Industrial utilization of arsenic-containing gold dressing tailings as pellet prepared by straight grate process

The utilization of arsenic-containing gold dressing tailings is an urgent issue faced by gold production companies worldwide.The thermodynamic analysis results indicate that ferrous arsenate(FeAsO_(4)),pyrite(FeS_(2))and sodium cyanide(NaCN)in the arsenic-containing gold metallurgical tailings can be effectively removed using straight grate process,and the removal of pyrite and sodium cyanide is basically completed during the preheating stage,while the removal of ferrous arsenate requires the roasting stage.The pellets undergo a transformation from magnetite to hematite during the preheating process,and are solidified through micro-crystalline bonding and high-temperature recrystallization of hematite(Fe_(2)O_(3))during the roasting process.Ultimately,pellets with removal rates of 80.77% for arsenic,88.78% for sulfur,and 99.88% for cyanide are obtained,as well as the iron content is 61.1% and the compressive strength is 3071 N,meeting the requirements for blast furnace burden.This study provides an industrially feasible method for treating arsenic-containing gold smelting tailings,benefiting gold production enterprises.

Design of Balanced Reactor Welded with Water-Cooled Aluminum Busbars

A new process of welding aluminum water-cooled busbars is proposed, It can not only reduce the weight and cost, but also improve the dynamic and thermal stability. Furthermore~ both finite element method analysis and a prototype test testify the advantages of the design which is not limited by load current and provides a new approach for water-cooled reactors.

Analysis and optimization of heat loss for water-cooled furnace roller

A heat transfer model of furnace roller cooling process was established based on analysis of furnace roller＇s structure. The complicated model was solved with iteration planning algorithm based on Newton search. The model is proved logical and credible by comparing calculated results and measured data. Then, the relationship between water flow velocity, inlet water temperature, furnace temperature and roller cross section temperature, outlet water temperature, water temperature rise, cooling water heat absorption was studied. The conclusions and recommendations are mainly as follows： l） Cooling water temperature rise decreases with the increase of water flow velocity, but it has small relationship with inlet water temperature; 2） In order to get little water scale, inlet water temperature should be controlled below 30 ℃. 3） The cooling water flow velocity should be greater than critical velocity. The critical velocity is 0.07 m/s and water flow velocity should be controlled within 0.4-0.8 m/s. Within this velocity range, water cooling efficiency is high and water temperature rise is little. If cooling water velocity increases again, heat loss will increase, leading to energy wasting.

Numerical Simulation on Subcooled Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of Water-Cooled W/Cu Divertors

In order to realize safe and stable operation of a water-cooled W/Cu divertor under high heating condition,the exact knowledge of its subcooled boiling heat transfer characteristics under different design parameters is crucial.In this paper,subcooled boiling heat transfer in a water-cooled W/Cu divertor was numerically investigated based on computational fluid dynamic（CFD）.The boiling heat transfer was simulated based on the Euler homogeneous phase model,and local differences of liquid physical properties were considered under one-sided high heating conditions.The calculated wall temperature was in good agreement with experimental results,with the maximum error of 5%only.On this basis,the void fraction distribution,flow field and heat transfer coefficient（HTC）distribution were obtained.The effects of heat flux,inlet velocity and inlet temperature on temperature distribution and pressure drop of a water-cooled W/Cu divertor were also investigated.These results provide a valuable reference for the thermal-hydraulic design of a water-cooled W/Cu divertor.

Preparation of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy semisolid slurry through a water-cooled serpentine pouring channel

The semisolid slurry of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy was prepared through a self-designed water-cooled copper serpentine pouring channel(WSPC) machine. Influences of pouring temperature, the number of turns and the cooling water flow rate on the microstructure of the semisolid Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy slurry were investigated. The results show that the semisolid Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy slurry with satisfactory quality can be generated by the WSPC when the pouring temperature is in the range between 680 ℃ and 700 ℃. At a given pouring temperature, the average grain size of primary α-Al decreases and the shape factor increases with the increase of the number of turns. When the cooling water flow rate is 450 L·h^(-1), the obtained semisolid slurry is optimal. During the preparation of the semisolid Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy slurry with low superheat pouring, the alloy melt has mixed inhibition and convection flow characteristics by "self-stirring". When the alloy melt flows through the serpentine channel, the chilling effect of the inner wall of the channel, the convection and mixed inhibition of the alloy melt greatly promote the heterogeneous nucleation and grain segregation. This effect destroys the dendrite growth mode under traditional solidification conditions, and the primary nuclei gradually evolve into spherical or nearspherical grains.

