Calculating the number of radial cracks around a wellbore fractured by liquid CO2 phase transition blasting technology

Integrating liquid CO_(2)phase transition blasting(LCPTB)technology with hydraulic fracturing(HF)methods can help reduce wellbore damage,create multiple radial fractures,and establish a complex fracture network.This approach significantly increases the recovery efficiency of low-permeability oil and gas fields.Accurately calculating the number of fractures caused by LCPTB is necessary to predict production enhancement effects and optimize subsequent HF designs.However,few studies are reported on large-scale physical model experiments in terms of a method for calculating the fracture number.This study analyzed the initiation and propagation of cracks under LCPTB,derived a calculation formula for crack propagation radius under stress waves,and then proposed a new,fast,and accurate method for calculating the fracture number using the principle of mass conservation.Through ten rock-breaking tests using LCPTB,the study confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed calculation approach and elucidated the variation rule of explosion pressure,rock-breaking scenario,and the impact of varying parameters on fracture number.The results show that the new calculation method is suitable for fracturing technologies with high pressure rates.Recommendations include enlarging the diameter of the fracturing tube and increasing the liquid CO2 mass in the tube to enhance fracture effectiveness.Moreover,the method can be applied to other fracturing technologies,such as explosive fracturing(EF)within HF formations,indicating its broader applicability and potential impact on optimizing unconventional resource extraction technologies.

Enhance liquid nitrogen fracturing performance on hot dry rock by cyclic injection

Producing complex fracture networks in a safe way plays a critical role in the hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal energy exploitation. However, conventional hydraulic fracturing (HF) generally produces high breakdown pressure and results only in single main fracture morphology. Furthermore, HF has also other problems such as the increased risk of seismic events and consuption of large amount of water. In this work, a new stimulation method based on cyclic soft stimulation (CSS) and liquid nitrogen (LN2) fracturing, known as cyclic LN2 fracturing is explored, which we believe has the potential to solve the above issues related to HF. The fracturing performances including breakdown pressure and fracture morphology on granites under true-triaxial stresses are investigated and compared with cyclic water fracturing. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) tests and X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning tests were used for quantitative characterization of fracture parameters and to evaluate the cyclic LN2 fracturing performances. The results demonstrate that the cyclic LN2 fracturing results in reduced breakdown pressure, with between 21% and 67% lower pressure compared with using cyclic water fracturing. Cyclic LN2 fracturing tends to produce more complex and branched fractures, whereas cyclic water fracturing usually produces a single main fracture under a low number of cycles and pressure levels. Thermally-induced fractures mostly occur around the interfaces of different particles. This study shows the potential benefits of cyclic LN2 fracturing on HDR. It is expected to provide theoretical guidance for the cyclic LN2 fracturing application in HDR reservoirs.

Experimental Investigation on Fracturing Behaviors after Liquid Nitrogen Pre-Injection in High-Temperature Sandstone

The fracturing process of sandstone is inherently complex due to its loose internal structure and deformation adaptability.Liquid nitrogen pre-injection has emerged as a promising approach to damage reservoir rocks,effectively reducing fracture pressure and establishing intricate fracture networks,thus offering a potential solution for reservoir reconstruction.To unravel the fundamental mechanisms governing sandstone fracturing behaviors following liquid nitrogen pre-injection,sandstone fracturing experiments were conducted under varying durations of liquid nitrogen injection,rock temperature,and in-situ stress conditions.The experiments showcased the evolution of injection pressure and fracture characteristics under different testing conditions,complemented by electron microscope analysis to elucidate the factors driving the complex fracture characteristics of sandstone.The findings revealed a significant decrease in fracture pressure after liquid nitrogen pre-injection,accompanied by a notable increase in the complexity of the fracture network and the roughness of the fracture surface.Moreover,prolonging the duration of liquid nitrogen injection and elevating reservoir temperature further contributed to reducing fracture pressure,consequently enhancing fracture complexity and surface roughness.Conversely,the application of confining pressure amplified fracture pressure while intensifying the degree of fracturing.Notably,the investigation highlighted the increased presence of microcracks in sandstone resulting from liquid nitrogen preinjection,facilitating fluid diffusion during fracturing and yielding lower fracture pressures,thereby enhancing the effectiveness of sandstone reservoir reformation.The research results can provide theoretical guidance for geothermal reservoir reconstruction.

