Using Rn-222 to Study Human-Regulated River Water-Sediment Input Event in the Estuary

The implementation of the water sediment regulation scheme(WSRS)is a typical example of artificially controlling land-source input.During WSRS,the water discharge of the Yellow River will increase significantly,and so will the input of terri-genous materials.In this study,we used a natural geochemical tracer 222Rn to quantify terrestrial inputs under the influence of the 2014 WSRS in the Yellow River Estuary.The results indicated that during WSRS the concentration of 222Rn in the estuary increased by about four times than in the period before WSRS.The high-level 222Rn plume disappeared quickly after WSRS,indicating that 222Rn has a very short‘memory effect’in the estuary.Based on the investigation conducted from 2015 to 2016,the concentration of 222Rn tended to be stable in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.During WSRS,the concentrations of 222Rn in the river water in-creased sharply at about 3–5 times greater than in the non-WSRS period.Based on the 222Rn mass balance model,the fluxes of 222Rn caused by submarine groundwater discharge(SGD)were estimated to be(3.5±1.7)×10^(3),(11±3.9)×10^(3),and(5.2±1.9)×10^(3)dpm m^(-2)d^(-1)in the periods before,during,and after WSRS,respectively.This finding indicated that SGD was the major source of 222Rn in the Yellow River Estuary,which can be significantly increased during WSRS.Furthermore,the SGD-associated nutrient fluxes were estimated to be 9.8×10^(3),2.5×102,and 1.1×10^(4)μmolm^(-2)d^(-1)for dissolved inorganic nitrogen,phosphorus,and silicon,respectively,during WSRS or about 2–40 times greater than during the non-WSRS period.

Effect of water-sediment regulation and its impact on coastline and suspended sediment concentration in Yellow River Estuary

Implementation of the water-sediment regulation(WSR) scheme, mainly focused on solving the sedimentation problems of reservoirs and the lower reaches of the Yellow River, has inevitably influenced the sediment distribution and coastal morphology of the Yellow River Estuary.Using coastline delineation and suspended sediment concentration(SSC) retrieval methods, this study investigated water and sediment changes,identified detailed inter-annual and intra-annual variations of the coastline and SSC in the normal period(NP: 1986-2001, before and after the flood season) and WSR period(WSRP: 2002-2013, before and after WSR). The results indicate that(1) the sedimentation in the low reaches of the Yellow River turned into erosion from 2002 onward;(2) the inter-annual coastline changes could be divided into an accretion stage(1986-1996), a slow erosion stage(1996-2002), and a slow accretion stage(2002-2013);(3) an intra-annual coastline extension occurred in the river mouth in most years of the WSRP; and(4) the mean intra-annual accretion area was 0.789 km^2 in the NP and 4.73 km2 in the WSRP,and the mean SSC increased from 238 mg/L to 293 mg/L in the NP and from 192 mg/L to 264 mg/L in the WSRP.

Impact of the water-sediment regulation and a rainstorm on nutrient transport in the Huanghe River

Dissolved nutrient concentration in the Huanghe(Yellow) River at Lijin was monitored during a water-sediment regulation period and a subsequent rainstorm from 14 June to 19 July, 2005. This study provides detailed information on nutrient concentrations in the Huanghe River during the water-sediment regulation and rainstorm periods, and is of signifi cance for the downstream area of the Huanghe River and the Bohai Sea. The average concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia were 304.7 μmol/L, 0.19 μmol/L, and 1.10 μmol/L, respectively, while the average concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP) and dissolved silicate(DSi) were 0.23 μmol/L and 122.9 μmol/L, respectively. Nutrient concentrations during the water-sediment regulation period were mainly infl uenced by the dilution effect, fl oodplain effect and sediment resuspension while dilution and erosion effects were the main factors during the rainstorm. The fl uxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN), DIP and DSi during the water-sediment regulation and rainstorm periods accounted for 20.4%, 19.5%, 16.7% and 4.97%, 6.45%, 5.47% of the annual nutrient fl uxes, respectively. Discharge was the main factor infl uencing the fl uxes of nutrients during both the watersediment regulation and the rainstorm periods.

