Development Potentials and Benefit Analysis of Efficient Water-saving Irrigation in Lixin County

On the basis of analyzing water resources,crop planning structure,and irrigation mode in Lixin County,potentials and benefits of developing efficient water-saving irrigation in the county were explored to provide references for its future water-saving irrigation.

Water-saving Potential in aeolian sand soil under straight tube and surface drip irrigation in Taklimakan Desert in Northwest China

Evaporation loss from the saturated soil beneath drip irrigation emitters highly influences the irrigation efficiency of drip krigation （D1]. Subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） is one good approach to curb this inefficiency, but in a new irrigation method, straight tube irrigation （STI）, the irrigation tubes do not need to be buried and thus STI is recommended to increase the irrigation efficiency under normal surface-applied DI. STI consists of only connectors and water-transference tubes that can directly transfer irrigation water from the lateral emitters in the drip line to the root zone of plants. Five-month field experiments were carried out in aeolian sand soil in the forest-belts of the Taklimakan Desert, which have poor water storage capacity, to compare the potential water saving between STI and DI. The preliminary results showed that, compared with DI, STI （1） improved the soil water content in soil depths from 40 to 100 cm under the soil surface; （2） achieved the same irrigation effects in relatively shorter irrigation durations; （3） had very little water loss due to deep seepage; and （4） formed a layer of dry sand about 10 to 30 cm thick immediately below the soil surface, which lessened evaporation loss of soil water beneath the emitters on the soil surface. This demonstrates that STI can maximize the water-saving potential of DI through the reduction of wetted soil perimeters on the soil surface. This is valuable information for water-saving engineering applications and projects with STI in arid and semiarid regions.

Technologies for Efficient Use of Irrigation Water and Energy in China

While the shortage of water and energy is a well-recognized worldwide natural resources issue, little attention has been given to irrigation energy efficiency. In this paper, we examine the potential energy savings that can be achieved by implementing improved irrigation technologies in China. The use of improved irrigation management measures such as a flow meter, irrigation scheduling, and/or regular maintenance and upgrades, typically reduces the amount of water pumped over the course of a growing season. The total energy saved by applying these improved measures could reach 20%, as compared with traditional irrigation methods. Two methods of irrigation water conveyance by traditional earth canal and low pressure pipeline irrigation （LPPI） were also evaluated. Our study indicated that LPPI could save 6.48x 109 kWh yr1 when applied to 11 Chinese provinces. Also, the COz emission was reduced by 6.72 metric tons per year. Among these 11 surveyed provinces, the energy saving potential for two provinces, Hebei and Shandong, could reach 1.45 x 109 kWh yr^-1. Using LPPI, potential energy saved and CO2 emissions reduced in the other 20 Chinese provinces were estimated at about 2.97×109 kWh yr-1 and 2.69 metric tons per year, respectively. The energy saving potential for Heilongjiang, a major agriculture province, could reach 1.77× 109 kWh yr-1, which is the largest in all provinces. If LPPI is applied to the entire country, average annual energy saving of more than 9 billion kWh and average annual CO2 emission reduction of more than 9.0 metric tons could be realized. Rice is one of the largest users of the world＇s fresh water resources. Compared with continuous flooding irrigation, intermittent irrigation （ITI） can improve yield and water-use efficiency in paddy fields. The total increments of net output energy and yield by ITI in paddy fields across China could reach 2.5× 1016 calories and l07 tons, respectively. So far only a small part of agricultural land in China has adopted water and energy saving technologies. Therefore, potential water and energy savings in China by adapting improved irrigation technology could be significant and should be carefully studied and applied.