Experimental investigation of shale breakdown pressure under liquid nitrogen pre-conditioning before nitrogen fracturing

Cryogenic fracturing with liquid nitrogen(LN_(2))offers the benefits of reducing the water consumption and adverse environmental impacts induced by water-based fracturing,as well as potentially enhancing the fracture complexity.We performed a series of laboratory experiments to explore the key mechanisms governing the breakdown pressures of shale during cryogenic fracturing.In this study,cylindrical shale samples were pre-conditioned by exposing a borehole to low-temperature LN_(2) for a certain time period,and then,the samples were fractured using gaseous N_(2) under triaxial stress and a high reservoir temperature.The effects of various key parameters on the breakdown pressure were investigated,including the duration of the low-temperature LN_(2) treatment,the confining pressure,the reservoir temperature,and the direction of the shale bedding relative to the borehole axis.The results demonstrate that the injection of low-temperature LN_(2) as a pre-fracturing fluid into a borehole can significantly reduce the breakdown pressure of the shale during subsequent nitrogen fracturing.This reduction in breakdown pressure can be further intensified by increasing the duration of the LN_(2) pre-conditioning.Without LN_(2) pre-conditioning,the breakdown pressure initially increases and then decreases with increasing reservoir temperature.When LN_(2) pre-conditioning is applied,the breakdown pressure keeps decreasing with increasing reservoir temperature.As the confining pressure increased,the breakdown pressure increased linearly in the tests with and without LN_(2) pre-conditioning.The experimental results demonstrate that LN_(2) preconditioning before N_(2) fracturing is a promising waterless fracturing technique that reduces the breakdown pressure and enhances the fracture complexity.

Effects of Temperature and Liquid Nitrogen(LN2)on Coal’s Mechanical and Acoustic Emission(AE)Properties

Liquid nitrogen has shown excellent performances as a good fracturing medium in the extraction of unconventional natural gas,and its application in coalbed methane extraction is currently a research hotspot.This study focuses on the acoustic emission properties of coal specimens treated utilizing liquid nitrogen with varying initial temperatures in a three-point bending environment.Through examination of the load-displacement curves of the considered coal samples,their mechanical properties are also revealed for different initial temperatures and cycling frequencies.The findings demonstrate a gradual decline in the maximum load capacity of coal rock as the temperature rises.Similarly,when subjected to the same temperature,an escalation in the cycling frequency leads to a reduction in the peak load of coal rock.This suggests that both temperature and cycling frequency exert a notable impact on the fracturing efficacy of liquid nitrogen.Freeze-thaw cycling treatments and exposure to high-temperature conditions can activate preexisting damage in the coal rock,and,accordingly,influence its mechanical properties.In particular,throughout the progressive loading of coal rock samples,the failure mechanisms are predominantly characterized by the occurrence of tensile cracks,succeeded by the development,spread,and fracture of shear fissures.

Features of microstructure and fracture in the transient liquid phase bonded aluminium-based metal matrix composite joints

Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonded aluminium based metal matrix composite (MMC) joints can be classified into three distinct regions, i.e. the particulate segregation region, the denuded particulate region and the base material region. The microstructure of the particulate segregation region consists of alumina particulate and Al alloy matrix with the Al 2Cu and MgAl 2O 4. It contains more and smaller alumina particulates compared with the base material region. The TLP bonded joints have the tensile strength of 150 MPa ～200 MPa and the shear strength of 70 MPa ～100 MPa . With increasing tensile stress, cracks initiate in the particulate segregation region, especially in the particulate/particulate interface and the particulate/matrix interface, and propagate along particulate/matrix interface, througth thin matrix metal and by linking up the close cracks. The particulate segregation region is the weakest during tensile testing and shear testing due to obviously increased proportion of weak bonds (particulate particulate bond and particulate matrix bond).

