A photogrammetric approach for quantifying the evolution of rock joint void geometry under varying contact states

Accurate measurement of the evolution of rock joint void geometry is essential for comprehending the distribution characteristics of asperities responsible for shear and seepage behaviors.However,existing techniques often require specialized equipment and skilled operators,posing practical challenges.In this study,a cost-effective photogrammetric approach is proposed.Particularly,local coordinate systems are established to facilitate the alignment and precise quantification of the relative position between two halves of a rock joint.Push/pull tests are conducted on rock joints with varying roughness levels to induce different contact states.A high-precision laser scanner serves as a benchmark for evaluating the photogrammetry method.Despite certain deviations exist,the measured evolution of void geometry is generally consistent with the qualitative findings of previous studies.The photogrammetric measurements yield comparable accuracy to laser scanning,with maximum errors of 13.2%for aperture and 14.4%for void volume.Most joint matching coefficient(JMC)measurement errors are below 20%.Larger measurement errors occur primarily in highly mismatched rock joints with JMC values below 0.2,but even in cases where measurement errors exceed 80%,the maximum JMC error is only 0.0434.Thus,the proposed photogrammetric approach holds promise for widespread application in void geometry measurements in rock joints.

Remaining oil distribution characteristics in an oil reservoir with ultra-high water-cut

An accurate mapping and understanding of remaining oil distribution is very important for water control and stabilize oil production of mature oilfields in ultra-high water-cut stage.Currently,the Tuo-21 Fault Block of the Shengtuo Oilfield has entered the stage of ultra-high water cut(97.2%).Poor adaptability of the well pattern,ineffective water injection cycle and low efficiency of engineering measures(such as workover,re-perforation and utilization of high-capacity pumps)are the significant problems in the ultra-high water-cut reservoir.In order to accurately describe the oil and water flow characteristics,relative permeability curves at high water injection multiple(injected pore volume)and a semiquantitative method is applied to perform fine reservoir simulation of the Sand group 3e7 in the Block.An accurate reservoir model is built and history matching is performed.The distribution characteristics of remaining oil in lateral and vertical directions are quantitatively simulated and analyzed.The results show that the numerical simulation considering relative permeability at high injection multiple can reflect truly the remaining oil distribution characteristics after water flooding in an ultrahigh water-cut stage.The distribution of remaining oil saturation can be mapped more accurately and quantitatively by using the‘four-points and five-types’classification method,providing a basis for potential tapping of various remaining oil types of oil reservoirs in late-stage of development with high water-cut.

A Novel Method for Determining the Void Fraction in Gas-Liquid Multi-Phase Systems Using a Dynamic Conductivity Probe

Conventional conductivity methods for measuring the void fraction in gas-liquid multiphase systems are typically affected by accuracy problems due to the presence of fluid flow and salinity.This study presents a novel approach for determining the void fraction based on a reciprocating dynamic conductivity probe used to measure the liquid film thickness under forced annular-flow conditions.The measurement system comprises a cyclone,a conductivity probe,a probe reciprocating device,and a data acquisition and processing system.This method ensures that the flow pattern is adjusted to a forced annular flow,thereby minimizing the influence of complex and variable gas-liquid flow patterns on the measurement results;Moreover,it determines the liquid film thickness solely according to circuit connectivity rather than specific conductivity values,thereby mitigating the impact of salinity.The reliability of the measurement system is demonstrated through laboratory experiments.The experimental results indicate that,in a range of gas phase superficial velocities 5–20 m/s and liquid phase superficial velocities 0.079–0.48 m/s,the maximum measurement deviation for the void fraction is 4.23%.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Shock Response of CL-20 Co-crystals Containing Void Defects

