This paper was designed to verify the influence of phosphate on water-holding capacity （WHC） and texture of emulsiontype sausage prepared with pre-rigor meat, ageing meat or frozen meat. Pre-rigor pork, ageing pork ...This paper was designed to verify the influence of phosphate on water-holding capacity （WHC） and texture of emulsiontype sausage prepared with pre-rigor meat, ageing meat or frozen meat. Pre-rigor pork, ageing pork and frozen pork were pre-blended with five levels of phosphate and made into emulsion-type sausage. The yield, hardness and total expressible fluid （TEF） were measured with texture profile analysis machine and pressiometer when emulsion-type sausage was produced. Meanwhile, hardness and purge loss （PL） were measured during 30 d storage. As emusion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, higher yield and relatively stable hardness could be found. It indicated that increasing of phosphate level caused an alleviatable effects in increasing of hardness when emulsion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, but opposite effects made by ageing meat or frozen meat. The distribution of PL of emulsion-type sausage was found to be affected by phosphate addition. Significant decrease of PL could not be obtained by increasing of phosphate level during storage. Pre-rigor meat improved WHC and texture of emulsion-type sausage. Problem of WHC and texture of emulsiontype sausage during storage could not be resolved by single use of phosphate at relatively higher level （3%） of NaCl.展开更多
Drag anchor is one of the most commonly used anchorage foundation types. The prediction of embedded trajectory in the process of drag anchor installation is of great importance to the safety design of mooring system. ...Drag anchor is one of the most commonly used anchorage foundation types. The prediction of embedded trajectory in the process of drag anchor installation is of great importance to the safety design of mooring system. In this paper, the ultimate anchor holding capacity in the seabed soil is calculated through the established finite element model, and then the embedded motion trajectory is predicted applying the incremental calculation method. Firstly, the drag anchor initial embedded depth and inclination angle are assumed, which are regarded as the start embedded point. Secondly, in each incremental step, the incremental displacement of drag anchor is added along the parallel direction of anchor plate, so the displacement increment of drag anchor in the horizontal and vertical directions can be calculated. Thirdly, the finite element model of anchor is established considering the seabed soil and anchor interaction, and the ultimate drag anchor holding capacity at new position can be obtained. Fourthly, the angle between inverse catenary mooring line and horizontal plane at the attachment point at this increment step can be calculated through the inverse catenary equation. Finally, the incremental step is ended until the angle of drag anchor and seabed soil is zero as the ultimate embedded state condition, thus, the whole embedded trajectory of drag anchor is obtained. Meanwhile, the influences of initial parameter changes on the embedded trajectory are considered. Based on the proposed method, the prediction of drag anchor trajectory and the holding capacity of mooring position system can be provided.展开更多
This study investigated the effect of the soil water holding capacity and permeability under different land use patterns in the Tianzhu alpine region of the Eastern Qilian Mountains,and four land use patterns were sel...This study investigated the effect of the soil water holding capacity and permeability under different land use patterns in the Tianzhu alpine region of the Eastern Qilian Mountains,and four land use patterns were selected,namely,natural grassland,rehabilitated land,oats land and perennial grassland. As time went by,different land use patterns imposed significant effects on the water holding capacity power and permeability. The soil bulk density was rehabilitated land(1. 104 g/cm3) > perennial grassland(1.061g/cm3) > oats land(1.011 g/cm3) > natural grassland(0. 781 g/cm3) ; the soil overall porosity was natural grassland(68.196%) > oats land(60.606%) > perennial grassland(58. 93%) > rehabilitated land(57. 5%) ; the natural grassland had the most water holding capacity power and soil steady infiltration rate(681. 966 t/hm 2 and 3. 02 mm/min) ,while the rehabilitated land had the least(575. 005 t/hm 2 and 1. 004 mm/min) . In terms of soil water-holding capacity and permeability,the natural grassland was the best out of these four use patterns while the rehabilitated land was the worst pattern. In other words,both oats land and perennial grassland had better water holding capacity power and permeability than the rehabilitated land.展开更多
