Axial length,vitreoretinal pathology,and anterior chamber depth can predict postoperative refractive outcomes in phacovitrectomy/silicone oil removal

AIM:To evaluate the postoperative refractive prediction error(PE)and determine the factors that af fect the refractive outcomes of combined pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)or silicone oil removal(SOR)with cataract surgery.METHODS:The study is a retrospective,case-series study.Totally 301 eyes of 301 patients undergoing combined PPV/SOR with cataract surgery were enrolled.Eligible individuals were separated into four groups according to their preoperative diagnoses:silicone oil-filled eyes after PPV(group 1),epiretinal membrane(group 2),macular hole(group 3),and primary retinal detachment(RD;group 4).The variables af fecting postoperative refractive outcomes were analyzed,including age,gender,preoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),axial length(AL),keratometry average,anterior chamber depth(ACD),intraocular tamponade,and vitreoretinal pathology.The outcome measurements include the mean refractive PE and the proportions of eyes with a PE within±0.50 diopter(D)and±1.00 D.RESULTS:For all patients,the mean PE was-0.04±1.17 D,and 50.17%of patients(eyes)had a PE within±0.50 D.There was a significant difference in refractive outcomes among the four groups(P=0.028),with RD(group 4)showing the least favorable refractive outcome.In multivariate regression analysis,only AL,vitreoretinal pathology,and ACD were strongly associated with PE(all P<0.01).Univariate analysis revealed that longer eyes(AL>26 mm)and a deeper ACD were correlated with hyperopic PE,and shorter eyes(AL<26 mm)and a shallower ACD were correlated with myopic PE.CONCLUSION:RD patients have the least favorable refractive outcome.AL,vitreoretinal pathology,and ACD are strongly associated with PE in the combined surgery.These three factors affect refractive outcomes and thus can be used to predict a better postoperative refractive outcome in clinical practice.

Surfactant-Modified Hydrophobic Biochar Derived from Laver (Porphyra haitanensis) with Superior Removal Performance for Kitchen Oil

In this study,a novel absorpent(MSAR600℃)with a hydrophobic surface and hierarchical porous structure for the removal of kitchen oil was facilely fabricated from the macroalgae,laver(Porphyra haitanensis)by incorpor-ating high-temperature carbonization and alkyl polyglucosides(APG)and rhamnolipid(RL)surfactants modifi-cation.The characterization results showed MSAR600℃ possessed a louts-leaf-like papillae microstructure with high contact angle(137.5°),abundant porous structure with high specific surface area(23.4 m^(2)/g),and various oxygen-containing functional groups(-OH,C=O,C-O).Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to inves-tigate the effect of adsorption time,temperature,pH,and absorbent dose on kitchen oil adsorption performance.Then the practical application for the removal of kitchen oil using MSAR600℃ was also performed.The results showed that MSAR600℃ had a higher removal efficiency for kitchen oil(75.98%),compared with the commercial detergent(72.3%).This study demonstrates an example of fabricating a green tableware detergent for enhanced removal performance of kitchen oil.

Visual outcome after removal of silicone oil in patients undergoing retinectomy for complex retinal detachment

AIM：To evaluate the functional outcome after removal of silicone oil（ROSO）in patients undergoing retinectomy for complex retinal detachment.·M ETHODS：We performed a retrospective case note review of patients who underwent ROSO after retinectomy for complex retinal detachment.Patients with less than 6mo follow up and recurrent retinal detachment following ROSO were excluded.·RESULTS：Thirty-six patients were included.The mean best corrected visual acuity（BCVA）pre-ROSO was1.13 log MAR（SD 0.5）.The mean BCVA 3mo following ROSO was 1.16 log MAR（SD 0.53）,6mo following ROSO1.13（SD 0.63）,and 12mo following ROSO 1.18（SD 0.69）.At 12mo after ROSO,the BCVA improved in 38.9%of patients,remained unchanged in 25%,and deteriorated in 36.1%,although there was no statistical significant difference in BCVA after ROSO at 3,6 and 12mo（=0.93）.The size of retinectomy ranged from 15°to 270°（SD 53）and did not influence the visual outcome（=0.11）.·C ONCLUSION：There was no statistically significant difference in BCVA between pre-and post-ROSO following retinectomy for complex retinal detachment.There was no statistical difference in visual outcome related to the size of the retinectomy.

