Adaptive Event-Triggered Time-Varying Output Group Formation Containment Control of Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems

In this paper,a class of time-varying output group formation containment control problem of general linear hetero-geneous multiagent systems(MASs)is investigated under directed topology.The MAS is composed of a number of tracking leaders,formation leaders and followers,where two different types of leaders are used to provide reference trajectories for movement and to achieve certain formations,respectively.Firstly,compen-sators are designed whose states are estimations of tracking lead-ers,based on which,a controller is developed for each formation leader to accomplish the expected formation.Secondly,two event-triggered compensators are proposed for each follower to evalu-ate the state and formation information of the formation leaders in the same group,respectively.Subsequently,a control protocol is designed for each follower,utilizing the output information,to guide the output towards the convex hull generated by the forma-tion leaders within the group.Next,the triggering sequence in this paper is decomposed into two sequences,and the inter-event intervals of these two triggering conditions are provided to rule out the Zeno behavior.Finally,a numerical simulation is intro-duced to confirm the validity of the proposed results.

A survey on joint-operation application for unmanned swarm formations under a complex confrontation environment

With the rapid development of informatization,autonomy and intelligence,unmanned swarm formation intelligent operations will become the main combat mode of future wars.Typical unmanned swarm formations such as ground-based directed energy weapon formations,space-based kinetic energy weapon formations,and sea-based carrier-based formations have become the trump card for winning future wars.In a complex confrontation environment,these sophisticated weapon formation systems can precisely strike mobile threat group targets,making them extreme deterrents in joint combat applications.Based on this,first,this paper provides a comprehensive summary of the outstanding advantages,strategic position and combat style of unmanned clusters in joint warfare to highlight their important position in future warfare.Second,a detailed analysis of the technological breakthroughs in four key areas,situational awareness,heterogeneous coordination,mixed combat,and intelligent assessment of typical unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)swarms in joint warfare,is presented.An in-depth analysis of the UAV swarm communication networking operating mechanism during joint warfare is provided to lay the theoretical foundation for subsequent cooperative tracking and control.Then,an indepth analysis of the shut-in technology requirements of UAV clusters in joint warfare is provided to lay a theoretical foundation for subsequent cooperative tracking control.Finally,the technical requirements of UAV clusters in joint warfare are analysed in depth so the key technologies can form a closed-loop kill chain system and provide theoretical references for the study of intelligent command operations.

Lithostratigraphy,Sedimentology,and Provenance of the Balfour Formation(Beaufort Group) in the Fort Beaufort-Alice Area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

The Balfour Formation has a pronounced lithological variation that is characterized by alternating sandstone- and mudstone-dominated members. The sandstone-dominated Oudeberg and Barberskrans Members are composed of lithofacies that range from intraformationai conglomerates to fine-grained sediments, whereas the mudstone-dominated members （Daggaboersnek, Elandsberg, and Palingkloof） are dominated by the facies Fm and FI. Petrography, geochemistry, and a paleocurrent analysis indicated that the source rock of the Balfour Formation was to south east and the rocks had a transitional/dissected magmatic arc signature. The sandstones-rich members were deposited by seasonal and ephemeral high-energy, low-sinuous streams, and the fine-grained-rich members were formed by ephemeral meandering streams. The paleoclimates have been equated to present temperate climates; they were semiarid becoming arid towards the top of the Balfour Formation. This has been determined by reconstructing the paleolatitude of the Karoo Basin, geochemistry, paleontology, sedimentary structures, and other rock properties, like color.

The Firstly Discovered Cosmic Spherules in Carbonaceous Siltstone from the Taizi Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Shennongjia Group,Central China

Objective Spherical micro-particles are often preserved in Precambrian sedimentary rocks. Finnish and Chinese scholars have previously discovered carbonaceous, siliceous or ferruginous spherules of out-space origin in the 1.6 Ga and 1.4 Ga sequence, respectively. The presence of spherules can record possible cosmic impact events. Also, cosmic spherules provide important information on the evolution of planets from outer space.