Fracture evolution in coalbed methane reservoirs subjected to liquid nitrogen thermal shocking

Thermal shocking effect occurs when the coalbed methane(CBM)reservoirs meet liquid nitrogen(LN2)of extremely low temperature.In this study,3D via X-ray microcomputer tomography(μCT)and scanning electron microscope(SEM)are employed to visualize and quantify morphological evolution characteristics of fractures in coal after LN2 thermal shocking treatments.LN2 thermal shocking leads to a denser fracture network than its original state with coal porosity growth rate increasing up to 183.3%.The surface porosity of theμCT scanned layers inside the coal specimen is influenced by LN2 thermal shocking which rises from 18.76%to 215.11%,illustrating the deformation heterogeneity of coal after LN2 thermal shocking.The cracking effect of LN2 thermal shocking on the surface of low porosity is generally more effective than that of high surface porosity,indicating the applicability of LN2 thermal shocking on low-permeability CBM reservoir stimulation.The characteristics of SEM scanned coal matrix in the coal powder and the coal block after the LN2 thermal shocking presented a large amount of deep and shallow progressive scratch layers,fracture variation diversity(i.e.extension,propagation,connectivity,irregularity)on the surface of the coal block and these were the main reasons leading to the decrease of the uniaxial compressive strength of the coal specimen.

Formation of fractures in carbonate rocks by pad acid fracturing with different states of carbon dioxide

Carbonate outcrops were taken from Ma 51 sub-member in the Lower Paleozoic in the Yan’an gas field to conduct true tri-axial hydraulic fracturing experiments with water, liquid CO_(2) and supercritical CO_(2). CT scan was applied to analyze initiation and propagation laws of hydraulic fractures in carbonate rocks. The experiments show that supercritical CO_(2) has low viscosity, strong diffusivity and large filtration during fracturing, which is more liable to increase pore pressure of rocks around wellbore and decrease breakdown pressure of carbonate rocks. However, it would cost much more volume of supercritical CO_(2) than water to fracture rocks since the former increases the wellbore pressure more slowly during fracturing. For carbonate rocks with few natural fractures, tensional fractures are generated by fracturing with water and liquid CO_(2), and these fractures propagate along the maximum horizontal principal stress direction;while fracturing with supercritical CO_(2) can form shear fractures, whose morphology is rarely influenced by horizontal stress difference. Besides, the angle between propagation direction of these shear fractures near the wellbore and the maximum horizontal principal stress is 45°, and the fractures would gradually turn to propagate along the maximum horizontal principal stress when they extend to a certain distance from the wellbore, leading to an increase of fracture tortuosity compared with the former. For carbonate rocks with well-developed natural fractures, fracturing with fresh water is conducive to connect natural fractures with low approaching angle and form stepped fractures with simple morphology. The key to forming complex fractures after fracturing carbonate rocks is to connect the natural fractures with high approaching angle. It is easier for liquid CO_(2) with low viscosity to realize such connection. Multi-directional fractures with relatively complex morphology would be formed after fracturing with liquid CO_(2).

The effect of PDGFmRNA and IGFmRNA in the platelet concentrated liquid on ulna fracture healing in rabbit

Objective By hybridization in situ and biomech anical approach of platelet-derive d growth fator mRNA(PDGFmRNA)and in-sulin-like growth factor mRNA(IGFmRNA),we discussed the influence of the platelet concentrated liquid on the healing of rabbit ulna frac-ture.Method We selected 24New Zealand rabbits,divided them into 4groups randomly(blank group,serum-control group,g roup with platelet concentrated liquid and group with b one graft and platelet concentrated liquid),and then made the fracture model on t he middle of ulna which was fixed by finger armor plate.Before t he operation,we drew out 6ml blood fr om femoral artery,performed anti-c oagulation with the Sodium Citrate and centrifugated by low and the followed high speed.We purified the white blood plate and injected it into the fracture position.The rabbits were killed at 1st,2nd,4th and 6th week.Q ualitative analysis by hybridizati on in situ of PDGFmRNAand IGFmRNAand biomechanical measurement on the 6th week sample were made.Result Bone callus could be seen on the radiu s specimen in various degrees when th e rabbits were killed at 1st,2nd,4th and 6th week,particularly i n the last week.The average maximum d estructive load on the fracture tip i s higher to the control,and there is significant difference(P <0.01).Conclusion The local application of platelet co ncentration on the fracture tip can a ccelerate its healing.

