Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of Geothermal Power Plant Based on Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Using Mixture of Pure Working Fluids

The selection of working fluid significantly impacts the geothermal ORC’s Efficiency.Using a mixture as a working fluid is a strategy to improve the output of geothermal ORC.In the current study,modelling and thermodynamic analysis of ORC,using geothermal as a heat source,is carried out at fixed operating conditions.The model is simulated in the Engineering Equation Solver(EES).An environment-friendly mixture of fluids,i.e.,R245fa/R600a,with a suitable mole fraction,is used as the operating fluid.The mixture provided the most convenient results compared to the pure working fluid under fixed operating conditions.The impact of varying the evaporator pressure on the performance parameters,including energy efficiency,exergy efficiency and net power output is investigated.The system provided the optimal performance once the evaporator pressure reached the maximum value.The efficiencies:Energy and Exergy,and Net Power output of the system are 16.62%,64.08%and 2199 kW for the basic cycle and 20.72%,67.76%and 2326 kW respectively for the regenerative cycle.

In situ Raman spectroscopic quantification of CH4–CO2 mixture: application to fluid inclusions hosted in quartz veins from the Longmaxi Formation shales in Sichuan Basin, southwestern China

We re-evaluate the Raman spectroscopic quantification of the molar ratio and pressure for CH4–CO2 mixtures.Firstly,the Raman quantification factors of CH4 and CO2 increase with rising pressure at room temperature,indicating that Raman quantification of CH4/CO2 molar ratio can be applied to those fluid inclusions(FIs)with high internal pressure(i.e.,>15 MPa).Secondly,the v1(CH4)peak position shifts to lower wavenumber with increasing pressure at constant temperature,confirming that the v1(CH4)peak position can be used to calculate the fluid pressure.However,this method should be carefully calibrated before applying to FI analyses because large discrepancies exist among the reported v1(CH4)-P curves,especially in the highpressure range.These calibrations are applied to CH4-rich FIs in quartz veins of the Silurian Longmaxi black shales in southern Sichuan Basin.The vapor phases of these FIs are mainly composed of CH4 and minor CO2,with CO2 molar fractions from4.4%to 7.4%.The pressure of single-phase gas FI ranges from 103.65 to 128.35 MPa at room temperature,which is higher than previously reported.Thermodynamic calculations supported the presence of extremely high-pressure CH4-saturated fluid(218.03–256.82 MPa at 200°C),which may be responsible for the expulsion of CH4 to adjacent reservoirs.

Plasma induced degradation of Indigo Carmine by bipolar pulsed dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) in the water-air mixture

Degradation of the Indigo Carmine(IC) by the bipolar pulsed DBD in water-air mixture was studied. Effects of various parameters such as gas flow rate, solution conductivity, pulse repetitive rate and ect., on color removal efficiency of dying wastewater were investigated. Concentrations of gas phase O 3 and aqueous phase H 2O 2 under various conditions were measured. Experimental results showed that air bubbling facilitates the breakdown of water and promotes generation of chemically active species. Color removal efficiency of IC solution can be greatly improved by the air aeration under various solution conductivities. Decolorization efficiency increases with the increase of the gas flow rate, and decreases with the increase of the initial solution conductivity. A higher pulse repetitive rate and a larger pulse capacitor C\-p are favorable for the decolorization process. Ozone and hydrogen peroxide formed decreases with the increase of initial solution conductivity. In addition, preliminary analysis of the decolorization mechanisms is given.

Density functional study on the pressure profile of the inhomogeneous fluid mixture

By using the statistical mechanics, the pressure tensor for the multi component fluid mixture is derived. With the help of the classical density functional theory, profiles of the pressure components are calculated, and the influence of the total volume fraction, ratio of volume fraction, and size asymmetry on the pressure are studied. In addition, our results show that for the mixture confined in the hard cavity, the pressure shows a discontinuity near the cavity wall. However, in the soft cavity condition, the discontinuity disappears.