Dinosaur footprint assemblage from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation,Khorat Group,northeastern Thailand

The Khok Kruat Formation is the upper part of the Khorat Group,which consists of upper Lower Cretaceous non-marine sedimentary rocks in northeastern Thailand.Many dinosaur footprints have been known from the upper Lower Cretaceous(Aptian-Albian)Khok Kruat Formation at the Huai Dam Chum(Tha Uthen)site,northeastern Thailand.Approximately 600 tracks occur in thin mudstone layer of the northern part of the outcrop at the Huai Dam Chum track site.Two types of footprints,small-sized theropod and crocodylomorph are imprinted with mud cracks and ripple marks on the thin mud layer.Most of footprints are referred to cf.Asianopodus,and are imprinted by small-sized theropoda,probably ornithomimosauria.Theropod tracks are mainly separated into two groups,Group A and Group B.From ichnological viewpoints,the small-sized theropod track assemblage indicates the herd behaviour and its idiosyncratic group composition.In particular,the histogram of size-frequency measurements of Group A shows the anomalous bimodal distribution.We consider that there are two hypotheses;the first one is due to the male-female difference,and the second is a result of the different growing stage.

Lithostratigraphy,Sedimentology and Provenance of the Balfour Formation(Beaufort Group) in the Fort Beaufort-Alice Area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

The Balfour Formation was subdivided into five members based on lithological variation that is characterized by alternating sandstone-and mudstone -dominated members.The sandstone dominated Oudeberg and Barberskrans members are composed of lithofacies that range from intraformational conglomerates to fine-grained sediments,whereas the mudstone dominated members(Daggaboersnek, Elandsberg and Palingkloof) are dominated by the fine-grained facies(Fm and F1).Petrography,geochemistry and palaeocurrent analysis indicated that the source rock of the Balfour Formation was to

Evaluating Group Formation in Virtual Communities

In this paper, we are interested in answering the following research question: "Is it possible to form effective groups in virtual communities by exploiting trust information without significant overhead, similarly to real user communities?"In order to answer this question, instead of adopting the largely used approach of exploiting the opinions provided by all the users of the community(called global reputation), we propose to use a particular form of reputation, called local reputation. We also propose an algorithm for group formation able to implement the proposed procedure to form effective groups in virtual communities. Another interesting question is how to measure the effectiveness of groups in virtual communities. To this aim we introduce the index in a measure of the effectiveness of the group formation. We tested our algorithm by realizing some experimental trials on real data from the real world EPINIONS and CIAO communities, showing the significant advantages of our procedure w.r.t. another prominent approach based on traditional global reputation.

Rock Assemblages and Formation Ages of the Baishuijiang Group in the Southwest Qinling Orogenic Belt, Northwest China

The Baishuijiang Group, located in the southwest Qinling orogenic belt, is divided into three belts according to the characteristic of the matrix and rock blocks based on the large scale geological mapping. The north belt and south belt are composed of abyssal mudstone and siltstone, and limestone, chert and basic and ultrabasic rock blocks. The middle belt consists of a few limestone blocks and turbidites, which were formed in the trench environment. At present, in the Baishuijiang Group, many fossils were found in matrix and rock blocks, the fossils contain the Cambrian small shell fossils(Xiao, 1992;Tao et al., 1992), Silurian chitinozoas, scolecodonts and spores, and Ordovician graptolites, and middle Devonian Coral and conodonts in limestone and chert blocks(Wang et al., 2011a), and Permian radiolarians in the matrix(Wang et al., 2007). The volcanic rock blocks have undergone different degree of metamorphism. Their geochemical characteristics indicate that the rocks are similar to oceanic island arc and seamount(Wang et al., 2009), and SHRIMP U-Pb dating yielded ages from Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic(Yan et al., 2007;Wang et al., 2009, 2011b). Therefore, comprehensive analysis of regional data, the Baishuijiang group is an accretionary complex which was consisted of matrix and blocks, and was finally formed during Permian-Triassic.