液氮冻结和冻融条件下煤体力学特性及裂隙演化教学实验设计

该文设计了液氮冻结煤岩实验装置,并进行了液氮冻结和冻融条件下煤体力学特性实验,研究了液氮冻结时间和冻融次数对煤体力学强度及裂隙演化的影响规律,定量分析了液氮冷浸对煤体力学特征的影响。通过基于机理分析的实验教学拓展延伸,能够使学生从原理层面分析实验结果,学习宏微观结合的分析方法,加深对实验课程的理解,提高创新能力,开拓学术视野。

气液两相段塞流在裂隙中流动规律实验

针对储层裂隙中段塞流流动规律认识不清、控制因素不明确的问题,利用气液两相运移产出微观流动模拟实验装置,研究了段塞流在裂隙中的流动规律,分析了裂隙直径、气液两相流量等对段塞流流动关键参数的影响及流量波动特征。研究表明:气液两相段塞流在裂隙中呈现周期性特征,从形成到消失可分为气塞形成、气塞扩大、气塞主导3个阶段;裂隙直径与段塞频率呈线性负相关,与气液相流量波动幅度呈线性正相关;当液相流量为15.00、20.00、25.00、30.00 cm^(3)/min时,随着气相流量的增加,段塞频率的变化速率分别为0.130、0.012、0.009、0.007,持液率变化速率分别为1.503、1.175、0.918、0.820。该研究结果对煤层气开发过程中段塞流机理研究具有指导意义。

38 mm型CO_(2)致裂器内部参数对致裂器做功能力影响

为快速获得液态CO_(2)致裂器内部参数对致裂器做功能力的影响特征,优化提高液态CO_(2)致裂器做功能力,提高煤层瓦斯抽采效率,设计液态CO_(2)致裂器做功能力快速评估试验装置。使用煤矿用38 mm型致裂器进行4水平3因素的9组正交试验,分析液态CO_(2)致裂器发热管内部装药量、主管内液态CO_(2)填充量、泄能片厚度以及泄能头释放口径对于致裂器做功能力的影响主次顺序;进一步对其中最重要的影响因素进行固定变量试验,分析最重要影响因素对液态CO_(2)致裂器做功能力的影响特征。结果表明:对于煤矿用38 mm型CO_(2)致裂器,泄能片厚度对于液态CO_(2)致裂器做功能力的影响最大,发热管内部装药量次之,主管内液态CO_(2)填充量及泄能头释放口径影响最弱;液态CO_(2)致裂器做功能力随着泄能片的厚度增加而增加,但当泄能片厚度增加到一定程度时,液态CO_(2)致裂器做功能力增幅不够明显,达到一定厚度泄能片不会破裂,当38 mm型致裂器内部参数设置为CO_(2)质量0.33 kg、释放口径18 mm、装药量60 g、泄能片厚度2.0 mm时致裂器做功能力对应三硝基甲苯(TNT)当量为0.202 kg,相对当前工地使用参数做功能力提升21.9%。

分布式光纤传感技术在水力压裂中的研究进展

分布式光纤传感技术作为最新的水力压裂监测技术,应用于各大油田的水力压裂过程中,并且能够实现实时监测,已取得了显著的应用效果。为使业界进一步了解不同类型传感技术的基本原理、理论模型研究进展、现场应用情况,从分布式光纤温度传感技术和声波传感技术在水力压裂过程中的监测基本原理出发,系统总结了各类传感技术的理论模型研究进展和在产液剖面、裂缝扩展形态监测等方面的应用现状,最后提出了未来分布式光纤传感技术的发展方向。研究结果表明:①分布式光纤传感技术可以利用温度或者声波信号转换得到周围环境温度或应变的变化情况,从而实现水力压裂过程中的实时监测;②与分布式光纤声波传感技术相比,温度传感技术的相关理论模型相对较为成熟,能够实现产液剖面及裂缝形态的相关计算;③分布式光纤传感技术主要用于水力压裂过程中压裂液的注入、裂缝扩展等方面的监测。结论认为:分布式光纤传感技术可以有效地推动中国非常规储层的勘探和开发,同时提高水力压裂效果评价技术水平,这对中国油气行业的可持续发展具有重要推动作用。