The Hugoniot equation of state of the fluid He+D_2 mixtures

The fluid variational theory and effective one-component model have been used to calculate the Hugoniot equation of state （EOS） of fluid He, D2, and He+D2 mixtures with different He:D2 compositions under high pressures and temperatures. An examination of the confidence of above computation is performed by comparing experiment and calculation, in which the similar calculation procedure used for He+D2 is adopted, of He and D2 each, since no experimental data are available to conduct this kind of comparison. Good agreement in both comparisons is found. This fact may be looked as if an indirect positive verification of calculation procedure used here at least in the pressure and temperature domain covered by the experimental data of He and D2 used for comparison, numerically nearly up to 35 GPa and 105K.

Identification of Mixtures of Two Types of Body Fluids Using the Multiplex Methylation System and Random Forest Models

Objective Body fluid mixtures are complex biological samples that frequently occur in crime scenes,and can provide important clues for criminal case analysis.DNA methylation assay has been applied in the identification of human body fluids,and has exhibited excellent performance in predicting single-source body fluids.The present study aims to develop a methylation SNaPshot multiplex system for body fluid identification,and accurately predict the mixture samples.In addition,the value of DNA methylation in the prediction of body fluid mixtures was further explored.Methods In the present study,420 samples of body fluid mixtures and 250 samples of single body fluids were tested using an optimized multiplex methylation system.Each kind of body fluid sample presented the specific methylation profiles of the 10 markers.Results Significant differences in methylation levels were observed between the mixtures and single body fluids.For all kinds of mixtures,the Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed a significantly strong correlation between the methylation levels and component proportions(1:20,1:10,1:5,1:1,5:1,10:1 and 20:1).Two random forest classification models were trained for the prediction of mixture types and the prediction of the mixture proportion of 2 components,based on the methylation levels of 10 markers.For the mixture prediction,Model-1 presented outstanding prediction accuracy,which reached up to 99.3%in 427 training samples,and had a remarkable accuracy of 100%in 243 independent test samples.For the mixture proportion prediction,Model-2 demonstrated an excellent accuracy of 98.8%in 252 training samples,and 98.2%in 168 independent test samples.The total prediction accuracy reached 99.3%for body fluid mixtures and 98.6%for the mixture proportions.Conclusion These results indicate the excellent capability and powerful value of the multiplex methylation system in the identification of forensic body fluid mixtures.

Critical temperatures and pressures of reacting mixture in synthesis of dimethyl carbonate with methanol and carbon dioxide

Critical temperatures and pressures of nominal reacting mixture in synthesis of dimethyl carbonate （DMC） from methanol and carbon dioxide （quaternary mixture of carbon dioxide ＋ methanol ＋ water ＋ DMC） were measured using a high-pressure view cell. The results suggested that the critical properties of the reacting mixture depended on the reaction extent as well as its initial composition （initial ratio of carbon dioxide to methanol）. Such information is essential for determining the reaction conditions when one intends to carry out the synthesis of DMC with CO2 and methanol under supercritical conditions.

CFD studies of scraper built in SPA clarifying tank based on mixture solid-liquid two-phase flow model

In the industrial process of producing the strong phosphoric acid(SPA),clarification of the solution is essential to the ultimate product.However,the large viscosity of sediment and the induced interface interaction result in difficulties when the SPA is clarified.CFD numerical methodology was applied to simulate internal flow field and performance of the low speed scraper based on Mixture solidliquid two-phase flow model.Sediment deposition was generated by loading solid particles at the bottom of clarifying vessel.The moving mesh and RNG k-εmodel were used to simulate the rotational turbulent flow in clarifying tank.Variables studied,amongst others,were the scraper rotation speed and the mounting height,which could affect the solid suspension height.Features of flow field and solid volume fraction distribution in computational domain were presented and analyzed.The numerical reports of the scraper torque and velocities of inlet and outlet filed were obtained.It seems the torque value of rotatio-nal axis and particle suspending height augment with an increasing rotating speed.Meanwhile,a high revolving speed is good for the deposition discharge.The particle fraction distribution in meridional surface and horizontal surface at fixed rotation speed were analyzed to determine the corresponding optimal installation height.The simulating results reflect the flow field is marginally stirred by the scraper and proper working parameters are obtained,in which case the comprehensive properties of the scraper and the clarifying tank are superior.