Impact of Water-Sediment Regulation on Variations of Amino Acids in the Middle-Lower Yellow River, China

In order to examine the impacts of water-sediment regulation on regional carbon cycling,we collected water,particulate and sediment samples from the middle-lower Yellow River in late June and early July,2015 and analyzed their specific amino acids(AA),DOC,POC,and bacteria abundance.Summarized by 14 specific AA,the total hydrolysable AA(THAA),particulate AA(PAA),and sediment AA(SAA)varied in ranges of 2.29-9.05μmol L^-1,5.22-22.96μmol L^-1,and 81.7-137.19μg g^-1 dry weight.After the regulation,dissolved free AA(DFAA)decreased by 29%while DCAA increased by 72%.These variations suggested that DFAA were further degraded,while DCAA molecules were further activated.Meanwhile,PAA increased almost 4 times as many as those before regulation,and SAA increased as well.After regulation,the amounts of bioactive amino acids(Asp,Glu and Gly)increased in THAA but decreased in PAA,with little changes in SAA.The ratios of Asp/Gly in different phases increased after regulation,indicating the AA contributions were promoted by calcareous organisms rather than by siliceous organisms.Multiple correlation analysis showed that PAA was primary representatives of AA and organic carbon,followed by DCAA and POC.Moreover,bacterial reproduction played a key role in shaping the AA compositions and properties,followed by the redox condition and acid-base balance.The results of this study provided a clear evidence for the effects of water-sediment regulation on regional biogeochemistry of organic carbon in the middle-lower Yellow River.

Regulation of vegetation pattern on the hydrodynamic processes of erosion on hillslope in Loess Plateau,China

As vegetation are closely related to soil erosion,hydrodynamic parameter changes under various vegetation pattern conditions can be used as an important basis for the research of the soil erosion mechanism.Through upstream water inflow experiments conducted on a loess hillslope,how the vegetation pattern influences the hydrodynamic processes of sediment transport was analyzed.The results show that the placement of a grass strip on the lower upslope can effectively reduce runoff erosion by 69%,relying on the efficiency of regulated hydrodynamic process.The effective location of grass strip for hillslope alleviating erosion is on the lower part of the upslope,mainly due to the grass strip measure used to regulate the hydrodynamic system.As a result,the underlying surface runoff resistance is increased by 5 times,runoff shear stress is decreased by more than 90%,and runoff power decreased by over 92%.The measure greatly separates the scouring energy of surface runoff that acts on the slope soil.Therefore,the use of grass strips effectively decreases the energy of runoff flowing along the slope,eliminating soil erosion to a great extent and thereby achieving a better regulation of hydrodynamic processe.

Numerical Study on Seasonal Transportation of the Suspended Sediments in the Modern Yellow River Mouth Effected by the Artificial Water and Sediment Regulation

Since 2002, an artificial water and sediment regulation(AWSR) has been carried out, which largely reduced water and sediment discharged from the Yellow River into the Bohai Sea. Although the sediment transport in the Yellow River Mouth(YRM) has been observed and modeled intensively since AWSR, but preferentially for the non-storm conditions. In this study, a three-dimensional current-wave-sediment coupled model, DHI-MIKE numerical model, was used to examine the seasonal suspended-sediment transport in the YRM after the AWSR. Results show that the seasonal distribution of suspended-sediments in the YRM is dominated by wind and wave rather than river input. The major transport pathway of suspended-sediments is from the western Laizhou Bay to the Bohai Strait during the winter monsoon, especially in storm events. In addition, about 66% of the river sediments deposit within 30 km of the YRM, which is smaller than previous estimations. It suggests that the YRM has been eroded in recent decades.

Effect of Water and Sediment Regulation on Lower Yellow River

According to the results of the water and sediment regulations of the Yellow River in year 2002—2007,the effect of erosion and deposition on the lower reaches,the amount and distribution of erosion and deposition in the river mouth area,the adjustment of river regime,the effect of river regulation projects and changes of flowing capacity of the channel are analyzed.It is revealed that the water and sediment regulation is efficient to reduce deposition and improve the flowing capacity and the conditions of sediment transport.