Optimization of the Water-Cooled Structure for the Divertor Plates in EAST Based on an Orthogonal Theory

An orthogoual experimental scheme was designed for optimizing a water-cooled structure of the divertor plate. There were three influencing factors： the radius R of the water- cooled pipe, and the pipe spacing L1 and L3. The influence rule of different factors on the cooling effect and thermal stress of the plate were studied, for which the influence rank was respectively R 〉 L1 〉 L3 and L3 〉 R 〉 L1. The highest temperature value decreased when R and L1 increased~ and the maximum thermal stress value dropped when R, L1 and L3 increased. The final optimized results can be summarized as： R equals 6 mm or 7 mm, L1 equals 19 mm, and L3 equals 20 mm. Compared with the initial design, the highest temperature value had a small decline~ and the maximum thermal stress value dropped by 19~ to 24~. So it was not ideal to improve the cooling effect by optimizing the geometry sizes of the water-cooled structure, even worse than increasing the flow speed, but it was very effective for dropping the maximum thermal stress value. The orthogoaal experimental method reduces the number of experiments by 80%, and thus it is feasible and effective to optimize the water-cooled structure of the divertor plate with the orthogonal theory.

Analysis of surface cracking in water-cooled rolls and heat transfer between furnace chamber and rolls in a direct flame furnace

In the direct fired furnace of a continuous annealing line, seal rolls are susceptible to deformation that leads to surface defects of steel strips. According to failure analysis, the reasons include improper structural design and heat imbalance. An improved design has been proposed to reduce stress concentration and thermal radiation. A heat transfer model has been employed to determine the proper water flow rate for roll cooling. Industrial application proves that seal rolls with the new design has less deformation and longer service life.

Fully Immersing Water-Cooled Radial Slab Laser and its Incoherent Beam Combination

A novel scheme of fully immersing water cooling is proposed for a Nd：glass radial slab laser. The slab medium is entirely immersed in the circulating water Ailing the pumping cavity, which enables much lower temperature and reasonably smaller thermal gradient in the slab medium. The radial slab is symmetrically and synchronously pumped by eight flash lamps, and produces multi-output beams with a total energy of 469md. Incoherent beam combination property of the multi-output beams is also investigated. The approach suggested here provides a way of scaling the slab lasers to much higher output levels and also a convenience for beam combinations.

The Corrected Simulation Method of Critical Heat Flux Prediction for Water-Cooled Divertor Based on Euler Homogeneous Model

An accurate critical heat flux（CHF） prediction method is the key factor for realizing the steady-state operation of a water-cooled divertor that works under one-sided high heating flux conditions.An improved CHF prediction method based on Euler＇s homogeneous model for flow boiling combined with realizable k-ε model for single-phase flow is adopted in this paper in which time relaxation coefficients are corrected by the Hertz-Knudsen formula in order to improve the calculation accuracy of vapor-liquid conversion efficiency under high heating flux conditions.Moreover,local large differences of liquid physical properties due to the extreme nonuniform heating flux on cooling wall along the circumference direction are revised by formula IAPWSIF97.Therefore,this method can improve the calculation accuracy of heat and mass transfer between liquid phase and vapor phase in a CHF prediction simulation of water-cooled divertors under the one-sided high heating condition.An experimental example is simulated based on the improved and the uncorrected methods.The simulation results,such as temperature,void fraction and heat transfer coefficient,are analyzed to achieve the CHF prediction.The results show that the maximum error of CHF based on the improved method is 23.7%,while that of CHF based on uncorrected method is up to 188%,as compared with the experiment results of Ref.[12].Finally,this method is verified by comparison with the experimental data obtained by International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor（ITER）,with a maximum error of 6% only.This method provides an efficient tool for the CHF prediction of water-cooled divertors.

Creation and Development of Turbo-generators with Water-Cooled Stator and Rotor Windings in Shanghai Electrical Machinery Mfg Works

1. An Overview of Manufacture and Operation A turbine generator utilizing a new technology of electrical machinery industry, i.e. the windings of its stator and rotor all being inner water-cooled, was first successfully created in China and was known afterwards as a turbine generator with watercooled stator and rotor windings (Abbrev, TGWSR). The teachers from Zhejiang University came to Shanghai between