In Karst drainage basins, there are the ground water and underground water exchanging frequently, and the shortage of water resources due to having the special double aquifer mediums and unique surface and subsurface ...In Karst drainage basins, there are the ground water and underground water exchanging frequently, and the shortage of water resources due to having the special double aquifer mediums and unique surface and subsurface river systematic structure. This paper is to select 20 research sampling areas coming fromGuizhouProvince, and according to the spectral characteristics of the catchment water-holding mediums and vegetations, and using the remote sensing technique, extract the watershed vegetation index. According to the principle of principal component analysis, using the software of Spss and Matlab is to analyze the impacts of watershed vegetation type on the catchment water-holding ability, and establish the principal component analysis function. Studies have shown that: 1) the watershed vegetation coverage rate plays an important role in Karst basin water-holding ability;2) the catchment water-holding ability is the comprehensive reflection and manifestation of the Catchment Water-storing Capacity (CWC);3) it is much better effects and higher accuracy to monitor/forecast the catchment water-holding volume by using the vegetation indices.展开更多
Fish skin collagen hydrolysates(FSCH) were prepared from walleye pollock(Theragra chalcogramma) using a mixture of enzymes,namely trypsin and flavourzyme. The degree of hydrolysis of the skin collagen was 27.3%. FSCH ...Fish skin collagen hydrolysates(FSCH) were prepared from walleye pollock(Theragra chalcogramma) using a mixture of enzymes,namely trypsin and flavourzyme. The degree of hydrolysis of the skin collagen was 27.3%. FSCH was mainly composed of low-molecular-weight peptides and the relative proportion of <1 000Da fraction was 70.6%. Free radical and oxygen species scavenging activities of FSCH were investigated in four model systems,including diphenylpicrylhy-drazyl radical(DPPH),superoxide anion radical,hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide model,and compared with that of a native antioxidant,reduced glutathione(GSH). FSCH was also evaluated by water-absorbing and water-holding capacity. The results showed that FSCH was able to scavenge free radical and oxygen species significantly and to enhance water-absorbing and water-holding capacity remarkably. Therefore,FSCH may have potential applications in the medicine and food industries.展开更多
The decomposition rate and the water-holding capacity of 6 kinds of grass litters were studied in the Jinshajiang river dry-hot valley. The results showed that the dry weight remains reduced with time but did not have...The decomposition rate and the water-holding capacity of 6 kinds of grass litters were studied in the Jinshajiang river dry-hot valley. The results showed that the dry weight remains reduced with time but did not have a direct correlation with time. The decomposition litters were affected by climate, character of litter, animalcule and soil animal. The climate factors of temperature and humidity were important especially. The water-holding capacity was in the sequence ofN. wightii （336%）, P. notatum Flugge （248%）, H. contortus （L.） Beauv （209%）, B. pertusa （L.） A. Camus（206%）, L endecaphylla Jacq （174%）, D. annulatum （Forsk.） Stapf （168%）. After 24 months decomposition the remaining dry weight of the litter was in the sequence as follows： 15.12% for N. wightii, 26.38% for I. endecaphylla Jacq, 27.23% for B. pertusa （L.） A. Camus, 30.78% for P. notatum Flugge, 39.72% for H. contortus （L.） Beauv and 39.76% for D. annulatum （Forsk.） Stapf. The decomposition rate and water-holding capacity ofN. wightii are at the highest level. It is important for the development, improvement and conservation of the grassland soil.展开更多
Relationship of soil and water is generally considered as important in soil science. To specify it further we studied two different soils in 2012-2013, three additional soils once and made several series of experiment...Relationship of soil and water is generally considered as important in soil science. To specify it further we studied two different soils in 2012-2013, three additional soils once and made several series of experiments with drying and wetting of the soils. Principal parameters studied were the gravimetric water content (GWC), water holding capacity (WHC), soil organic matter (SOM), their correlations and rates of change in drying or wetting. The three parameters are significantly inter-correlated. Distribution of GWC in the replicates of soils dried both in nature and in experiments was narrower than that in wet soils, while WHC changed less in drying. The correlations (GWC- WHC) became steeper (the slope coefficient higher) and the coefficient of determination (R2) lower. Attempts to increase WHC in wet soils with a high WHC even further were not successful. Drying may be fast or slow;rates of increase of WHC in wetting were all low, both in field and in the experiments, less than 0.1 g (H2O) g-1 (soil)·day-1. None of the three parameters can be considered as fixed characteristics of forest soils.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Technology R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year PlanPeriod (2006BAD05A15)