What determines irrigation efficiency when farmers face extreme weather events? A field survey of the major wheat producing regions in China

Water availability is a major constraint on grain production in China, therefore, improving irrigation efficiency is particularly important when agriculture faces extreme weather events. This paper first calculates irrigation efficiency with a translog stochastic frontier production function and then investigates what happens when extreme weather events occur via a Tobit model. The estimated results reveal several important features of irrigation practices: i) irrigation efficiency is lower when extreme weather events occur; ii) large variations in irrigation efficiency occur across irrigation facilities; iii) the farm plots exhibit an extreme distribution across efficiency levels; and iv) water-saving techniques, technology adoption, and the maintenance of farmers’ economic resilience are major determinants of irrigation efficiency. Based on these results we propose the following recommendations: i) farmers should balance crop yield and water use; undertake relevant training programs and adopt water-saving techniques; ii) local governments and researchers should help farmers to find the optimal level of irrigation water use based on their own circumstances and provide better water-saving techniques and training programs rather than simply encouraging farmers to invest in irrigation facilities in the most extreme weather years; and iii) the income level of farm households should be increased so as to improve their resilience to natural disasters.

Essentials of Drip Irrigation System for Saving Water and Nutrients to Plant Roots: As a Guide for Growers

Many regions around the world are characterized by limited water resources, where the average annual per capita renewable water is about 1000 -1700 cubic meters. For instance, in china the problems of water supply are widely known globally. Though, China is facing main problem which is how to distribute water, instead of water shortage in itself. Therefore, restricted resources of water are increasingly stressed in the future by many factors such as excessive clouds of water, pollution and climate change. On the other hand, most studies have been indicated that the agricultural sector is one of the sectors that will face a large water deficit in the future due to the high demand for food, competition for water resources, drought and the high consumption of water due to the acquisition of traditional surface irrigation techniques. In spite of introduce modern irrigation methods such as drip irrigation in agriculture by developing irrigation methods and eliminating old traditional irrigation methods, however, its efficiency is related to the qualifying of farms and users of irrigation water, where they are the main users of irrigation water in water resources management. The considerable challenge facing agriculture is to raise irrigation efficiency depending on water-saving irrigation systems to provide water resources for crops. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide farmers with important points about using drip irrigation technology, to raise their technical level in using irrigation water, through their guidance to the best techniques and to avoid some common mistakes in design, utilization, management and maintenance of drip irrigation system.

基于物联网农业灌溉系统精准控制模型的研究

为进一步提升我国农业灌溉系统的综合作业效率,体现灌溉的先进性与科学性,提出以精准控制模型为切入点,以物联网技术为主体支撑平台,针对其作业系统展开设计与优化。通过引入物联网强大的系统性架构,规范与强化各网络节点的部署与协作关系,科学搭建用于实现精准灌溉控制的数学模型,同时导入合理的系统软件设计程序与硬件功能组件配置,形成完整集成式的农业智能灌溉系统。结果表明:基于物联网平台技术的精准控制模型应用后,整体的作业效率得到显著提升,系统精准度、系统响应率分别相对提高了6.25%和7.68%,动作延迟率相对降低了2.72%,灌溉节水效率提升至91.50%。物联网平台下的精准控制模型应用效果良好,设计理念正确,可为灌溉领域实施节能降耗提供参考。

西南水稻主产区用水现状与绿色高效灌排技术

西南水稻主产区面临季节性干旱、工程性缺水等生产问题,绿色高效灌排技术是该区域实现节水稳产增效的关键举措,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了包括云南省、贵州省、四川省、重庆市在内的西南地区水稻生产用水现状和灌排技术现状,阐述了西南水稻主产区绿色高效灌排体系的基本特征、绿色高效灌排的具体技术类型,提出了由稻田精准需水预报、灌区精量配水管理、田间高效用水管理、田间高效排水管理构成的绿色高效灌排技术模式。研究发现,西南水稻主产区水资源丰富但时空分布不均,节水灌溉和排水技术落后且对各地区气候条件、水资源量、地形的适用性有较大差异。建议研发稻田灌排高效协同调控新技术、推广绿色高效灌排技术体系、优化稻田水肥运筹模式、开发稻田智能灌排与信息化管理系统、构建水稻绿色高效灌排技术多维推广体系,据此推动西南水稻主产区节水提质增效与绿色减污降排多赢。