Response of the distributary channel of the Huanghe River estuary to water and sediment discharge regulation in 2007

The water and sediment discharge regulation(WSDR) project,which has been performed since 2002 before flood season every year,is of great significance to the river management in China.Until 2007,six experiments have been fulfilled to evaluate the effect of the project on the natural environment.To fill the gap of investigations,a study on flood and suspended sediment transportation and channel changing along the distributary channel of the Huanghe(Yellow) River was conducted during the WSDR project period in 2007.The lower channel was scoured rapidly and the channel became unobstructed gradually several days after the flood peak water was discharged from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir.Within four days after the flood peak at 3 000 m3/s entered the distributary,the channel in the river mouth area was eroded quickly.Both the mean values of area and depth of the main channel were tripled,and the maximum flood carrying capacity increased to 5 500 m3/s or more.Then,the river channel was silted anew in a very short time after completion of the WSDR.Favored by the WSDR project,the river status in April 2008 became better than that of the year before.The adjustment ranges of main channel parameters were about 30%,10%,and 10% at sections C2,Q4,and Q7,respectively.The process of rapid erosion-deposition was more active 15 km away in the channel from the river mouth due to the marine influence.It is reasonable for discharging sediment at concentration peak from Xiaolangdi Reservoir at the end of the flood peak.As a result,the sediment peak reached the river mouth about two days later than that of the water current.In addition,the WSDR project has improved the development of the estuarine wetland.Wetland vegetation planted along the river banks restrained the water flow as a strainer and improved the main channel stability.It is suggested to draw water at mean rate of 150 m3/s from the Huanghe River during flood periods,because at the rate the water in the wetland would be stored and replenished in balance.Moreover,we believe that cropland on the river shoal of the lower Huanghe River should be replaced by wetland.These activities should achieve the Huanghe River management strategy of "To concentrate flow to scour sediment,stabilize the main channel,and regulate water and sediment".

Study on the Operation Mechanism and Effect of the Yellow River Water and Sediment Regulation System

In order to scientifically deal with the problems of less water and more sediment in the Yellow River and the uncoordinated relationship between water and sediment,it is necessary to establish a perfect water and sediment regulation system.Through the calculation of the sediment transport capacity of the Yellow River and the application of the water and sediment regulation system,it is found that the sediment transport efficiency of the Yellow River will increase with the increase of water flow,and there will be an obvious inflection point near the flat discharge.The joint regulation of the backbone reservoir group can discharge the large discharge close to the minimum flat discharge of the downstream river,which improves the sediment transport capacity of the river and alleviates the problem of sediment deposition.In this paper,through the introduction of the Yellow River water and sediment regulation project system,regulation indicators and mechanisms,the author discusses in detail the Yellow River water and sediment regulation scheme and its operation effect,hoping to provide help promote the improvement of the Yellow River governance effect.

The self-regulation process and its mechanism of channels' bed changes in the Changjiang(Yangtze) Estuary in China

Recent bathymetric changes in the Changjiang Estuary under the influence of artificial regulation engineerings and basin reservoirs have been analyzed based on the maritime charts since 1997 and recent fieldworks. The results indicate a slight erosion of the channels in the upper and middle estuary, continuing deposition and seaward move of the mouth bar crest and intensifying erosion at the nearshore seabed. It is noteworthy that the morphological evolution caused by intensive human activities dominates over the changes from nature process.First, the riverbes are eroded overall in the South Branch(SB), the South Channel(SC) and the upper and middle reaches of the North Channel(NC). The nearshore seabed outside the river mouth is being eroded slightly, which is attributed to the declining sediment supply from the Changjiang Basin due to the construction of the Three Gorges Dam upstream. The sediment above the seabed is very active and coarsened, meanwhile, sand waves are becoming more distinct. Second, a deposition occurs in the North Brach(NB), the mouth of the NC, the mouth bars of the North Passage(NP) and the South Passage(SP) and especially the main channel of the NP, where it shows a massive siltation after the deep waterway project. The reasons for the recent changes are not only the dynamic structure in estuarine mouth bars, but also the supply of sediment resuspension in a local and offshore area. Meanwhile, the severe erosion and siltation in some reaches is related to the construction of estuarine engineerings. It is indicated that the Changjiang Estuary is gradually self-adjusted and adapting to the varying natural factors and intensive human activities. The study on the mechanism of self-regulation of the recent bathymetric changes in the Changjiang Estuary has important and practical significance.