Identification of the normal and abnormal glow discharge modes in a neon-xenon gas mixture at low pressure

In this paper, we focused on the identification of the normal and abnormal glow discharge modes in a neon-xenon gas mixture at low pressure. We considered four gas mixtures： 90%Ne-10%Xe, 80%Ne-20%Xe, 70%Ne-30%Xe and 50%Ne-50%Xe at 1.5 Torr. The range of the gap voltage is 150-500 V. A one-dimensional fluid model with multiple species was used in this work, and the metastable state of the atoms as well as the radiation effects were integrated into the model too. The input data changed for each percentage in the gas mixture, and was calculated by BOLSIG＋ software. The parameters of particle transport and their rate coefficients strictly depend on the mean electron energy. The results show that the neon ion density is negligible compared to the xenon ion density, mostly in the case of 50%Ne-50%Xe.

Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Transport of Sand-Water Mixtures in Pipelines

The development of empirical model for the hydraulic transport of sand-water mixtures is important for the design of economical solid-liquid transportation system in chemical and waste-disposal industries. The hydraulic transport characteristics of sand-water mixtures in circular pipelines are numerically investigated by using the FLUENT commercial software. Eulerian granular multiphase (EGM) model with the k-e turbulent model is used for the computation. Present method is validated by the computed values with the measured data. The effect of the concentration and pipe sizes on the relative solid effect is numerically investigated. It is found that the effect of the volumetric delivered concentration on both hydraulic gradient and solid effect increases as the Reynolds number decreases. When the Reynolds number is small, the increase in the volumetric delivered concentration has an effect of decreasing the hydraulic gradient whereas the solid effect increases with the volumetric delivered concentration stepping up. The effect of the pipe diameter is not the critical parameter for deciding the values of the relative solid effect in the sand-water mixture transportation.

Influence of Modifiers on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Part I

It is important to understand the mechanism and implications of different modifiers on analytical and preparative processes under chromatography with supercritical fluids (SFs) and under extraction with SFs. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and supercritical fluid extraction are generally carried out with neat supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) or with SCCO2 containing modifiers (or cosolvents), especially for strongly polar compounds. For example, methanol is added as a cosolvent/modifier to SCCO2 for the extraction/separation of polar compounds. This paper discusses the influence of the modifier on the colligative properties of the principal mobile phase, which may define the situation in the total mobile phase in a chromatography column or in parts of a column under SFC. No colligative behavior of solutions reflects individual properties of the solutes. Their cross-interactions with solvents are discussed.

叠合式有机朗肯循环的热力学分析

针对有机朗肯循环(ORC)中传热过程对循环性能的影响,该文提出一种既相似但又区别于混合工质,各工质独立运行的叠合式有机朗肯循环(AORC)。AORC中,各工质进行串/并联的叠合换热,可形成类似于非共沸混合工质的温度滑移。由于各工质独立运行,使得叠合工质的温度滑移量可进行调节,以减小与外界热/冷源的传热温差,提高传热匹配性以及循环性能。以两种工质叠合的AORC为例进行循环性能分析,并与常规ORC进行对比。结果表明,AORC并不是各工质基本ORC的简单线性叠加,而是一种优化叠加。相比常规ORC,AORC的净输出功率最大可提升34.48%。但当热源温度高于高温工质的热源转折温度时,AORC趋近于高温工质的基本ORC。

二氧化碳混合工质临界参数计算模型对比研究

二氧化碳(CO_(2))混合工质是具有应用潜力的动力循环工质,临界参数作为CO_(2)混合工质的关键基础热物性,对其进行准确地计算和预测具有重要意义。采用4种不同类型的计算模型,分别针对CO_(2)+HFC、CO_(2)+HFO和CO_(2)+HC三类二元混合工质的临界温度和临界压力进行了推算,并与公开发表的实验数据和REFPROP数据库计算结果进行对比,分析讨论了各种计算方法对各类CO_(2)混合工质的适用性。结果表明,Li方法形式简单,混合物临界温度的计算式仅与纯质组分的临界温度及临界体积有关,可用于CO_(2)+HFC和CO_(2)+HFO混合工质临界温度的快速推算。对于CO_(2)+HC混合工质,RK方法计算偏差最小,该类混合物临界参数实验数据点数和套数较多,因此可直接通过RK方法回归得到关联式进行应用。