A Review of the Lithostratigraphy of the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation, Khorat Group in Northeastern Thailand

Non-marine Cretaceous rocks are widespread in northeastern Thailand and is well known as “the red bed” Khorat Group. The Sao Khua Formation is in the upper half of the Khorat Group which is comprised of six formations. This formation was named and defined at the type section for the rocks between the restricted PhraWihan Formation and the Phu Phan Formation in the drainage area of the Huai Sao Khua, an intermittent stream that flows westward parallel to the highway between Nong Bua Lamphu and UdonThani Provinces. It contains richest and most diverse vertebrate and invertebrate Mesozoic fossils in Thailand. The Sao Khua Formation is characterized by the sequence of the fining-upward successions of at least 4-5 megacycles throughout the formation with the total thickness ranging between 400-700 meters. Each cycle starts with a channel lag conglomerate which the clasts consist totally of re-worked calcrete nodules. The conglomerates were overlain by fine-to medium-grained sandstones of point bar deposit. Finally, the top part of each cycle was covered by a succession of fine-grained floodplain deposit that makes up 60%-70% of the formation. Paleosols are commonly found in the Sao Khua Formation within the floodplain sequence and their geochemistry indicates a semi-arid paleoclimate. Based on lithostratigraphy, the Sao Khua Formation is interpreted to have been deposited by a meandering river system under a semi-arid climate condition. The age of the formation is assigned as the Hauterivian-Late Barremian based on vertebrate and bivalves fossils.

Estimation of Formation Enthalpies of Organic Pollutants from a New Structural Group Contribution Method

器官的污染物质的化学稳定性和反应对他们的形成热含量依赖。这研究的主要目的是为宽范围的形成热含量的预言提供简单直接策略器官的仅仅从他们的结构的功能的组的污染物质。用从 77 个多样的材料类包括 1694 器官的化学药品的如此的扩大数据集有益于学习的 generalizability 和可靠性。12 个功能的组和简单线性回归的新建议收集导致答应 R2 = 的统计 0.958， Q2Loo = 0.956，并且 AEE57 kJ ????

A Review of Cell Formation from Perspective of Objective Function

The initial and significant step in the design of a cellular manufacturing system is cell formation (CF).CF problem is proposed in this paper as a decision problem that determines to manufacture specified types of part in a manufacturing plant which machines and their associated parts are grouped together to form cell in a way that a concerned objective is optimized. For describing CF problem clearly,this paper firstly presents a review of cell formation problem from the view points of objective function.The CF problems are classified into three categories,which are cost oriented,flexibility oriented and grouping efficiency oriented CF problems.Then,the paper presents a comprehensive conceptual mathematical formulation describing the general cost problem and a decision variable for comprehensive describing routing flexibility and two trade-off questions in grouping efficiency issues.Finally,based on the review and discussion,the paper proposes five directions for future research in the CF field.

Facies Analysis, Sedimentary Environment and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Carboniferous Deposits of Gachal Formation, Eastern Central Iran (Rahdar Section)

Early carboniferous deposits of the Kalmard block, with various characteristics in different outcrops, are recognized by Gachal Formation. Generally speaking, this formation comprises of four different members (A, B, C and D), consisting of carbonate and evaporative rocks. Gachal Formation is composed chiefly of 55 meters sandstone and limestone interbedded with shale. According to the lithological and microscopic studies, Gachal Formation is deposited in beach, semi-restricted and open lagoon, shoal and open marine environments. Vertical changes of microfacies and the curve of its depth changes account for the high thickness of the facies of shoal and bar sub-environments and the low thickness of the facies of lagoon and open marine sub-environment as well. Gachal Formation rocks in Rahdar section are deposited in a low-angle?homoclinal ramp?located in southern Paleothysis Ocean. The carbonate-sandstone sequence in?Gachal Formation in Rahdar section is composed of a depositional sequence separated from each other by type 1 sequence boundaries. Deposits of this formation are separated from lower deposits by type 2 sequence boundary and from?Khan Group by unconformity. The sedimentary sequence identified in this formation points to the age of late Visean, conforming to Kaskaskia IV. The erosional boundary between Gachal and Khan Formations is relatively compatible with drop in sea level at Late Kaskaskia global scale.