To investigate the effect of void defects on the shock response of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20)co-crystals,shock responses of CL-20 co-crystals with energetic materials ligands trinitrotoluene(TNT),1,3-dinitrobenzene(DNB),solvents ligands dimethyl carbonate(DMC) and gamma-butyrolactone(GBL)with void were simulated,using molecular dynamics method and reactive force field.It is found that the CL-20 co-crystals with void defects will form hot spots when impacted,significantly affecting the decomposition of molecules around the void.The degree of molecular fragmentation is relatively low under the reflection velocity of 2 km/s,and the main reactions are the formation of dimer and the shedding of nitro groups.The existence of voids reduces the safety of CL-20 co-crystals,which induced the sensitivity of energetic co-crystals CL-20/TNT and CL-20/DNB to increase more significantly.Detonation has occurred under the reflection velocity of 4 km/s,energetic co-crystals are easier to polymerize than solvent co-crystals,and are not obviously affected by voids.The results show that the energy of the wave decreases after sweeping over the void,which reduces the chemical reaction frequency downstream of the void and affects the detonation performance,especially the solvent co-crystals.

Mechanism of cross-level settlements and void accumulation of wide and conventional sleepers in railway ballast

The cross-level and twist irregularities are the most dangerous irregularity types that could cause wheel unloading with the risk of derailments and additional maintenance expenses.However,the mechanism of the irregularities initiation and development is unclear.The motivation of the present study was the previous experimental studies on the application of wide sleepers in the ballasted track.The long-term track geometry measurements with wide sleepers show an enormous reduction of the vertical longitudinal irregularities compared to the conventional track.However,wide sleepers had higher twist and cross-section level irregularities.The present paper aims to explain the phenomenon by discrete element method(DEM)modeling the development process of sleeper inhomogeneous support at cross-level depending on the sleeper form.The DEM simulations show that the maximal settlement intensity is up to 3.5 times lower for a wide sleeper in comparison with the conventional one.Nevertheless,the cross-level differential settlements are almost the same for both sleepers.The particle loading distribution after all loading cycles is concentrated on the smaller area,up to the half sleeper length,with fully unloaded zones under sleeper ends.Ballast flow limitation under the central part of the sleeper could improve the resilience of wide sleepers to the development of cross-level irregularities.The mechanism of initiation of the cross-level irregularity is proposed,which assumes the loss of sleeper support under sleeper ends.The further growth of inhomogeneous settlements along the sleeper is assumed as a result of the interaction of two processes:ballast flow due to dynamic impact during void closing and on the other side high pressure due to the concentration of the pressure under the middle part of the sleeper.The DEM simulation results support the assumption of the mechanism and agree with the experimental studies.

Displacement characteristics of CO_(2)flooding in extra-high water-cut reservoirs

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))flooding is a widely applied recovery method during the tertiary recovery of oil and gas.A high water saturation condition in reservoirs could induce a‘water shielding’phenomenon after the injection of CO_(2).This would prevent contact between the injected gas and the residual oil,restricting the development of the miscible zone.A micro-visual experiment of dead-end models,used to observe the effect of a film of water on the miscibility process,indicates that CO_(2)can penetrate the water film and come into contact with the residual oil,although the mixing is significantly delayed.However,the dissolution loss of CO_(2)at high water-cut conditions is not negligible.The oil-water partition coefficient,defined as the ratio of CO_(2)solubility in an oil-brine/two-phase system,keeps constant for specific reservoir conditions and changes little with an injection gas.The NMR device shows that when CO_(2)flooding follows water flooding,the residual oil decreasesdnot only in medium and large pores but also in small and micro pores.At levels of higher water saturation,CO_(2)displacement is characterized initially by a low oil production rate and high water-cut.After the CO_(2)breakthrough,the water-cut decreases sharply and the oil production rate increases gradually.The response time of CO_(2)flooding at high watercut reservoirs is typically delayed and prolonged.These results were confirmed in a pilot test for CO_(2)flooding at the P1-1 well group of the Pucheng Oilfield.Observations from this pilot study also suggest that a larger injection gas pore volume available for CO_(2)injection is required to offset the dissolution loss in high water saturation conditions.