土力学的连续性假设及其在建模中的应用

为了弥补土力学中缺失连续性假设这一重要理论缺陷,在对多个学科中的连续性概念进行系统地梳理考究的基础上,提出了土力学中连续性假设的恰当表述,进而厘清了土的本构模型的概念、种类、属性和建模思路。研究结果表明:连续介质力学和多孔介质流体动力学的连续性假设为土力学的连续性假设提供了有益参考,但都有一定的缺陷;用混合物理论的观点和方法描述土的连续性比较合适,且可以避开在定义孔隙率时遇到的困扰;“连续”是一个相对的概念,当外部特征尺寸远大于介质内部特征尺寸时,就可以把研究对象看作连续介质;现有土的各种本构模型均以连续介质力学为基础,总体上属于唯象模型。阐明了本构关系的概念、种类和建模思路:本构关系是物质宏观性质的数学模型;土的本构模型包括持水、渗水、渗气、传热、屈服、变形、强度、细观结构演化、热力学效应、相变规律等多方面的内容,而不仅限于应力-应变关系;土的本构关系的研究应针对具体土类,抓住主要影响因素,建立解决主要问题的数学模型。

中药抗休克合剂对严重烫伤大鼠早期肠损伤的影响

目的观察在高渗盐溶液(HS)补液基础上应用中药抗休克合剂对严重烫伤大鼠早期肠损伤的影响。方法选取32只8周龄SD大鼠,按照随机数表法将其随机分为假伤组、LR组、HS600组、HS600+中药组,每组8只。假伤组大鼠建立假伤模型以及LR组、HS600组、HS600+中药组大鼠建立烫伤模型后,LR组大鼠采用乳酸钠林格注射液(LR)补液,HS600组大鼠采用600 mmol/L HS补液,HS600+中药组大鼠采用600 mmol/L HS补液+中药抗休克合剂灌胃。对比观察模型建立24 h后各组大鼠血Na^(+)浓度,血清炎症因子水平以及小肠组织氧化应激水平与p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)通路活化程度。结果LR组大鼠血Na^(+)浓度明显低于假伤组、HS600组及HS600+中药组(q=14910、32211、30010,P均<0001),且HS600组与HS600+中药组无明显差异(q=2198,P=0130)。LR组、HS600组及HS600+中药组大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-10、白细胞介素-18水平以及小肠组织中丙二醛水平和磷酸化p38MAPK与p38MAPK比值均明显高于假伤组(肿瘤坏死因子-α:q=16070、10810、7579,P均<0001;白细胞介素-10:q=15920、20210、23850,P均<0001;白细胞介素-18:q=12750、7562、3897,P<0001、P<0001、P=0049;丙二醛:q=28450、20320、10160,P均<0001;磷酸化p38MAPK与p38MAPK比值:q=54310、15090、9196,P均<0001),且HS600+中药组大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α与白细胞介素-18水平以及小肠组织中丙二醛水平和磷酸化p38MAPK与p38MAPK比值均明显低于LR组与HS600组、白细胞介素-10水平明显高于LR组与HS600组(肿瘤坏死因子-α:q=8494、3932,P<0001、P=0048;白细胞介素-18:q=9357、4165,P<0001、P=0031;丙二醛:q=18290、10160,P均<0001;磷酸化p38MAPK与p38MAPK比值:q=45110、5899,P<0001、P=0001;白细胞介素-10:q=7929、3939,P<0001、P=0047)。LR组、HS600组及HS600+中药组大鼠小肠组织中超氧化物歧化酶水平均明显低于假伤组(q=20880、14120、11110,P均<0001),且HS600+中药组明显高于LR组与HS600组(q=9772、4008,P<0001、P=0043)。结论与单独应用LR或HS补液相比,在HS补液基础上加用中药抗休克合剂可有效降低严重烫伤大鼠机体炎症反应及氧化应激反应程度、抑制p38MAPK通路过度活化,从而减轻早期肠损伤。

A lubrication model for bubbly oil lubrication with interfacial effect and thermal effect using the theory of multiphase mixtures

Bubbly oil lubrication is a type of lubrication method.However,the lubrication model of the bubbly oil has not been thoroughly considered.This paper aims to investigate the modelling for bubbly oil lubrication considering the interfacial effect and thermal effect,and a theoretical model is established based on the theory of multiphase mixtures.The interfacial and thermal effects on the static characteristics of a thrust bearing are analyzed.A test rig for the thrust bearing is developed to measure the static characteristics of the bearing under bubbly oil lubrication.The results show that the bearing static characteristics,i.e.bearing temperature rise,film thickness,friction torque,and volume flow,increase with consideration of three interfacial effects;the bearing temperature rise increases but the film thickness,friction torque,and volume flow rate decrease with consideration of the three thermal effects;the thermal effect on the bearing static characteristics is greater than the interfacial effect.