Clinical presentation of a mixed 23-gauge infusion and 20-gauge pars plana technique for active silicone oil removal

AIM: To present with a clinical case series of a mixed 23-gauge infusion and 20-gauge pars plena technique for 5,700-centipoise silicone oil removal (SOR), and to discuss its efficacy and safety. METHODS: This is a retrospective, non-randomized controlled study. We performed SOR with 23-gauge infusion and 20-gauge active suction technique on 29 patients 29 eyes from April to October, 2011 (mixed group). During the surgeries, a 23-gauge sclerotomy was made for infusion and a 20-gauge sclerotomy was used for active silicone oil suction. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) was applied for 23-gauge sclerotomy analysis 1 day post-operation. Traditional 20-gauge SOR was performed on another consecutive 29 patients 29 eyes, the control group (20G group). RESULTS: There were 2 eyes (6.9%) in mixed group and 5 eyes (17.2%) in 20G group which had recurrent retinal detachment after surgery. Hopytony (IOP <= 6mmHg) occurred in 8 eyes (27.6%) of mixed group and in 10 eyes (34.5%) of 20G group post-operation, but all of them recovered to the normal level finally. There were no statistical significant differences. Final visual acuity was significantly increased after surgery in both groups. Anterior segment OCT images were acquired from 13 eyes of mixed group, and all of them had a proper wound apposition. But local ciliary detachment was found in 9 eyes (69%). It was hard to define the OCT image of the sclerotomies and ciliary body because of the serious conjunctival hemorrhages and chemosis in 20G group. CONCLUSION: This mixed technique is a convenient and effective way to remove high viscosity silicone oil. Compared with traditional 20-gauge SOR, it does not increase the risk of post-operative complications and has less conjunctival reactions.. Transient postoperative hypotony is common for this procedure and subclinical ciliochoroidal detachment is a probable cause.

Efficacy and safety of active silicone oil removal through a 23-gauge transconjunctival cannula using an external vacuum pump

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of active removal of silicone oil with low and high viscosity through a 23-gauge transconjunctival cannula using an external vacuum pump.METHODS: This study was conducted as a prospective, interventional case series. A total of 22 eyes of 21 patients [1000 centistokes(c St): 17 eyes, 5700 c St:5 eyes] were included in this study. All patients underwent active silicone oil removal via the entire lumen of a 23-gauge microcannula with suction pressure of a650-700 mm Hg vacuum using an external vacuum pump. A tubing adaptor from the Total Plus Pak誖(Alcon,Fort Worth, USA) was used to join the microcannula and silicone vacuum tube connected to an external vacuum pump. Main outcome measures were mean removal time,changes of intraocular pressure(IOP) and visual acuity,and intraoperative and postoperative complications.RESULTS: Mean removal time(min) was 1.49±0.43 for1000 c St and 7. 12 ± 1. 27 for 5700 c St. The IOP was18.57±7.48 mm Hg at baseline, 11.68 ±4.55 mm Hg at day1 postoperatively(P <0.001), and 15.95±4.92, 16.82±3.81,17.41 ±3.50, and 17.09 ±3.01 mm Hg after one week, one month, three months, and six months, respectively. All patients showed improved or stabilized visual acuity.There was no occurrence of intraoperative or postoperative complications during the follow up period.CONCLUSION: This technique for active removal of silicone oil through a 23-gauge cannula using an external vacuum pump is fast, effective, and safe as well as economical for silicone oil with both low and high viscosity in all eyes with pseudophakia, aphakia, or phakia.