通道压裂支撑剂缝内分布规律研究

通道压裂是低渗透致密油气藏高效、低成本开发的关键技术,通过采用非连续簇团铺砂的方式,使裂缝中形成具有高导流能力的通道,但目前关于通道压裂的理论研究仍然处于起步阶段.因此,基于计算流体力学建立欧拉-欧拉固液两相流模型,对通道压裂过程中支撑剂的分布状态进行模拟,通过与实验结果进行对比,证明了所建立模型的有效性,并系统研究了不同中顶压裂液(纯压裂液脉冲段)黏度、支撑剂密度、泵注排量对通道压裂通道率的影响.结果表明,中顶压裂液的黏度从1 mPa·s增加到20 mPa·s,通道内平均通道率增加5%;支撑剂密度从1400 kg/m^(3)增加到2000 kg/m^(3)时,缝内通道率减小了7%;排量由3 m^(3)/min增加到7 m^(3)/min时,通道率由28%增加到33.5%后减小到31%.现场应用过程中应使用较高黏度中顶压裂液、较低密度支撑剂和合理的泵注排量以保证裂缝中形成有效支撑通道.

新型液阻式泵阀冲击特性研究

为了降低阀芯与阀座冲击应力减小二者间冲击磨损,提出一种液阻式新型泵阀。采用数值仿真方法对泵阀液阻结构参数进行了优化,并仿真计算了阀芯与阀座的冲击速度和泵阀碰撞冲击的压力接触情况。对比分析了液阻泵阀和传统泵阀的运动特征及冲击应力结果,并搭建试验台架对仿真模型结果进行验证。结果表明,在阀芯下落阶段,带液阻结构的泵阀的回落速度明显小于传统泵阀,传统泵阀阀芯与阀座相接触的速度达到了0.118 m/s,而带液阻结构泵阀的阀芯与阀座相接触的速度仅为传统泵阀的1/6左右,约为0.02 m/s;带液阻结构的泵阀只发生了1次碰撞,而传统泵阀发生了2次碰撞,在碰撞时,带液阻结构的泵阀阀芯与阀座上的最大接触应力约为260 MPa,而传统泵阀第1次碰撞为190 MPa,第2次为270 MPa;液阻式泵阀能明显降低阀芯与阀座相接触的速度,降低冲击应力,从而减小泵阀的冲击磨损。研究结果可为液阻式泵阀的设计和应用提供参考。

小儿伤科泡腾颗粒中维持骨重塑稳态的生物活性分子筛选分析

目的:筛选小儿伤科泡腾颗粒中维持骨细胞骨重塑稳态的潜在中药质量标志物(Q-Marker)。方法:采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)方法对不同提取基相、批次的小儿伤科泡腾颗粒常温提取液进行活性化学药物成分色谱、质谱解析。阳性对照采用伊班膦酸钠,绘制小儿伤科泡腾颗粒UPLC-Q-TOF-MS指纹图谱,结合SwissADME在线开源数据库对各成分主峰主要分子成分进行鉴定。筛选差异性分子图谱并与骨细胞Dickkopf相关蛋白1(DKK1)进行分子对接虚拟适配,以结合能<-15.0 kJ/mol为筛选条件,筛选小儿伤科泡腾颗粒治疗闭合性骨折的潜在Q-Marker。结果:对我院多批次小儿伤科泡腾颗粒原材料进行随机分布组合,共制备得到24批次小儿伤科泡腾颗粒样品,样品相似度分布区间0.901~0.976,有效成分具备一致性。小儿伤科泡腾颗粒总离子流图分析结果显示,共鉴定出18个共有峰,鉴别明确12种化合物:(+)-荷包牡丹碱、齐墩果酸、1182-94-1、赤霉素A4、白桦脂酸、植物甾醇、硫酸黄连碱、T25789、芍药新苷、二氢血根碱、人参皂苷Rh2、盐酸异黄连碱。其中,(+)-荷包牡丹碱、齐墩果酸、1182-94-1、硫酸黄连碱、T25789、芍药新苷、二氢血根碱、人参皂苷Rh2、盐酸异黄连碱9种化合物筛选作为小儿伤科泡腾颗粒的潜在Q-Marker。结论:(+)-荷包牡丹碱、齐墩果酸、1182-94-1、硫酸黄连碱、T25789、芍药新苷、二氢血根碱、人参皂苷Rh2、盐酸异黄连碱可能是小儿伤科泡腾颗粒维持骨细胞骨重塑稳态的主要活性成分,具备抑制DKK1活性并加速骨细胞重建的分子学潜能,可作为小儿伤科泡腾颗粒治疗闭合性骨折损伤的潜在Q-Marker。