Distribution Properties of Internal Air Voids in Ultrathin Asphalt Friction Course

The distribution characteristics of air voids in ultrathin asphalt friction course(UAFC) samples with different gradations and compaction methods were statistically analyzed using X-ray computed tomography(CT) and image analysis techniques. Based on the results, compared with the AC-5 sample, the OGFC-5mixture has a higher air void ratio, a larger air void size and a greater number of air voids, with the distribution of internal air voids being more uniform and their shapes being more rounded. The two-parameter Weibull function was applied to fit the gradation of air voids. The fitting results is good, and the function parameters are sensitive to changes in both mineral gradation and compaction method. Moreover, two homogeneity indices were proposed to evaluate the compaction uniformity of UAFC samples. Compared with the Marshall method,the SGC method is more conducive to improve the compaction uniformity of UAFC samples. The compaction method significantly influences the air void distribution characteristics and compaction uniformity of AC-5sample, but has a less significant impact on OGFC-5 sample. The experimental results in the study provides a solid foundation for further explorations on the internal structure and mixture design of UAFC.

含孔洞炸药晶体HMX冲击响应的分子动力学模拟

动载荷下炸药晶体缺陷与热点形成的关联是当前含能材料领域的研究热点之一,理解热点形成机制及其对炸药起爆和感度的影响对于炸药安全性评估和研制安全弹药至关重要。本研究采用ReaxFF反应力场和分子动力学方法,对含圆柱形孔洞的炸药单晶奥克托金(HMX)在冲击载荷下的动态响应进行了研究,并探究了孔洞尺寸和双孔洞的影响。结果表明,冲击载荷下孔洞的塌缩过程分为3个阶段,即孔洞上游的塑性变形、上游原子向孔洞中心和下游运动形成流动原子、流动原子与下游碰撞。热点形成的主要机制是流动原子与下游碰撞使得动能转换为热能导致温度快速升高。热点的高温诱发了局部化学反应,HMX分子中N─NO2键断裂生成NO2是主要的初始反应机制。圆柱形孔洞的塌缩过程和热点形成机制与球形孔洞是相似的,但圆柱形孔洞的汇聚效应更弱、形成的流动原子速度更低,导致热点温度显著降低、化学反应更弱。此外,圆柱形孔洞在塌缩过程中在其周围形成了剪切带,这在球形孔洞中没有出现。随着孔洞尺寸的增大,流动原子的速度提高、剪切带变宽、热点温度升高且面积增大,进而引发了更剧烈的化学反应。对于沿冲击方向排布相距一个孔洞半径的双孔洞,孔洞塌缩过程与单孔洞是类似的,但由于冲击波在传过上游孔洞后压力有所降低,导致下游孔洞在塌缩过程中形成的流动原子速度更小、热点温度更低。本研究有助于深入理解晶体缺陷对炸药热点形成与起爆机理的作用,为宏观理论建模提供物理机制与规律认识。

考虑孔隙比影响的堆石料湿化试验及湿化模型

对某堆石坝的坝壳料进行了不同密实状态下的单线法三轴湿化试验,分析了湿化变形随围压、应力水平以及初始孔隙比的变化规律。结果表明:在围压和应力水平相同条件下,随着初始孔隙比的减小,堆石料湿化轴向应变和体积应变均明显降低;初始孔隙比对湿化应力剪胀规律影响不大,采用对数形式的湿化剪胀方程可对不同初始孔隙比条件下的湿化应力剪胀关系进行统一描述。对指数形式的湿化轴向应变经验模型进行修正,构建了考虑初始孔隙比及应力状态影响的湿化轴向应变计算模型,并联立湿化剪胀方程推导了湿化体积应变的计算公式,通过对三轴湿化试验结果进行模拟验证了该公式的合理性。