Removal of Cu2＋ from Aqueous Solutions Using Na-A Zeolite from Oil Shale Ash

Na-A zeolite was synthesized using oil shale ash （OSA）, which is a solid by-product of oil shale proc- essing. The samples were characterized by various techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffrac- tion and Brunaner Emmet Teller method. The batch isothermal equilibrium adsorption experiments were performed to evaluate the ability of Na-A zeolite for removal of Cu （II） from aqueous solutions. The effects of operating pa- rameters, such as concentration of copper solutions, adsorbent dosages, pH value of solutions and temperature, on the adsorption efficiency were investigated. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum adsorption capacity of Na-A zeolite obtained from the Langmuir adsorption iso- therm is 156.7 mg.g-t of Cu （lI）. The increase of pH level in the adsorption process suggests that the uptake of heavy metals on the zeolite follows an ion exchange mechanism. The batch kinetic data fit the pseudo-second order equation well. The thermodynamic parameters, such as changes in Gibbs free energy （AG）, enthalpy （AH） and en- tropy （AS）, are used to predict the nature of the adsorption process. The negative AG values at different tempera- tures confirm that the adsorption processes are spontaneous.

Study of asphaltene dispersion and removal for high-asphaltene oil wells

Many wellbores are blocked by asphaltene deposits,which lead to production problems in the oilfield development process.In this paper,methods such as elemental analysis,and solvent extraction are adopted for the study of wellbore blockages.The content of organic matter in blockages is higher than 96% and asphaltene is the main component of the organic matter with n-heptane asphaltene content of 38%.Based on the above analyses,an agent for asphaltene dispersion and removal（named as SDJ） was developed.The performance of the SDJ agent was evaluated,and it was found that the dissolution rate of asphaltene can reach 2.9 mg.mL-1.min-1 at 60 oC.SDJ agent（1wt%） was added to crude oil with a colloid instability index greater than 0.9 can effectively inhibit asphaltene deposition in the wellbore.By the viscosity method,the dissolution amount of SDJ agent was calculated,and it was found that when the viscosity of the system is around 2,000 mPa.s（the common viscosity of crude oil）,the amount of SDJ agent added to the blockage was at least 96 g per 100 g blockages.Therefore,SDJ agent has promising application for dispersion and removal of asphaltene deposition in high-asphaltene wells.

Phacoemulsification combined with transpupillary removal of silicone oil and intracapsular intraocular lens implantation

AIM： To estimate the effectiveness of phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens（IOL） implantation combined with transpupillary silicone oil removal.METHODS： There were 168 eyes of 168 candidate patients with cataract and silicone oil-filled eyes recruited in our study. All of the patients received the intraocular silicone oil removal surgery by transpupillary drainage and cataract extraction by phacoemulsification. Then the IOL implantation were also performed through corneal incision. RESULTS： The surgery was successfully completed in all eyes. Best corrected visual acuity（BCVA） and postoperative complications were recorded in three months after surgery. There were 143 eyes with BCVA improved, otherwise 25 eyes remained stable at the last follow-up visit. The mean BCVA statistically improved from 20/400±0.02 to 20/100±0.15（P〈0.001） and mean postoperative IOP was 13.85±2.18 mm Hg（P=0.415）. No intra-operative complications were reported.CONCLUSION： Phacoemulsification combined with transpupillary removal of silicone oil is a safe and simple effective method. In general, it enables quick recovery of visual acuity with less complication rate.

Phase-Selective Gelators Based on p-Alkoxybenzoyl for Oil Spill Recovery and Dye Removal

Oil spills result in tremendous damage to the environment and ecosystem.In this study,several p-alkoxybenzoyl-based gelators(1,2a,2b,2c,3)synthesized from commercially available materials were designed for recovering oil from an oil–water mixture.Gels with remarkable gelation ability in various oils were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to study the driving forces of self-assembly.Notably,these gelators could achieve the goal of recycling oil from the oil–water mixture at room temperature.In addition,gelator 2b could be used to remove toxic dyes from aqueous solutions with high efficiency.Therefore,these compounds were considered promising materials for oil spill recovery and dye removal due to their practicality and high efficiency.

