劣化特征、劣化分类,以及劣化评价方法、指标研究方面存在不足。本文以三峡库区秭归和巴东干(支)流碳酸岩岸坡消落带岩体为研究对象,采取调(勘)查与试验、“比拟法”等综合分析方法,对碳酸岩消落区岩体劣化特征、过程及机制进行了系统研究,得到以下结论。(1)基于岸坡消落区岩体劣化的宏观效应,可划分为4种劣化类型;库水和地下水联动作用影响消落区岩体劣化的范围,沿深度方向呈现逐渐减弱的趋势,根据岩体劣化程度,可划分为3个区。(2)岩体各类结构面劣化最为严重,尤其是裂隙结构面,控制着岩体劣化的主要特征和类型。(3)库水作用方式和水的溶蚀性强弱影响岩体劣化的进展和演化发展模式。(4)根据库水与岸坡地下水联动程度,结合工程应用,提出了碳酸岩岸坡消落带岩体劣化的评价指标和评价方法。研究成果对消落带岩体劣化评价及岸坡稳定性演化评价具有一定的参考意义。

基于多目标的新时期河湖治理规划研究

随着经济的发展和城市化的加速,广东云浮市南山河在水生态空间挤占、水环境质量稳固、生物多样性退化等方面问题较突出,与人民向往的美好河湖生态环境存在较大的差距,因此,探索新时期河湖治理的思路和模式,成为当前迫切需要解决的问题。南山河碧道谋划了新时期河湖综合治理的思路、模式和总体格局,研究构建了分区布局及措施体系,为新时代河湖治理和打造“广式幸福河湖”提供相应的借鉴。

基于RSEI与FAI模型的浙江千岛湖乡村岸水协同修复与生态功能区划研究

千岛湖是截蓄新安江水流而成的山地型人工湖泊,陆域水土流失与水域富营养化问题是导致库区整体生态环境质量下降的两大关键性因素。选取千岛湖人类活动最为频繁的40个河口村镇作为研究对象,聚焦98~118m高程的岸水交接地带,基于水陆耦合协调的视角,探究该地带在生态过程中水土流失与水体富营养化问题的岸水协同生态修复治理方案,旨在解决“岸水空间生态功能区划如何兼顾应对陆域水土流失与水域富营养化两方面生态风险”的关键性水生态修复问题,建立水体治理的长效机制。根据千岛湖正常高水位,以108~118m高程为陆域范围,以98~108m高程为水域范围,基于研究区域的landsat8卫星遥感数据,运用RSEI模型评价陆域水土流失状况,运用FAI模型评价水域富营养化状况,二者耦合协调分析获得水陆生态环境质量的耦合协调发展水平,据此研判关键性水生态问题并分区提出岸水协同生态修复治理措施。结果表明,中度失调河口2个,轻度失调河口2个,濒临失调河口1个,勉强协调河口5个,初级协调河口10个,中级协调河口9个,良好协调河口11个;根据耦合协调发展水平将40个河口村镇划分为三级生态功能区,其中一级生态功能区重点强化治污措施、二级生态功能区重点提高生态韧性、三级生态功能区重点促进价值转换。

高水压地层顶管出洞止水环漏浆处理技术研究

在长距离顶管施工过程中,始发洞门可能因长期受地下水压过高、钢套环承压变形、止水胶圈长期受拉应力而失效等原因出现洞门漏浆、漏水问题,从而造成顶力陡增现象,随着顶进距离的不断增加,会出现顶不动的严重后果。为了解决高水压地层顶管出洞洞门止水环漏浆这一技术难题,笔者依托内蒙古引绰济辽工程实例分析了洞门止水环漏浆原因,介绍了一种高水压地层条件下顶管始发洞门止水环漏浆处理方法及关键技术,为类似工程提供借鉴。