Segregation behavior of a ternary mixture of titanium dioxide particles in a pseudo two-dimensional fluidized bed

The segregation behavior of a mixture of silica-coated titanium dioxide(TiO2)particles of three different sizes in a pseudo two-dimensional fluidized bed was studied experimentally by the freeze-sieving method and numerically by the multi-fluid model(MFM).Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations were carried out to evaluate the effects of the solid wall boundary conditions on particle segregation in terms of specularity and particle-wall restitution coefficients.The quantitative indexes of segregation tendency and segregation degree were used to determine the axial segregation of the mixture in triangular coordinates.The simulation results revealed that the axial segregation increased with the specularity coefficient,whereas the particle-wall restitution coefficient had a minor effect on axial segregation.Comparison of the simulation results with experimental data showed that the appropriate value of the specularity coefficient used in the CFD model depended on superficial gas velocity.The study of the effects of superficial gas velocity on segregation behavior demonstrated that the greatest segregation was obtained at minimum fluidization velocity and the segregation decreased as the gas velocity gradually increased.

Three-dimensional multi-phase simulation of the mixing and segregation of binary particle mixtures in a two-jet spout fluidized bed

This study presents a three-dimensional numerical study of the mixing and segregation of binary particle mixtures in a two-jet spout fluidized bed based on an Eulerian-Eulerian three-fluid model. Initially, the particle mixtures were premixed and packed in a rectangular fluidized bed. As the calculation began, the gas stream was injected into the bed from the distributor and jet nozzles. The model was validated by comparing the simulated jet penetration depths with corresponding experimental data. The main features of the complex gas-solid flow behaviors and the mechanism of mixing and segregation of the binary mixtures were analyzed, Moreover, further simulations were carried out to evaluate the effects of operating conditions on the mixing and segregation of binary particle mixtures. The results illustrate that mixing can be enhanced by increasing the jet velocity or enlarging the difference of initial proportions of binary particle mixtures.

全固废再生流态混合料制备及性能研究

本文以碱渣、矿渣、冗余土、砖混再生骨料为主要原料制备回填用全固废再生流态混合料。通过流动度、凝结时间及抗压强度试验,探讨了胶材组成及胶材总量对流态混合料工作性能及力学性能的影响,并通过XRD、SEM进行微观分析。试验结果表明:当碱渣掺量为15%~50%(质量分数,下同)、矿渣为20%~85%、粉煤灰为0%~40%时,流态混合料强度达1 MPa;矿渣掺量对流态混合料的早期及后期抗压强度增长影响最显著;碱性废渣及粉煤灰掺量对流态混合料后期抗压强度的增长影响显著。通过微观分析发现,流态混合料的强度主要源于矿渣在碱性环境下发生的解聚,C-S-H、C-A-S-H及AFt交织形成骨架。

DYNAMICS OF LOCALIZED TRAVELING WAVE CONVECTION IN BINARY FLUID MIXTURE

The dynamical behavior of a localized traveling wave (LTW) in a binary fluid layer heated from below confined in a rectangular cell with the intermediate aspect ratio Γ=12 and the separation ratio ψ=-0. 11 is studied by using the two-dimensional numerical simulation of the full hydrodynamic equations. We find that a counterpropa-gating wave (CPW) occurs at the onset of convection and is modulated in space-time. The modulated traveling wave (MTW) plays an important role in the transition to the LTW state, and the LTW state depends on the fluid parameters and exists in a narrow interval of the reduced Rayleigh number. The transition from LTW to an extended traveling wave (ETW) or stationary overturning convection (SOC) state occurs when r exceeds a certain critical value. Our results agree with those observed in experiments.