Trocar opening: silicone oil removal with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a modified technique [trocar opening(TO)] for silicone oil removal(SOR) in combination with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation.METHODS: A total of 60 eyes of 60 patients with cataract and silicone oil-filled eyes were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into two groups: the patients in the control group underwent 23-gauge pars plana active SOR surgery with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation, while the patients in the TO group underwent TO methods during surgery. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), surgery time, intraocular pressure, and operative complications were observed 6 mo after surgery.RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, gender, preoperative, intraocular pressure, or time of silicone oil stay. Prior to surgery, the mean BCVA for the control and TO groups was 1.34±0.44 and 1.36±0.42. At 6 mo following surgery, the mean BCVA improved to 0.74±0.36 and 0.77±0.32, respectively(P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups. The mean SOR time was 6.9±2.3 min and 4.8±1.2 min in the control and TO groups(P=0.008). The total operation time was 28.2±8.5 min and 24.6±6.4 min, respectively(P=0.035). Posterior capsule rupture occurred in four eyes of control and none of TO group(P<0.01). Late recurrent retinal detachment occurred in one eye in the control group(2 mo after surgery) and in one eye in the TO group(4 mo after surgery). CONCLUSION: TO is a simple, effective, time-saving, and safe method for SOR combined with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation.

New technique for removal of perfluorocarbon liquid related sticky silicone oil and literature review

AIM:To investigate the safety and efficacy of sticky silicone oil(SSO)removal using a 22-gauge vein detained needle and inner limiting membrane(ILM)wrap-and-peel technique.METHODS:This retrospective consecutive case series reviewed the records of patients with a history of retinal detachment who had received silicone oil and perfluorocarbon liquid(PFCL)as intraocular tamponades.Patients were included in the analysis if they exhibited SSO remnants during silicone oil removal.The aspiration of most of the SSO remnants was performed by a 22-gauge vein detained needle.The small amounts of droplets adhered to the macula and epi-macular membrane were subsequently removed by the ILM warp-and-peel technique.The anatomical and functional outcomes,and postoperative complications were recorded.In vitro experiments were performed to simulate the formation of SSO remnants in four groups.RESULTS:Of 711 patients who underwent silicone oil removal during the study period,9 patients exhibited SSO remnants and underwent follow-up for at least 3mo.Seven eyes(78%)underwent the ILM wrap-and-peel technique to completely remove small droplets of SSO that were glued to the macula and epi-macular membrane.No obvious complications occurred.Postoperative optical coherence tomography revealed normal retinal structure in all patients.In vitro analyses showed that balanced salt solution and prolonged vibration(for 1wk)had the strongest effects on silicone oil and PFCL compound opacities.CONCLUSION:SSO remnants could be removed in an intact manner and without complications,using a vein detained needle-assisted and ILM wrap-and-peel technique.The findings suggest that PFCL and infusion fluid should be completely removed before silicone oil injection to prevent SSO formation.

Field Test of Electrochemical Degradation and Oil-Removal Technology Used the Treatment of Wastewater Containing Polymer in Offshore Oilfield

Aimed at the current treatment status of the polymer-flooding wastewater in Bohai oilfield, electrochemical technology used for polymer-degradation and oil-removal was researched. It formed the process flow of cyclone mixed dosing → electrochemical removal oil → inclined tube removal oil → walnut shell filter, and a set of skid mounted wastewater containing polymer treatment plant was designed and manufactured, which was used for the field test of electrochemical treatment of wastewater containing polymer in offshore oilfield. The result shows that the oil removal rate of the electrochemical treatment process is over 98%, and the synergistic effect is significant especially used in conjunction with water clarifier of BHQ-04. When the amount of water clarifier is 50 - 150 mg/L, the oil content, the median particle diameter and the suspended solids content of the filtered water is 8 - 18 mg/L, 1.9 - 2.26 μm and 1.39 - 2.04 mg/L respectively, which reach the scene water quality standards for water injection.