基于1D-CNN的无砟轨道CA砂浆脱空识别

为解决水泥乳化沥青砂浆(CA砂浆)脱空位置识别的难题,提出考虑CA砂浆脱空的无砟轨道模型建模与计算方案。首先,基于CRTS I型板式无砟轨道“梁-板-板”建模理论,使用非线性弹簧模拟CA砂浆脱空病害,输入扣件支点反力作为模型的激励,得到监测点位的垂向加速度数据集。其次,通过对数据集缩放、添加噪声的方式进行数据增强,增强数据集的差异,以增强识别模型的泛化性,获得更加准确的识别结果。最后,建立脱空病害的识别方法,搭建一维卷积神经网络(1D-CNN)进行CA砂浆的脱空位置识别,构建准确率、查准率和查全率等评价指标评估识别结果,使用t-SNE降维算法对结果进行可视化。对比其他3种神经网络的表现,探讨1D-CNN应用于CA砂浆脱空位置识别的优势。研究结果表明:“梁-板-板”模型反映了无砟轨道的力学本征,用于CA砂浆脱空问题的仿真模拟是可行的;通过对数据集信号缩放、添加噪声的方式进行数据增强可提高深度学习模型的性能;从深度学习的角度来看,CA砂浆脱空发生在板中造成的危害较小,应重点关注板端CA砂浆脱空的养护与维修问题;1D-CNN相比其他3种模型运算时间短,在CA砂浆脱空位置识别数据集上优势更大,识别准确率可达95%以上。研究结果为进一步提高无砟轨道结构监测的自动化和智能化水平提供参考。

恒压下GIS固体绝缘界面气隙缺陷放电严重程度评估

为了研究GIS绝缘子界面气隙缺陷的放电发展过程,文中设计了空洞气隙缺陷模型,搭建了一套GIS气隙缺陷放电长期测试平台。基于缺陷模型的击穿电压对带有缺陷的试品施加90%Ub、60%Ub、30%Ub的交流恒压,使用UHF检测系统采集放电数据直至试品击穿。提取放电次数、放电幅值、放电时间间隔分析放电状态特征,发现GIS气隙缺陷放电发展过程存在两个阶段,前期放电幅值缓慢增大,放电脉冲逐渐稀疏,放电发展较为平稳;后期放电幅值急剧减小,放电脉冲密集,放电发展剧烈,采用k⁃means聚类算法及BP神经网络建立了气隙缺陷局放发展阶段的划分规则。研究表明,放电次数、放电幅值、放电时间间隔3种统计参量呈现阶段式单调性的趋势,可以用3种统计参量前向差分绝对值作为特征参量来评估GIS气隙放电严重程度;对GIS恒压试验进行聚类分析将放电过程划分为平稳劣化阶段和加速劣化阶段,随着外施电压水平的降低,平稳劣化阶段被压缩,加速劣化阶段占比升高。

两种手术方式治疗老年良性前列腺增生患者的效果及安全性

目的探讨传统前列腺电切术(TURP)和前列腺等离子剜除术(TUEP)治疗老年良性前列腺增生(BPH)的效果及安全性。方法选取2019年1月—2022年8月在本院接受手术治疗的老年BPH患者120例为研究对象行回顾性分析,根据手术方式分为传统前列腺电切术(TURP)组(59例)和前列腺等离子剜除术(TUEP)组(61例)。比较两组的手术时间、切除组织重量、出血量、拔管时间、术后并发症、国际前列腺症状量表(IPSS)评分、生活质量量表(QOL)评分、国际勃起功能指数量表(IIEF-5)评分、最大尿流率(Qmax)和膀胱残余尿量(PVR)。结果TUEP组手术用时、术后尿管拔除时间、冲洗膀胱的时间及在院时间均短于TURP组,出血量少于TURP组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。TUEP组的术后并发症总发生率低于TURP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者术前尿动力学参数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3个月,两组Qmax均明显高于术前(P<0.05),但两组组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组PVR较术前均明显下降,且TUEP组较TURP组下降明显(P<0.05)。两组IPSS、QOL评分术前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后3个月较术前均明显降低,且TUEP组IPSS评分下降更明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论与传统TURP术相比,TUEP治疗老年BPH的临床效果确切,创伤小、恢复快,能有效恢复患者膀胱功能,明显改善患者生活质量,并发症少,值得临床推广应用。