文摘This paper was designed to verify the influence of phosphate on water-holding capacity （WHC） and texture of emulsiontype sausage prepared with pre-rigor meat, ageing meat or frozen meat. Pre-rigor pork, ageing pork and frozen pork were pre-blended with five levels of phosphate and made into emulsion-type sausage. The yield, hardness and total expressible fluid （TEF） were measured with texture profile analysis machine and pressiometer when emulsion-type sausage was produced. Meanwhile, hardness and purge loss （PL） were measured during 30 d storage. As emusion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, higher yield and relatively stable hardness could be found. It indicated that increasing of phosphate level caused an alleviatable effects in increasing of hardness when emulsion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, but opposite effects made by ageing meat or frozen meat. The distribution of PL of emulsion-type sausage was found to be affected by phosphate addition. Significant decrease of PL could not be obtained by increasing of phosphate level during storage. Pre-rigor meat improved WHC and texture of emulsion-type sausage. Problem of WHC and texture of emulsiontype sausage during storage could not be resolved by single use of phosphate at relatively higher level （3%） of NaCl.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51890915,51490672,and51761135011)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Drag anchor is one of the most commonly used anchorage foundation types. The prediction of embedded trajectory in the process of drag anchor installation is of great importance to the safety design of mooring system. In this paper, the ultimate anchor holding capacity in the seabed soil is calculated through the established finite element model, and then the embedded motion trajectory is predicted applying the incremental calculation method. Firstly, the drag anchor initial embedded depth and inclination angle are assumed, which are regarded as the start embedded point. Secondly, in each incremental step, the incremental displacement of drag anchor is added along the parallel direction of anchor plate, so the displacement increment of drag anchor in the horizontal and vertical directions can be calculated. Thirdly, the finite element model of anchor is established considering the seabed soil and anchor interaction, and the ultimate drag anchor holding capacity at new position can be obtained. Fourthly, the angle between inverse catenary mooring line and horizontal plane at the attachment point at this increment step can be calculated through the inverse catenary equation. Finally, the incremental step is ended until the angle of drag anchor and seabed soil is zero as the ultimate embedded state condition, thus, the whole embedded trajectory of drag anchor is obtained. Meanwhile, the influences of initial parameter changes on the embedded trajectory are considered. Based on the proposed method, the prediction of drag anchor trajectory and the holding capacity of mooring position system can be provided.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Fund Program (30960082)
文摘This study investigated the effect of the soil water holding capacity and permeability under different land use patterns in the Tianzhu alpine region of the Eastern Qilian Mountains,and four land use patterns were selected,namely,natural grassland,rehabilitated land,oats land and perennial grassland. As time went by,different land use patterns imposed significant effects on the water holding capacity power and permeability. The soil bulk density was rehabilitated land(1. 104 g/cm3) > perennial grassland(1.061g/cm3) > oats land(1.011 g/cm3) > natural grassland(0. 781 g/cm3) ; the soil overall porosity was natural grassland(68.196%) > oats land(60.606%) > perennial grassland(58. 93%) > rehabilitated land(57. 5%) ; the natural grassland had the most water holding capacity power and soil steady infiltration rate(681. 966 t/hm 2 and 3. 02 mm/min) ,while the rehabilitated land had the least(575. 005 t/hm 2 and 1. 004 mm/min) . In terms of soil water-holding capacity and permeability,the natural grassland was the best out of these four use patterns while the rehabilitated land was the worst pattern. In other words,both oats land and perennial grassland had better water holding capacity power and permeability than the rehabilitated land.