Optimization of Molecular Distillation for Removal of Limonene from Ponkan Essential Oil Using Response Surface Methodology

Ponkan (Citrus reticulate Blanco) is one of the most popular citrus fruits for daily consumption and processing in China. In this study, limonene was removed from ponkan essential oil (PEO) by using an effective methodology to estimate the optimum levels of three independent variables of molecular distillation (MD) in order to minimize the limonene content and (b) maximize the removal rate. A three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to evaluate the effect of distilling temperature (45.00~55.00 ℃), wiper rolling speed (150.00~250.00 r/ min) and distilling pressure (25.00~35.00 Pa). The optimum parameters within the experimental range of the variables were extrapolated to be: distilling temperature 47.00℃, wiper rolling speed 203.00 r/min and distilling pressure 30.00 Pa. Optimal values extrapolated by response surface methodology (RSM) for the limonene content and removal rate of the desirable PEO were 47.82% and 84.67%, respectively.

A modified approach to actively remove high viscosity silicone oil through 23-gauge cannula

AIM：To report a simple approach to actively remove high viscosity silicone oil through a 23-gauge cannula via pars plana.METHODS：Forty-eight eyes of 48 patients underwent silicone oil（5700 centistokes） removal（SOR） were enrolled.A section of blood transfusion set was prepared to connect a standard 23-gauge cannula and vitrectomy machine.Silicone oil was removed with suction of500-mm Hg vacuum through the cannula.Main outcome measures were SOR duration,number of sutured sites,intraocular pressure（IOP）,best-corrected visual acuity（BCVA）,and complications.RESULTS：Silicone oil was successfully removed in all cases.The mean SOR time was 5.70±0.85 min.Nine eyes（18.75%） needed suture partial sclerotomies.No intraoperative complications were noted.Transient hypotony（≤8 mm Hg） was seen in 3 eyes（6.25%） on postoperative day 1,but all resolved within 1wk.Retinal reattachment was achieved in all cases and no other postoperative complications were noted during 3-month following-up.BCVA at the final visit improved or stabilized in all patients comparing to the preoperative level.CONCLUSION：Active removal of high viscosity silicone oil through a 23-gauge instrument cannula jointed with blood transfusion set is a practical and reliable technique when considering two sides of efficacy and safety.

Development and Efficacy Verification of Blackhead Removal Products

Developed products according to the formation process and inducement of blackheads,and verified the efficacy of products.The results showed that:after using the product for 15 minutes,the blackhead decrease rate is 13.94%compare with the base value;after using the product for 7 days,the blackhead decrease rate is 25.43%compare with the base value;after using the product for 28 days,the blackhead decrease rate is 66.09%compare with the base value;after using the product for 15 minutes,the pores increase significantly compare with the control area;after 7 days of product use,there is no significant change in pore size compare with the base value;after 28 days of product use,there is no significant change in pore size compare with the base value;after 7 days of use,the oil decrease rate is 22.33%compare with the base value;after 28 days of use,the oil decrease rate is 29.05%compare with the base value;after 15 minutes of single use,93.94%of subjects are satisfy with blackhead removal;after continuous use of the test product for 28 days,96.67%of subjects are satisfy with blackhead removal,100%with oil control,and 96.67%with overall satisfaction of the product.

Development of a SGJ-1 of Water-Based Anti-Wax Agent

The phenomenon of petroleum wax deposition is very common during oil well production. When the wax molecule condenses on the surface of the pipeline, it will hinder the exploitation of crude oil, reduce the recovery rate of crude oil, and may lead to the blockage of the pipeline when it is serious, so that the oil recovery work will stop. This phenomenon can be obviously changed by using wax cleaning agent. However, the low ignition point and toxicity of oil-based wax remover are not conducive to oil recovery. Therefore, a new water-based paraffin remover SGJ-1 was developed in this paper. The best formula is: wax dispersant 15%, wetting reversion agent 1%, sodium silicate 1%, alcohol cosolvent 8% and 75% water. Condensation point, wax dissolution rate and anti-wax performance of SGJ-1 water-based dewaxing and anti-waxing agent were tested by self-assembly testing device. The experimental results show that the condensation point of SGJ-1 is -34°C, the viscosity reduction effect is good under 35°C, and the wax dissolution rate is 0.0512 g/min, The highest wax prevention rate can reach 89.58% and the wax removal and wax prevention ability is excellent. Compared with other paraffin removers, SGJ-1 can also reduce the viscosity of crude oil, so it has a good development prospect.