“虚静之美”的传统审美在现代茶空间设计中的延续与发展

通过对“虚静之美”的特征进行分析,探讨其在中国传统审美文化中的融合与体现。再从“虚静”的特征分析入手,剖析“虚静之美”在空间环境、材质、意境等方面的设计特征,从而找出中国传统审美文化与茶空间设计的契合之处,统一内在的文化意境与外在的空间表现形式,提出蕴藏深厚文化的现代茶空间设计理念,进而研究如何将“虚静之美”的传统审美在现代茶空间设计中进行延续与发展,使得现代茶空间的设计既能符合当代社会的审美趋势,又能凸显中华民族传统文化的精神内涵和情感韵味。

混凝土试块中不同空洞几何形态的地质雷达图像特性测试与分析

根据施工现场隧道无筋衬砌空洞病害情况,构建足尺寸的混凝土试块物理模型,并设置不同几何形态空洞,模拟无筋衬砌空洞病害。利用探地雷达(GPR)检测得到不同龄期、不同天线频率和不同病害对比情况下的空洞病害数据,进行地质雷达图像特性测试与分析。结果表明:混凝土试块中空洞病害检测的最佳天线频率为800 MHz,最佳检测时间为第17天左右;最大幅值A T和电磁波能量E T可作为空洞早期识别的重要特征参数;不同形状空洞的电磁波振幅属性与混凝土龄期关系呈现为“W”形曲线规律;当空洞和不密实病害同时存在时,最大幅值A T更适合不密实病害的辨识研究。本研究可为隧道无筋衬砌空洞及不密实病害的检测和辨识提供理论依据,并为施工现场隧道无筋衬砌空洞病害的检测时间与天线选择提供参考。

排泄性尿路超声造影对成人膀胱输尿管反流的诊断价值研究

目的比较排泄性尿路超声造影(CeVUS)和排泄性X射线尿路膀胱造影(VCUG)应用于成人膀胱输尿管反流(VUR)的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年12月在我院诊断为神经源性膀胱的成人患者56例,均对其进行CeVUS检查,以VCUG检查作为标准对照,对比观察两种不同检查方式的诊断结果及患者满意度。结果CeVUS检出膀胱输尿管反流21例,检出阳性率为37.5%,VCUG检出膀胱输尿管反流20例,检出阳性率为35.7%。CeVUS和VCUG检测VUR的敏感性和特异性分别为93.3%和96.5%、98.8%和97.6%。患者满意度调查结果显示92.9%(52/56)患者倾向于CeVUS,80.4%(45/56)患者倾向于VCUG。结论CeVUS对检测和分级成人膀胱输尿管反流具有一定的诊断意义,且安全、无放射性,患者满意度高,可作为膀胱输尿管反流的筛查手段以及随访工具。

喷印工艺下LGA焊接空洞的原因分析与解决

在使用喷印工艺时,LGA器件回流焊后常发生空洞缺陷,对此产生的原因进行了分析。采用对LGA预上锡回流工艺和多点喷涂的方式,使回流过程中焊膏挥发出的气体更易于逸出。通过对比试验,找到合适的喷印图形和锡膏量,解决了喷印工艺下LGA器件焊接最常见的空洞问题。

gprMax干扰消除方法优化隧道壁后空洞成像特征研究

为解决传统探地雷达图像处理方法在检测隧道衬砌钢筋影响下的壁后空洞时,二维模型不能有效描述空洞三维特征,存在计算效率低、计算精度不足的问题,综合运用平均消除法、指数增益法和时间零点校正法,结合雷达信号随双程窗口时间变化的特点,引入分段函数计算步骤,提出gprMax干扰消除方法,并验证该方法在正演模拟结果处理中的可行性。结合工程实际注浆情况和隧道壁后空洞的检测过程,采用基于时域有限差分法的gprMax软件设计隧道壁后注浆空洞的三维模型,采用gprMax干扰消除方法优化图像结果,对不同工况下的正演模拟图像成像特征进行分析。结果表明:1)gprMax干扰消除方法的正演模拟处理结果与室内混凝土板中圆形空洞结构模型试验的实测结果总体一致;2)水平测线中矩形空洞信号特征呈现出“凹”字形,垂直测线中矩形空洞信号特征呈现出类似直达波的特征,由空洞的三维特征图获取数据可计算得到空洞尺寸和埋深信息;3)gprMax干扰消除方法可以有效增强埋深较大处空洞的电磁信号强度。由研究结果可知,gprMax干扰消除方法在提高了隧道壁后空洞检测数据处理效率的同时保证了计算准确性和精度。