黄河下游花园口以上河段滞沙能力分析

黄河下游河床调整主要取决于来水来沙和河床边界条件,河床调整沿程不均衡特征明显,花园口以上河段床演变对水沙条件的变化响应尤为突出,泥沙冲淤调整幅度最大。基于河道冲淤及水沙演进特性、滞沙可行性、河槽几何特性等分析,提出了花园口以上河段可作为泥沙天然反调节“库”概念,结合黄河下游实测洪水资料,采用水力计算方法,计算了花园口以上河段的河槽排洪能力及不同河槽规模条件下河槽允许滞沙量,提出了反调“库”滞沙能力,可为小浪底水库排沙指标的确定提供依据,对维持小浪底水库有效库容、弥补后续清水河床沙源不足、改善黄河下游河槽冲淤不均衡现象具有重要意义。

洪水期小浪底水库排沙影响因素及规律研究

小浪底水库排沙主要集中在汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期。2000—2022年汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期小浪底水库累计排沙分别为4.840亿t和21.546亿t,分别占水库运用以来排沙总量的18.3%、81.5%。研究表明,入库水量与回水长度是影响汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙效果的主要因素;入库水量越大,回水长度越短,排沙效果越好。通过多元回归得到了汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙量与影响因素的关系。汛期洪水期小浪底水库排沙主要影响因素为壅水指标和进出库流量比,通过研究量化了汛期洪水期排沙比与影响因素的关系。

黄河口泥沙的治理实践与评价

基于1855年以来黄河口的来沙量及其不同时期河口泥沙的输移分布特征,从入海流路、防洪安全、下游河道淤积和航道建设等4个方面对黄河口泥沙的灾害效应进行了论证分析。在总结黄河口泥沙治理历史的基础上,从防洪工程体系建设、强化河口河段泄洪排沙能力、减少河口来沙等3个方面对20世纪70年代中期以来黄河口所采取的泥沙处理对策进行了概括总结。结合国内外相关典型河口泥沙的治理经验和发展态势,从水沙关系调控、入海流路格局优化、利用海洋动力输沙和泥沙资源化利用等方面提出了今后黄河口泥沙的治理方向和主要策略。

2023年黄河含沙量调度探索与实践

2023年汛前,黄河水利委员会联合调度干流万家寨、三门峡、小浪底,支流陆浑、故县、河口村水库实施了黄河汛前调水调沙。此次调水调沙在调度过程中着力细化优化三门峡、小浪底水库调度,精细控制小浪底水库水位和入出库流量、含沙量,采取支流水库加大清水汇入等方式,控制下游河道含沙量在合理范围内,减少了调水调沙高含沙洪水对水生生物及其栖息地的影响,避免了发生洪峰增值过大,保证了调水调沙安全可控,完成了预案设定的各项目标。

黄河水沙监测数据分析与模型构建

对黄河水沙监测数据进行分析研究,使用相关性分析、回归分析、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、奇异谱分析等方法构建数学模型.分析含沙量与各因素的关系、水沙通量变化规律、水沙通量趋势预测、河底高程变化规律预测等问题,并提出水沙通量监测的优化策略.在环境治理、调水调沙、防洪减灾等方面具有一定的现实意义.

水库调控下黄河口沉积有机碳的分布、来源与输运特征

黄河是全球输沙量最大的河流之一,陆源颗粒有机碳通量高。然而,近年来流域水库调控对黄河下游水文格局和颗粒有机碳输送产生了重要影响,小浪底水库调水调沙时期成为黄河水沙和有机碳入海的关键时段。为揭示水库调控对河口水动力和有机碳分布的影响机制,基于2020年7月调水期和调沙期黄河口的水动力观测结果,结合沉积物有机碳测试结果,研究了水库调控不同阶段下河口沉积物粒度参数和表层沉积物有机碳的时空分布。研究结果表明,水库不同阶段下悬浮颗粒物的物源和主要扩散、沉积区域的变化,使得黄河口表层沉积物的粒度组成特征发生明显变化;在高径流量的调水期期间,粗颗粒泥沙携带颗粒有机碳在河口距离口门12 km范围内大量埋藏,河口区域表层沉积物的有机碳含量相较于调沙期明显偏低。调水期黄河口陆源有机碳主要来自下游河床冲刷,颗粒较粗,调沙期则转变为水库释放的细颗粒有机碳和流域C3维管植物碎屑。水库调控的不同阶段使得黄河下游河流水动力格局和泥沙运输机制改变,从而引起黄河口沉积有机碳来源和分布的显著变化。因此,人类活动对调节有机碳向海洋的输送及其在近岸海域的分布具有主导性作用。