页岩油储层CO 2前置蓄能对压裂液返排效率影响规律

CO 2前置蓄能压裂具有增能效果好、返排速度快、储层伤害小等优势,是一种极具前景的储层改造措施。利用数值模拟方法考察了储层参数(毛细管压力、基质渗透率)和工程参数(焖井压力、焖井时间、返排速度和返排压力)对页岩油储层CO 2前置蓄能压裂返排效果的影响规律,分析了各参数对压裂液返排效率的影响机制。结果表明,储层渗透率和毛管力越低,压裂液返排阻力越大,返排率越低;渗透率对CO 2蓄能效果的影响更为显著,毛管力对压裂液返排速度的影响很小。工程因素主要通过对CO 2的有效蓄能和液体压裂液因渗吸、滤失等原因滞留来影响返排效果。优化的返排参数范围内,压裂液返排率提升超过5%,原油采收率提升超过7%。在该制度下CO 2前置蓄能不仅可以为储层提供充足的返排和生产动力,还可以提高孔隙动用范围,提高原油采收率。

5A06铝合金棒非真空瞬间液相扩散连接工艺

采用成分为Al-7Si-20Cu-3Mg-3Zn-1Ni-1Ga的自制中间层,对5A06铝合金棒进行非真空瞬间液相扩散连接。借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射、电子探针和万能拉伸机等对不同焊接工艺下的接头微观组织形貌与力学性能进行研究,建立微观组织与断口形貌之间的联系,并讨论不同焊接工艺参数对接头连接过程的影响。结果表明,在焊接温度为550℃,保温时间为20 min时,接头的力学性能最佳,平均抗拉强度达到201 MPa,约为母材强度的72%。随着焊接温度的升高,接头会因过高的焊接温度而氧化,同时在焊接压力的作用下,接头因软化而产生裂纹;随着保温时间的增加,焊缝中心形成少量条块状Al-Mg-Cu三元共晶相及少量SiO_(2),部分SiO_(2)之间发生偏聚导致难以焊合,进而在焊缝中产生裂纹,严重影响接头性能。

煤储层无水压裂技术现状及展望

中国煤层气产业已迈入全新发展阶段,水力压裂技术不断创新的同时,也面临着水资源消耗量巨大,煤储层伤害严重,裂缝扩展不充分等问题,寻求一种可替代的无水或少水压裂技术势在必行。文章研究总结出三种当前适用于煤储层的无水压裂技术(超临界二氧化碳压裂、液态氮气压裂、泡沫压裂),对其作用机理、理论创新以及国内现场应用的现状进行分析阐述。对各项压裂技术的优缺点特性开展了评价,结果表明无水压裂技术能减轻煤储层伤害,避免黏土膨胀和水锁效应,有效促进复杂缝网生成,缩短见气时间,实现产量显著提升,可很好应用于煤储层二次压裂改造,具备良好的环境效益和技术可行性;但同时也存在支撑剂携带困难,设备运维成本较高等问题。最后对煤储层无水压裂技术的发展提出展望,建议逐步开展煤储层无水压裂技术现场先导性试验,优化施工参数,研发地面—井下低温特殊工艺设备,推进开展低密度支撑剂和压裂液增稠剂的优选实验,巩固提升泡沫压裂液体系在高温高压环境下的稳定性能。

渤海低渗储层液氮压裂技术可行性研究

渤海低渗储层改造面临产量递减快和稳产期短的问题。液氮压裂技术可以通过形成复杂裂缝以增强地层能量,提高油气井产量并延长稳产期,但是该技术在海上应用的可行性有待研究。为此,通过建立液氮在大尺度裂缝内的流动传热模型,分析了液氮压裂在渤海低渗储层中的造缝能力,结合常规水力压裂的携砂效果,评估了液氮作为携砂液需要的排量和液量,并综合考虑液氮压裂的施工压力和施工规模,分析了液氮压裂在海上的适用性。分析结果表明:提高液氮注入排量是扩大复杂裂缝造缝范围的有效手段,以4.32 m^(3)/min的排量注入液氮60 min,可以形成半长为44 m的复杂裂缝;液氮作为携砂液,达到常规水力压裂携砂铺置效果所需的排量为9~14 m^(3)/min。针对海上作业特点,提出了液氮携砂压裂和液氮复合压裂2种海上液氮压裂工艺,液氮复合压裂工艺具备海上实施条件,有望成为渤海低渗储层开采的重要技术储备。