基于物联网农业灌溉系统的参数检测方法研究

为提升农业灌溉系统检测环节准确性及整体作业效率为目标,基于物联网灌溉及参数检测方法应用展开设计。以当前灌溉作业机理及通信结构布局为出发点,通过建立合理正确的参数检测架构,选定高效适应的参数检测方法,实现整体灌溉系统功能优化。进行灌溉系统作业监测试验,结果表明:参数数据通信监测准确率及系统执行效率分别提升至93.70%与95.89%,系统丢包率相对降低至0.79%,平均节水效率相对提升了6.39%。基于物联网平台进行参数检测的有效性与适应性改进,较好地满足了智能灌溉的发展趋势,其方法研究理念对于灌溉系统及类似农机培育系统开发应用具有参考价值。

新疆灌区农业节水发展现状与对策建议

水是新疆可持续发展的生命线,也是新疆农业发展的瓶颈。农业是新疆用水大户,占经济社会总用水量的90%以上,南疆农业用水占比更高。新疆节水潜力重点在农业,农业节水是新疆经济社会可持续发展的根本出路。为提高新疆农业水资源利用效率,促进农业高质量发展,本文梳理回顾了新疆灌区农业节水发展历程,分析了农业节水发展现状及存在问题,结合新时期国家对新疆农业发展的新定位、新要求,提出了大力发展适水型现代农业、加大高效节水工程建设、持续推进降盐节水、加强数字化灌区建设、加强农业节水宣传培训、健全农业节水服务体系等对策建议,以期为新疆现代农业可持续发展和保障国家粮棉油安全提供有力支撑。

江苏高效节水灌溉发展现状及对策研究

发展高效节水灌溉是江苏现代农业发展的必由之路。总结了江苏高效节水灌溉现状,分析发展高效节水灌溉的潜力和需求,从自然条件、技术装备、投入保障、管护水平等角度剖析发展的制约因素,提出选择适宜发展模式、强化科技支撑、加强典型示范引领、注重宣传发动等对策措施。

春汇/夏浇灌溉制度对盐碱土壤水盐运移及向日葵水分利用的影响

【目的】确定河套灌区向日葵适宜的节水控盐春汇—夏浇灌溉制度,提高灌区农业灌溉水资源利用效率。【方法】设置非生育期畦灌(春汇S,灌溉定额135、95mm)和作物生育期滴灌(夏浇W,灌溉定额135、100、68 mm)田间小区试验,研究了不同春汇/夏浇条件下的向日葵农田土壤水盐分布规律、盐分淋洗效果、作物生长特征及水分利用效率。【结果】S135W135处理下的整个生育期内平均土壤含水率较高,为17.10%,为饱和含水率的75.53%;S95W135处理下的土壤含水率变异系数最小,为22.40%。S135、S95处理下的土壤脱盐率分别介于50.50%~32.64%、38.87%~21.87%,春汇后S135和S95处理下的0~80 cm土层的土壤盐分量无显著差异;S135W100、S95W135处理下的灌溉水淋洗深度较高,脱盐效果较好,土壤脱盐率均显著高于除S135W135处理以外的其他处理,0~80 cm土层脱盐率为40.77%和33.37%,较S135W135处理分别提高68.39%、37.86%。S95W135、S135W100处理下的地上部干物质量显著大于其他处理,相比S135W135处理增加10.55%和9.94%。S135W100处理的作物水分利用效率最高(21.59%),较S135W135处理显著增加13.03%。【结论】常规春汇水量减少30%(95mm)与夏浇滴灌(135 mm)是河套灌区向日葵农田适宜的灌溉制度。