区段煤柱变形光纤光栅监测应用研究

针对近距离煤层下伏工作面过上覆遗留煤柱时,发生动静载叠加诱发强矿压显现,导致区段煤柱发生变形失稳造成人员伤亡和设备破坏。为探索基于光纤光栅实时监测区段煤柱变形发育特征,分析进、出遗留煤柱阶段矿压显现机理,将FBG、光栅应力计的光测方法相结合,结合现场实测的区段煤柱变形应力应变水平参量变化规律,研究煤柱应变空间分布规律及回采过程中工作面前方煤柱内部应变时域响应特征,验证光测方法在煤体应变水平观测的可行性。结果表明:工作面回采经过上覆遗留煤柱期间,区段煤柱顶板受集中应力影响,上部岩层块体破断并发生回转导致煤柱载荷增加,随着工作面推进覆岩断裂进一步向上传递,关键层断裂回转发生导致工作面来压,最终导致区段煤柱变形失稳。根据现场光栅应变增量幅度判断煤柱内局部变形的剧烈程度,在集中应力作用下,区段煤柱变形时发生最大应变为650×10^(-6),上覆岩层集中应力造成煤柱应变水平峰值位置为煤柱宽度11.5 m,沿煤柱宽度方向应变表现出先增加后减小然后趋于稳定的趋势,内部应变随采动过程中影响范围在5 m左右。综合研究工作面回采经过上覆遗留煤柱时应变对区段煤柱发生变形失稳的特点和规律,以及应变水平变化和煤柱物理力学性质,得到煤柱破坏的前兆特征,在外力作用下达到变形峰值前对煤柱提前进行卸压和防护的安全处理。

基于遗传算法的不等间距阵优化方法

阵元数一定情况下,针对不等间距拖线阵高频信号处理存在的空间增益和无栅瓣兼容问题,提出一种基于遗传算法的不等间距拖线阵阵型优化方法。该方法以频带交互下最大旁瓣级最小作为约束因子,通过模拟生物自然进化过程搜索全局最优解,得到优化后的阵元位置。优化后阵型在保证低频信号处理空间增益不变情况下,实现对高频信号高空间增益、无栅瓣处理。计算机仿真结果表明:相比未优化阵型,在高频信号处理方面,优化后阵型在无栅瓣情况下,空间增益提升值近似理论值提升值;在低频信号处理方面,优化后阵型具有相同的空间增益。为实际不等间距拖线阵阵型优化和应用提供了一种思路。

基于CNN-LSTM混合神经网络的高速铁路地震响应预测

为了更好地挖掘高速铁路在地震时的响应信息,提高光纤光栅监测的效率及预测精度,该文针对地震响应数据的时序性及非线性的特点,提出卷积神经网络(CNN)和长短期记忆(LSTM)网络的混合神经网络模型预测方法.通过在高速铁路简支梁桥上布设准分布式光纤光栅采集地震时轨道板、钢轨、底座板、箱梁的响应数据,在每根光纤上布置7个光栅,利用两边光栅的响应数据预测中间点的光栅响应,将采集位置、历史数据及地震波形等信息作为特征图输入.利用CNN提取特征,再将提前提取出来的特征数据以时序方式作为LSTM网络的输入数据,最后LSTM网络进行地震应变响应预测.实验结果表明,LSTM网络在3层时效果最好,CNN-LSTM方法具有较高的预测精度,根均平方误差(R_(RMSE))、平均绝对误差(R_(MAE))、决定系数(R^(2))分别达到了0.3753、0.2968、0.9371.

大跨越架空输电导线铝部应力分布试验

为了掌握大跨越架空输电导线铝部应力空间分布特性,以JLHA1/G6A-500/280型特强钢芯铝合金导线为研究对象,采用铝股丝表面激光刻槽,内嵌高灵敏、超大复用容量超弱光纤光栅,搭建了大跨越输电导线铝部应力试验平台,研究了不同张力条件下大跨越架空输电导线铝部应力分布规律,建立了大跨越导线实体有限元模型,分析了铝股应力分布特征,并验证了试验结果的正确性。结果表明:导线承受张力作用时,外层铝股和次外层铝股应力不同,外层铝股应力小于次外层铝股应力,导线同层铝股应力基本相同;铝股应力随导线张力的增大呈线性增大趋势,张力每增大1%,铝股应力增大约10%。不同导线张力作用时钢股和铝股应力均呈现环状分层特性,铝股平均应力小于钢股平均应力,铝部和钢股应力比约为3∶7;外层和次外层铝合金股丝应力沿圆周向分布不均匀,建议大跨越导线线型设计时考虑铝股丝分层特性。