高吸油量煅烧高岭土的制备与性能表征

通过插层剂二甲基亚砜、接枝剂甲醇和剥离试剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵协同超声震荡辅助作用,将层状煤系高岭土剥离为超细片状煤系高岭土。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外(FT-IR)、N_(2)吸附-脱附及扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱分析(EDS)等技术手段对煤系高岭土进行表征。结果表明,其层间距由层状煤系高岭土的0.708 nm扩大到片状煤系高岭土的1.12 nm,内部孔隙增加,形成了裂隙形状的介孔且孔径分布均匀。煅烧高岭土较煤系高岭土的吸油性能大幅提升,其吸油量从60~73 g/100 g煤系高岭土增至70~79 g/100 g煅烧高岭土。整个制备工艺流程中无引入强酸强碱等腐蚀性物质,提供了一种环境友好型煅烧高岭土制备技术。

脱空混凝土管道纵向力学行为及自膨胀高聚物注浆修复性能提升

为揭示脱空混凝土管道的纵向力学行为以及自膨胀高聚物外部注浆修复性能提升效果,开展了密实、脱空和高聚物修复混凝土管道现场足尺试验和三维有限元数值仿真,并通过试验结果对数值模型进行了验证。以不同管基状态下混凝土管道的截面纵向弯曲弯矩和管顶竖向位移为分析对象,讨论了脱空宽度和脱空长度对混凝土管道力学行为的影响规律,并引入纵向弯矩和竖向位移修复指数ξM和ξU,对高聚物注浆修复脱空管道的性能提升效果进行了量化表征。研究表明:脱空管道正负纵向弯矩分别分布在脱空两侧的相邻管段和接头,峰值分别位于SgL2、SgR2和SgL3、SgR3处;脱空管道纵向弯矩在SgL1和SgR1处随脱空宽度的增大而减小,其余测点处随脱空宽度的增大而增大,在整个纵向随脱空长度的增大而增大;不同脱空宽度和脱空长度管道的纵向弯矩在SgL1和SgR1以外均高于密实管道;与密实管道相比,脱空管道竖向位移和接头剪切位移的最大增幅分别为155%和230%;修复管道的纵向弯矩略低于密实管道,竖向位移略高于密实管道,纵向弯矩和竖向位移最大修复指数分别为76.5%和83.7%。

水下抛石电阻率特性试验研究

研究旨在利用电阻率技术解决水下抛石坝(隐蔽性工程)隐患探测和质量评价等关键问题。采用四电极法分析了水下抛石在不同供电电压和空隙率条件下的电阻率特性,并建立了电阻率与水下抛石空隙率的经验公式。结果表明:水下抛石电阻率随供电电压(10~60 V)升高呈先衰减后逐渐趋于稳定的变化特征,且供电电压高于30 V时电阻率衰减程度显著降低;水下抛石电阻率随空隙率的增加逐渐减小并趋于稳定(两者间的关系可用递减型幂函数表征),且不同供电电压下电阻率随空隙率的变化规律与此类似;分别选用幂函数、指数函数及对数函数拟合电阻率与空隙率关系,发现幂函数拟合误差最小,考虑供电电压影响最终建立了水下抛石电阻率与空隙率的经验公式;进一步通过水下抛石坝模型试验验证了经验公式的可靠性。该经验公式可有效描述水下抛石分布的密实程度,从而快速识别水下抛石坝内部隐患。