基于作物水分亏缺指数和盐分淋洗系数的新疆棉田节水控盐优化方法

通过灌溉对作物根区土壤水盐环境进行适时适度的调控是促进新疆绿洲农业可持续健康发展的重要举措,其中最为关键的一环当属灌溉制度尤其是灌水定额的优化。为了提高灌水控盐效率,该研究以新疆沙湾市膜下滴灌盐碱棉田为研究对象,以当地传统灌溉制度为对照,在基于作物水分亏缺指数(plant water deficit index,PWDI)评估并实施智能灌溉的基础上开展了2 a(2021与2022)田间灌水控盐试验,通过设置不同的盐分淋洗系数(2021年:1.0与2.0;2022年:1.0、1.4、1.8、2.2与2.6)探讨灌水定额对土壤水盐运移与棉花生长以及水分吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在固定PWDI阈值(评估值超过阈值时开启灌水)的情况下,在一定范围内随着盐分淋洗系数的增大,灌水定额增加,灌水周期延长,灌水总量增大,更多盐分被被淋洗到根区下部甚至根区以下,从而改善根域水盐环境,减轻水盐胁迫,促进棉花生长并增产,但灌溉水利用效率呈缓慢下降趋势。然而,当盐分淋洗系数(灌水定额)增大到一定程度时,长期优越的根域水盐环境导致棉花徒长,即营养生长旺盛而生殖生长迟滞,灌水周期缩短,灌水总量急剧上升,产量不再增加反而有下降趋势,灌溉水利用效率显著降低。综合考虑盐分淋洗、棉花生长与产量以及水分利用效率,当试验区PWDI阈值取为0.5时建议对应的盐分淋洗系数取为2.2。该研究可为新疆盐碱棉田高效生产以及绿洲农业可持续健康发展提供理论依据与技术支撑。

分根区交替灌溉在农业生产中的应用研究进展

在全球水资源日益紧缺的背景下,如何提高农业用水利用效率,对于农业可持续发展具有重要意义。分根区交替灌溉作为一种具有较好前景的高效节水灌溉技术,被认为是未来最具发展潜力的灌溉技术之一。目前,各国科技工作者围绕分根区交替灌溉对作物生长、生理的影响方面开展了大量研究,并对其节水机制进行了解析,亟待总结梳理。本文回顾了分根区交替灌溉技术的发展历程,综述了分根区交替灌溉对作物生长发育、产量及品质的影响,归纳了该技术影响作物水分利用效率的生理机制,并对分根区交替灌溉在未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期为作物分根区交替灌溉节水灌溉机理研究和节水灌溉技术的革新提供参考。

不同灌溉用水量对水稻产量和水分利用效率的影响

节水灌溉是提高水分利用效率和水稻高效生产的重要措施。以华南地区种植面积较广的水稻品种粤禾丝苗为材料,盆栽试验比较了4种不同灌溉用水量处理对水稻产量、生物量和水分籽粒生产效率的影响。结果表明,随着灌溉用水量的减少,水稻每穗粒数逐渐下降,结实率逐渐增加,而水稻产量先增加后减少。与CK(长期淹水灌溉,水量38.6 L/盆)相比,T2处理(长期淹水灌溉用水量的88.6%)的水稻产量增加14.55%,T4处理(长期淹水灌溉用水量的36.8%)的水稻产量减少45.28%,但T3处理(长期淹水灌溉用水量的62.4%)无明显差异,表明减少37.6%的灌溉用水量不影响水稻产量。与CK相比,T4处理的生物量显著减少50.84%,T2和T3处理无显著差异。4个处理中T3处理的水分籽粒生产效率最高,比CK显著增加62.38%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,T3处理(减少37.6%的灌溉用水量)水稻不减产,水分籽粒生产效率最高。

不同灌溉方式下无花果需水规律及作物需水量预报

探究不同灌溉方式下无花果需水规律及作物需水量的预报对无花果生产具有重要的研究和指导意义。根据广东省水利重点科研基地2022年5月至2023年12月的无花果种植数据,分析不同灌水方式下无花果需水规律,推求作物系数曲线,结合Hargreaves-Samani模型和单作物系数法,基于公共天气预报进行无花果需水量预报。结果表明:不同灌水方式中沟灌的需水量最大,2023年日均需水量为2.44mm/d,其次是喷灌和地面滴灌,日均需水量分别为2.23mm/d和2.04mm/d,地下滴灌需水量最小,为1.92mm/d,5-9月为无花果需水旺盛期。采用联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的单作物系数法推求出试验站无花果Kc作物系数曲线,作物系数地下滴灌<地面滴灌<喷灌<沟灌。气温预报精度较高,最低气温的预报精度优于最高气温的预报精度。经过率定的Hargreaves-Samani模型具有良好的ET0预报精度,相关系数平均值可达0.86。4种灌溉方式无花果作物需水量预报精度低于ET0预报,相关系数范围为0.68~0.74。无花果作物需水量预报模型可以提供未来两周内的无花果需水量,为灌溉决策者提供信息,有利于农民提前安排水资源的分配。