文摘In Karst drainage basins, there are the ground water and underground water exchanging frequently, and the shortage of water resources due to having the special double aquifer mediums and unique surface and subsurface river systematic structure. This paper is to select 20 research sampling areas coming fromGuizhouProvince, and according to the spectral characteristics of the catchment water-holding mediums and vegetations, and using the remote sensing technique, extract the watershed vegetation index. According to the principle of principal component analysis, using the software of Spss and Matlab is to analyze the impacts of watershed vegetation type on the catchment water-holding ability, and establish the principal component analysis function. Studies have shown that: 1) the watershed vegetation coverage rate plays an important role in Karst basin water-holding ability;2) the catchment water-holding ability is the comprehensive reflection and manifestation of the Catchment Water-storing Capacity (CWC);3) it is much better effects and higher accuracy to monitor/forecast the catchment water-holding volume by using the vegetation indices.
基金supported by the High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2006AA09Z438)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30871943).
文摘Fish skin collagen hydrolysates(FSCH) were prepared from walleye pollock(Theragra chalcogramma) using a mixture of enzymes,namely trypsin and flavourzyme. The degree of hydrolysis of the skin collagen was 27.3%. FSCH was mainly composed of low-molecular-weight peptides and the relative proportion of <1 000Da fraction was 70.6%. Free radical and oxygen species scavenging activities of FSCH were investigated in four model systems,including diphenylpicrylhy-drazyl radical(DPPH),superoxide anion radical,hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide model,and compared with that of a native antioxidant,reduced glutathione(GSH). FSCH was also evaluated by water-absorbing and water-holding capacity. The results showed that FSCH was able to scavenge free radical and oxygen species significantly and to enhance water-absorbing and water-holding capacity remarkably. Therefore,FSCH may have potential applications in the medicine and food industries.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Sup-porting Program in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of China (2006BAC01A11)
文摘The decomposition rate and the water-holding capacity of 6 kinds of grass litters were studied in the Jinshajiang river dry-hot valley. The results showed that the dry weight remains reduced with time but did not have a direct correlation with time. The decomposition litters were affected by climate, character of litter, animalcule and soil animal. The climate factors of temperature and humidity were important especially. The water-holding capacity was in the sequence ofN. wightii （336%）, P. notatum Flugge （248%）, H. contortus （L.） Beauv （209%）, B. pertusa （L.） A. Camus（206%）, L endecaphylla Jacq （174%）, D. annulatum （Forsk.） Stapf （168%）. After 24 months decomposition the remaining dry weight of the litter was in the sequence as follows： 15.12% for N. wightii, 26.38% for I. endecaphylla Jacq, 27.23% for B. pertusa （L.） A. Camus, 30.78% for P. notatum Flugge, 39.72% for H. contortus （L.） Beauv and 39.76% for D. annulatum （Forsk.） Stapf. The decomposition rate and water-holding capacity ofN. wightii are at the highest level. It is important for the development, improvement and conservation of the grassland soil.
文摘Relationship of soil and water is generally considered as important in soil science. To specify it further we studied two different soils in 2012-2013, three additional soils once and made several series of experiments with drying and wetting of the soils. Principal parameters studied were the gravimetric water content (GWC), water holding capacity (WHC), soil organic matter (SOM), their correlations and rates of change in drying or wetting. The three parameters are significantly inter-correlated. Distribution of GWC in the replicates of soils dried both in nature and in experiments was narrower than that in wet soils, while WHC changed less in drying. The correlations (GWC- WHC) became steeper (the slope coefficient higher) and the coefficient of determination (R2) lower. Attempts to increase WHC in wet soils with a high WHC even further were not successful. Drying may be fast or slow;rates of increase of WHC in wetting were all low, both in field and in the experiments, less than 0.1 g (H2O) g-1 (soil)·day-1. None of the three parameters can be considered as fixed characteristics of forest soils.