小浪底水库对接时机与对接水位的库区调控效应

如何运用水库群联合调度发挥最大的排沙效益是水沙调控的关键技术难题。选择2023年汛前黄河调水调沙时期三门峡水库和小浪底水库联合调度运用为对象,分析两库不同对接时机与对接水位的小浪底水库进出库水沙过程,量化两库间不同对接时机与对接水位的水沙调控效应。三门峡水库自身蓄水量较小、调水能力有限,通过改变三门峡泄流出库时机,产生的小浪底库区冲刷效果差异较大。随着对接水位的降低,库区冲刷量逐渐增加。随着三门峡水库相对起泄时间的推迟,库区冲刷量呈现先增加后减少的趋势。

延长小浪底水库拦沙运用年限对黄河防洪保安的重大意义

小浪底水库是黄河下游防洪保安的核心工程,水库拦沙期是防洪减淤效益发挥最为显著的时期。分析新形势下黄河下游防洪保安对小浪底水库运用的新要求,指出尽可能延长小浪底水库拦沙运用年限,使水库长时期保持较大的有效库容,尤其是防洪库容,具有重大战略意义。研究表明,较大的库容处理大洪水的能力强,有利于预防“黑天鹅”降雨事件;水库防洪运用后滩库容损失小,有利于水库长期保持较强的防洪能力;水库拦沙库容与调水调沙库容结合利用,可明显增强调水调沙活力,为古贤水库投入运用后发挥水沙调控体系整体合力创造库容条件;拦沙库容用于下游滩区防洪,有利于提升滩区防洪标准,降低滩区中常洪水漫滩损失。优化水库调度运用方式、实施水库清淤、尽快建设古贤水利枢纽工程等是延长小浪底水库拦沙年限的重要措施。

黄河调水调沙对河口及邻近海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构的影响

为了解调水调沙(Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme,WSRS)对黄河口海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼的群落结构和时空分布格局的影响,分别于2017年(非调水调沙年)和2018年(调水调沙年)的6—7月在黄河口海域利用水平拖网开展了6个航次的鱼卵、仔稚鱼调查。运用聚类分析和冗余分析(RDA)等方法对该海域非调水调沙年和调水调沙年的鱼卵、仔稚鱼丰度和群落结构的空间分布及环境因子状况等进行了综合的分析比较,结果表明:6个航次调查共采获鱼卵6212粒,仔稚鱼431尾,隶属于8目12科14属,其中,河口定居性鱼类短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyeri)为控制黄河口及邻近海域夏季鱼类浮游生物群落演替格局的主要种类;鱼卵受环流和调水调沙的共同影响,其空间分布在各调查阶段有所不同,仔稚鱼则趋向于在河口近岸海域分布;河口东北部及东南部靠近莱州湾区域是黄河口及邻近海域鱼类浮游生物群落的主要聚集区;调水调沙年鱼卵、仔稚鱼的采获总量以及底层鱼类鱼卵的采获数量均明显高于非调水调沙年,调水调沙带来的丰富径流和泥沙有利于黄河口海域渔业资源的补充;冗余分析结果表明,海洋鱼类的群落结构与环境因子关系密切,研究区域鱼卵、仔稚鱼的群落结构与盐度、水温、水深及浮游生物密度等因素息息相关,环境条件影响着鱼类对栖息地的选择。黄河调水调沙输送的丰富入海淡水和泥沙与其邻近海域的海洋生态环境及海洋生物资源构成了密切的响应关系,随着我们对调水调沙实践经验的不断积累,建议应在今后的工作中进一步加强对调水调沙的目标、时间和频次优化等问题的关注。

新形势下黄河调水调沙“丰调枯蓄”运用方式

调水调沙是黄河保护治理的重要举措。近年来,黄河水沙情势以及水库和河道边界条件发生了明显变化,现状调水调沙运用方式不能满足新形势下水沙调控多目标协同的需求。基于黄河水沙特性以及多年调度经验,提出“丰调枯蓄”的调水调沙思想和运用方式,即根据来水条件变化灵活地调整当年调水调沙策略,丰水年多开展调水调沙以使水库多排沙、河道多输沙,平水年适当开展调水调沙以满足多目标需求,枯水年不开展调水调沙以蓄水兴利。数字模型计算结果表明,相较于现状运用方式,“丰调枯蓄”运用方式可实现调水调沙的年际调度,使小浪底水库排沙、供水、生态、发电效益得到全面提升,计算期50 a水库累计淤积量减少5.78亿m^(3),不满足下游供水的年均时间少1.1 d,出库含沙量大于80 kg/m^(3)的年均时间少0.9 d,年均发电量增加1.2亿kW·h。