CORRELATION BETWEEN THE PROTEROZOIC LINJIAWAN FORMATION AND THE HENGLUCHONG FORMATION IN HUNAN PROVINCE,CHINA

This paper briefly introduces the right Proterozoic geological sections of both the Linjiawan Formation,Cangshuipu Group and the Hengluchong Formation,Banxi Group in Hunan Province,China,respectively;in detail compares their main characteristics such as bed lithology,diagenetic epoch and position in the Proterozoic;and demonstrates the Linjiawan Formation,Cangshuipu Group is congruent objectively with Hunan’s Proterozoic stratigraphic sequence;as well as notes it is significant to further study and to discuss the division and correlation of the molasse－ volcanic formation at Cangshuipu,Yiyang City,Hunan.

A Novel Approach to Solve the FMS Formation Problem

We propose in this paper a genetic algorithm (GA)-based approach to solve the Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) formation problem. First, we divide the unity of machines into small groups or cells using Group Technology (GT). And an option for considering the minimization of workload variation between cells is included. Then the implementation is done using GA. When using GA, the designer is allowed to specify the number of cells and impose lower and upper bounds on cell size. This makes the GA scheme flexible for solving the FMS formation problems.

基于植物功能群的生态系统服务形成与维持机制研究

生态系统可以从“结构-功能-服务”3个层次来理解,其中服务是人类的主观感受或效用。维持高质量的生态系统服务还需从生态系统的自然属性入手。结构和功能是生态系统服务形成和维持的内在机制,而植物是生态系统结构和功能的核心驱动力。植物功能群具有特定功能的植物组合,其中优势植物功能群控制着生态系统的结构和功能。生态系统服务的概念、分类与植物功能群密切相关,植物功能群是生态系统与生态系统服务间更直接的桥梁。建立生态系统服务与植物功能群间的联系,使相关研究有更明确的指向,在深化理论研究的同时使研究成果更容易落地。生态系统服务的形成、维持机制与植物功能群的内在联系主要体现在4个主要方面:(1)植物功能群的内在适应性特征和外在效应是生态系统服务形成的基础;(2)植物功能群的多功能特性为生态系统服务协同提供了可能;(3)植物功能群间替代和互补效应可以提升生态系统服务质量和稳定性;(4)植物功能群能够提供基于自然的生态系统服务修复问题解决方案。

面向虚拟连挂的城轨列车群组追踪运行仿真研究

城市轨道交通是解决城市交通拥堵问题最强有效的绿色交通方式,其高峰期客流激增且客流时空分布不均,而面向虚拟连挂的城轨列车动态灵活编组和群组追踪运行能有效满足复杂多变的城轨运营需求。本文剖析面向虚拟连挂的城轨列车群组追踪运行过程,给出虚拟连挂列车群组最小安全追踪距离计算公式;以单列标准车长的线路路段为一个元胞单元,设计速度及位移更新规则,构建基于元胞自动机的城轨列车群组追踪运行仿真模型;以某市地铁2号线为背景,多角度仿真刻画面向虚拟连挂的城轨列车群组追踪运行性能。仿真结果表明:面向虚拟连挂的城轨列车群组追踪运行模型能有效缩短列车最小安全追踪间隔时间,城轨线路通过能力较移动闭塞制式提高78.4%;头车延迟引起的后续列车晚点总数量及总晚点时间更小,呈现出更佳的抗干扰性与恢复性能,且宜采用小编组列车实现虚拟连挂;动态混合编组的城轨列车群组追踪运行性能最佳,单一小编组的次之,大编组列车群宜在小编组列车群前面运行;城轨列车群组旅行速度总体上与平均站间距呈正相关;当列车发车间隔大于延迟时间时,平均站间距对列车群组的延迟影响不敏感,相反,则影响较为显著。研究结论能够为面向虚拟连挂的城轨列车群组追踪运行决策提供技术支撑。