Research on the Performance of Cedarwood Essential Oil in Removing Formaldehyde

This paper tested cedar essential oil as a new formaldehyde removal ingredient on gel format,it showed a better formaldehyde removal performance,reaching equilibrium at 7 h with a formaldehyde removal rate of 64%,and at 24 h with a formaldehyde removal rate of 67%.The 24 h formaldehyde removal rate increased by 25%compared with the gel without cedar essential oil,and efficiency is improved by 60%.The ingredients come from natural sources with a woody aroma,which can soothe the body and mind.After the stability test,the formaldehyde removal gel has no odor,precipitation or discoloration.

基于超疏水滤膜的绝缘油多级过滤除水新工艺

低含水量的绝缘油具有较高绝缘水平,是电网安全、稳定运行的重要保证,这就需要将绝缘油含水量维持在较低区间内,文中致力于解决超疏水滤膜用于绝缘油除水的问题。采用喷涂法能将超疏水SiO_(2)纳米粒子均匀粘接在PP滤芯、滤布、滤纸表面,获得与水接触角大于120°的疏水滤膜。在此基础上,疏水PP滤芯由于精度低,故适用于大通量的绝缘油1级过滤,疏水滤布配合串联过滤装置用于2级过滤可在承受较高油压的同时进一步除去绝缘油中的水,超疏水滤纸除水能力最强,故适用于高精度的绝缘油3级过滤。这种多级过滤可将绝缘油含水量降至10 mg·L^(-1)以下,除水效率高且能满足不同种类绝缘油的除水要求。

影响油泥超声波除油效果的因素与机理

油泥超声波除油技术绿色环保,但目前除油效率不高、机理不明,在工业中未得到广泛应用。针对南方某油田高含油钻屑油泥的特性,设计了一套油泥超声除油试验装置,考察了超声频率、超声功率、超声温度等7个主要因素对除油效果的影响。结果表明:超声频率、超声功率、超声作用时间、固液比(油基钻屑与水质量比)和pH对油泥除油效果影响较大,而超声温度和超声处理次数对除油效果影响较小。在最佳工艺条件下,除油率达到57.18%;当超声空化作用产生的剪切力大于油与固体颗粒之间的相互作用力时,附着在固体颗粒表面的油分脱附,且随温度升高和固液比降低,油泥的黏度降低,超声空化作用增强;弱碱环境下HSiO3-占据油泥颗粒吸附位点,可阻止油的再吸附,除油效率较高。

去红衣与超声处理对花生油体提取及其乳化特性、抗氧化活性的影响

为了对花生油体的工业化提取和基于油体乳化体系新产品的开发提供参考,探究了去红衣与超声处理对花生油体提取及其乳化特性、抗氧化活性的影响。不同预处理的花生经水相提取,得到油体、清液和沉淀三相,测定了三相中固形物、脂肪、蛋白质的含量和分布,并分析了油体的乳化特性、总酚与总黄酮含量以及抗氧化活性。结果表明:去红衣将脂肪在油体中的分布由63.36%提高至65.30%,与超声联合处理时进一步将其提高至68.13%;去红衣处理不利于花生油体的稳定性和抗氧化活性;与对照组相比,去红衣组油体乳液平均粒径由2510.00 nm上升至2953.67 nm,动力学稳定性降低;去红衣组油体总酚、总黄酮含量最低,分别为71.01μg/g与47.14μg/g;超声处理促进了花生油体的溶出,且提取的油体乳化稳定性和抗氧化活性最高,其乳液平均粒径为1742.00 nm,乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数分别为114.48 m^(2)/g与1848.40 min,动力学稳定性最佳,总酚、总黄酮含量分别为101.24μg/g与59.97μg/g。综上,去红衣处理有利于花生油体的提取,但会降低其稳定性与抗氧化活性,而超声处理不仅有利于花生油体的提取,还增强了其乳化稳定性和抗氧化活性。