基于矢量衍射理论的光栅干涉仪位移测量误差研究

光栅干涉仪位移测量系统作为测量领域中最精密的测量仪器之一,由于在测量过程中光栅的姿态位置无法保证完美装配,使得光栅的光栅矢量方向与运动矢量方向之间出现偏差,导致位移测量结果出现周期性非线性误差。文中针对在光栅干涉仪位移测量过程中出现的光栅与位移台以及读数头之间的姿态位置误差进行分析,通过分别建立位移坐标系及光栅坐标系,参考惯性导航领域中飞行器姿态表示方法,利用一维光栅的横滚、俯仰和偏航角共同描述一维光栅相对于位移台的装配状态。通过基于矢量衍射理论分析光栅干涉仪位移测量时三个维度的角度偏差量,对可能产生的位移测量误差进行了分析说明。基于广义一维光栅方程,探究出了一个更为普遍的结论,为后续装置的改进提供理论依据,以提高系统的测量精度。

考虑光强分布的光通信光栅列阵光束整形方法

光栅单元阵列由大量的单元组成,每个单元的大小和形状都需要精确控制,以确保光束的整形效果。然而,在光通信过程中,光强分布的变化会导致光栅列阵中每个单元的响应度不一致,从而引起每个单元接收到的光信号出现差异,进而影响光束的整形效果。因此,提出一种考虑光强分布的光通信光栅列阵光束整形方法。以光通信光栅列阵中的最常用的列阵波导光栅为例,通过阵列波导结构中的阵列波导的芯区宽度、芯区折射率、包层折射率、波导周期宽度等参数,结合波导中的传播常数受到光束波长和折射率影响,得到阵列波导的归一化本征方程,将其结果结合匀化洛伦兹函数得到入射光和出射光的光强分布,通过计算得到光通信光栅列阵光束入射光及出射光的映射函数,利用函数调整光学参数,实现光通信光栅列阵光束整形。实验结果表明:该方法对光通信光栅列阵光束的整形效果好,整形光束的能量利用率高,光束不均匀性小。

光纤光栅温度应力传感教学实验装置

针对目前市场上可直接用于光纤光栅传感实验教学的装置较少,前沿科研技术和本科实验教学相脱节现状,设计了基于光纤光栅的温度应力传感教学装置。该装置包括光纤激光器、光谱仪和上位机控制软件3部分。光纤激光器实现了1 550 nm左右的激光输出,利用光谱仪测量光纤光栅中心波长的改变,并采集数据输入计算机,上位机控制软件用于图形显示和数据存储等。该实验装置操作简单、组装灵活、重复性和稳定性好,可用于本科实验教学。将前沿科学技术引入本科实验教学,促进了科学研究与本科实验教学相融合,实现了科研教学水平的同步提高。

高精度光栅三维位移敏感结构设计

针对目前的微位移敏感装置在微型化下难以实现高精度三维检测的问题,设计了面内和离面2种位移敏感的光栅结构,并应用于三维微位移的检测中。阐述了光栅理论,设计了双层光栅结构。从2种检测方式对微位移灵敏度的影响角度,通过Gsolver仿真光强衍射效率的大小变化,面内和离面敏感光栅的衍射效率变化分别为0.115%/nm和0.423%/nm,可知,离面敏感光栅的衍射效率灵敏度是面内敏感光栅的4倍。进而将离面位移敏感的光栅布置在被测物的三维方向,实现高精度三维位移测量。

彩色光栅投影的三维轮廓自动化测量研究

为了测量物体的三维轮廓数据,提出一种基于改进彩色光栅投影三维轮廓测量技术,并利用DLP来投影彩色光栅条纹到被测物体上来测量被测物体的高度,由于DLP的投射范围太大,无法直接投射在微小物体上,因此通过自行改装的方式改变DLP的投射范围,将其投影面积限制在约20×20 mm内,使其能覆盖整个被测物体。但由于改装时所选用的DLP镜头并不是针对DLP而设计的,因此容易产生光场分布不均的情况,可对无光栅图像或有彩色光栅图像进行光场补偿,使光栅图像更为清楚,用于对被测物体进行更准确的三维轮廓测量与重建分析计算,且获取被测物体的三维数据精度可达2μm,速度在0.024 s内。实验结果表明,该方法具有更高的速度、灵敏度及适用性。

基于构造绝对值三角函数的光栅信号细分

为了进一步提高光栅传感器的测量精度,需要对信号进行细分,但光栅莫尔信号的细分精度取决于信号的质量。本文利用归一化并结合CORDIC的方法补偿了直流、幅值、相位等误差,利用补偿后的信号构造绝对值三角函数,实现一个完整周期信号的16倍细分,并通过MATLAB进行了仿真,验证了该方法的可行性。