滴灌定额对香梨耗水特征的影响

【目的】探究省力化栽培模式梨园土壤含水率分布特征及其耗水规律。【方法】以2021—2023年库尔勒省力化栽培模式香梨为研究对象,设置4种地表滴灌定额(3750(W0)、5250(W1)、6750(W2)、8250 m^(3)/hm^(2)(W3)),并以漫灌为对照(10000 m^(3)/hm^(2)(CK)),研究滴灌定额对香梨耗水规律及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】灌溉定额增加,土壤含水率上升;土壤水分变异系数、香梨产量随灌溉定额呈先升高后降低趋势,W2处理产量(7285.91 kg/hm^(2))较其他处理高1.4%~20.89%;滴灌定额增加,导致香梨水分利用效率和灌溉水利用系数下降。滴灌香梨全生育期耗水量为444.83~695.27 mm,香梨果实迅速膨大前期与果实迅速膨大期耗水量占比最高。果实迅速膨大期耗水强度最高为3.77~6.16 mm/d;2021—2023年W3处理香梨耗水量较W0、W1、W2处理高10.11%~36.02%,2023年W2处理香梨耗水量较2021、2022年高3.74%~7.15%,W2处理果实迅速膨大期耗水强度为4.71~5.48 mm/d。滴灌香梨生育期作物系数为0.48~0.84,萌芽期花期、果实迅速膨大前期作物系数低于FAO的标准参考值,果实迅速膨大期、收获期作物系数分别为0.7~1.07、0.72~1.21。【结论】推荐地表滴灌的库尔勒香梨生育期灌溉定额不低于6750 m^(3)/hm^(2)。

山东省高水效农业发展对策研究

高水效农业是一种精准、高效、科学的新型农业用水体系,发展高水效农业,对缓解农业用水紧缺、保障粮食安全意义重大。本文基于山东省农业节水现状,深入探讨高水效农业概念,指出山东省发展高水效农业存在的主要问题,并提出对策措施,可为新时期更高效率、更高标准的节水农业发展提供参考。

一种水肥一体机的可视化控制模块应用研究

以进一步提升水肥一体机的作业效率与监测效率为目标,选取可视化技术作为研究切入点,基于可视化控制模块的设计与应用展开讨论。通过充分理解水肥一体机的作业机理,建立用于整机可视化控制的数学模型,并进行可视化控制模块的软件程序设计与硬件组件配置,形成全新高效的可视化水肥一体机。进行可视化控制模块应用作业试验,结果表明:基于可视化机理及控制模型应用的水肥一体机较普通控制下的水肥一体机作业有一定优势,系统的监测准确率与系统响应效率得到明显提升;各水肥管路及水肥参数监测及时,确保整机各项指令与输出正确合理,整机节水率与整机节肥率分别提升了6.80%和7.40%,灌溉均匀度可达90.50%,有利于农作物种植栽培高效高产。

不同类型整地机械在节水灌溉下的作业效果比较研究

该研究通过对不同类型整地机械的实地作业进行观测和数据收集,结合土壤湿度、作物生长情况等指标,基于滴灌技术,分析了不耕整地(CK)、旋耕机(RP)和深松机(DM)3种类型整地机械方式对作物耗水量和水分利用效率的影响。研究结果表明,在滴灌条件下,深松机(DM)整地方式在节水灌溉条件下能显著降低作物的耗水量(P<0.01),并提高水分利用效率(P<0.05),而旋耕机(RP)整地方式次之,不耕整地(CK)方式效果最差。研究结果可以为农田节水灌溉技术的优化和整地机械的选择提供了重要参考,有助于提高农田水资源利用效率和作物产量。本研究为农田节水灌溉技术的应用提供参考依据,对于提高农田水资源利用效率和保障粮食生产具有重要意义。

浅析挂马沟村田间高效节水灌溉工程设计

本文重点阐述了彭阳县挂马沟村的现代高效节水农业项目田间高效节水灌溉工程设计的相关内容。