构造作用对常规-非常规油气连续聚积耦合成藏控制机制——以川东南平桥地区为例

为探索川东南平桥地区构造作用对常规和非常规气藏成藏过程的动态控制作用及差异,基于地震、地质和包裹体等资料,根据断层相关褶皱理论,系统剖析了该区构造特征及演化过程、常规气藏和非常规气藏动态成藏过程及构造对两者影响的差异性,建立了典型常规—非常规油气连续聚集耦合成藏模式。平桥地区位于川东南SE-NW前展式递进变形带中,受多套滑脱层和江南—雪峰造山带联合控制,发育断展构造和背冲构造。平桥背斜构造形成于燕山期。中燕山期,受江南—雪峰构造体系前展式扩展影响,研究区发生NE向强烈断褶作用。晚燕山期—喜马拉雅期川中隆起阻挡和青藏高原隆升使平桥背斜不断抬升;寒武系筇竹寺组和奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组烃源岩在早燕山期及以前主要经历了长期的埋藏生烃,中燕山期构造变形扩展至研究区,常规气藏储层(洗象池群)、盖层、油气圈闭及运移均受到影响,气藏保存条件较差。非常规气层被改造成为背斜构造,页岩气向背斜核部聚集,整体保存条件较好。晚燕山期—喜马拉雅期,地层隆升泄压,两类气藏保存条件继续变差。因此,构造作用对常规气藏和非常规气藏成藏控制差异体现在控制方式和改造时间上:中燕山期侧向供烃是常规气藏成藏的关键;晚白垩世构造活动改造和晚燕山期—喜马拉雅期构造抬升影响了页岩气的保存。

燕山地区团山子组层凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

燕辽地区长城群年代学工作一直是华北克拉通中元古代地质学研究的重点之一。由于团山子组与下伏串岭沟组界限年龄不明确,且此前的年龄都是来自于其中的火山熔岩锆石的年龄,亟待新的测年工作加以验证和完善。本文作者在北京市密云区、平谷区的团山子组下部发现了层凝灰岩,并对其开展了系统的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年,获得两个高精度年龄1634±9Ma和1637±8Ma,进一步精确限定了该组的形成年代。结合前人研究,燕辽地区团山子组的底界、也即下伏串岭沟组顶界年龄,可进一步限定为1638Ma。由此可对燕辽地区长城群地层格架进行更准确的年代学厘定,并进一步确认其整体处于持续拉张的裂谷-被动陆缘背景下的快速沉积特征、以及长城群团山子组-大红峪组与华北克拉通南缘汝阳群洛峪口组等相关沉积更为精确的对比关系。结合其他资料还可推断,在团山子组-大红峪组及洛峪口组等形成时,华北克拉通南北两侧都开始被碳酸盐岩浅海覆盖,且最终还可能在其中部出现了南北联通的碳酸盐岩浅海通道。这显示出华北克拉通与早先所拼合克拉通之间已产生明显的拉张性疏离及新生海洋,应标志着华北克拉通从哥伦比亚超大陆裂解的新阶段。

五台滹沱群建安村组地质时代界定及其意义

【目的】滹沱群属古元古代地层,作为华北最典型的古元古代地层之一,滹沱群年龄的再限定对早前寒武地层年代格架的建立以及对华北早前寒武纪地质演化过程的探讨和板块拼合的研究具有重要意义。【方法】对滹沱群东冶亚群地层进行了详细研究,采集了滹沱群建安村组变质砂岩24颗碎屑锆石样品,从年龄相近的23颗碎屑锆石得出滹沱群底界加权平均年龄为2469Ma,并且大约在1855 Ma时五台地区发生过区域构造运动。整理前人所做关于滹沱群1109颗锆石年龄数据得出滹沱群中大于2.5 Ga的锆石来自下伏的高凡亚群,滹沱群底界年龄为古元古代早期。【结果】结果表明,五台地区在2376、2170、2066、1988和1825 Ma时地壳不稳定,发生多次岩浆的侵入或者喷发,其中1825 Ma的锆石年龄可以进一步指示吕梁运动的发生,从而为古元古华北克拉通的拼合提供依据。

六硼酸钡Ba_(3)B_(6)O_(9)(OH)_(6)热力学性质研究

本文通过水热法合成了六硼酸钡Ba_(3)B_(6)O_(9)(OH)_(6),并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、综合热分析法(TG-DSC)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其进行了表征.通过微量热仪测定了Ba_(3)B_(6)O_(9)(OH)_(6)在0.9995 mol·dm^(-3)HCl(aq)的摩尔溶解焓为(32.34±0.58)kJ·mol^(-1),并计算了其标准摩尔生成焓为-(7130.664±4.2)kJ·mol^(-1).此外,通过基团贡献法估算了[B6O9(OH6)]^(6-)的摩尔生成焓为-5517.744 kJ·mol^(-1).