Fractal characterization of sediment particle-size distribution in the water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The combined effect of periodic water impoundment and seasonal natural flood events has created a 30 m high water-level fluctuation zone(WLFZ) around the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR), China, forming a unique eco-landscape. Siltation, eutrophication, enrichment of heavy metals, and methane emissions in the WLFZ have been widely associated with sediment and soil particles generated from the upstream catchment or upland slopes. However, little attention has been paid to the complexity of sediment particle-size distributions in the WLFZ. In the present study, core samples(from a 345 cm thick sediment core from the base of the WLFZ), slope transect surface samples(across/up a WLFZ slope), and along-river/longitudinal surface samples(from the reservoir reaches) were collected. Laser granulometry and a volume-based fractal model were used to reveal the characteristics of sediment particle-size distributions. Results indicate that the alternation of coarse and fine particles in the sedimentary core profile is represented as a fluctuation of low and high values of fractal dimension(D), ranging from 2.59 to 2.77. On the WLFZ slope transect, surface sediment particles coarsen with increasing elevation, sand content increases from 3.3% to 78.5%, and D decreases from 2.76 to 2.53. Longitudinally, surface sediments demonstrate a downstream-fining trend, and D increases gradually downstream. D is significantly positively correlated with the fine particle content. We conclude that D is a useful measure for evaluating sediment particle-size distribution.

Protection and Ecological Restoration of Water Level Fluctuation Zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Water level fluctuation zone(hereinafter referred to as "WLFZ") is a transitional ecosystem between terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem,and also a key area to control its neighboring terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. After the Three Gorges Reservoir was put into use,ecological environment of its WLFZ has aroused wide concern from domestic and foreign experts. On the basis of introducing characteristics of WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir,current ecological environment and main problems of this area were analyzed,plant selection and configuration was elaborated as well as the implementation effect of many WLFZ protection and ecological restoration modes. In view of the actual conditions,pertinent suggestions were proposed for WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir,namely classified protection and ecological restoration,enhancing monitoring and assessment of current situation and change tendency,carrying out technical researches and demonstration of WLFZ wetland ecological restoration.

适应水位变化的三峡库区消落带碳汇提升设计及效益评估

【目的】三峡库区消落带受周期性的水位涨落及冬季长时间深水淹没影响,碳汇能力遭受严重破坏。如何恢复并充分发挥消落带生态系统的碳汇潜力,成为三峡库区生态治理的关键议题。【方法】针对复杂水位变化挑战,提出以林塘模式修复消落带生态系统并提升碳汇能力的技术框架,选取位于三峡库区腹心的大浪坝消落带开展实证研究。运用CASA模型测算修复前后大浪坝消落带的净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP),基于植被生物量数据计算修复后大浪坝消落带与未修复对照组内不同高程带的碳汇能力,评估林塘碳汇系统的可持续效益。【结果】修复后大浪坝消落带的碳汇能力随时间推移明显提升,NPP由2012年的154.4 g C·m^(2)·a^(-1)增长至2016年的182.5 g C·m^(2)·a^(-1);各高程带的碳汇能力均显著高于对照组,并呈现出随海拔降低而减弱的趋势,170~175 m高程带碳汇能力达到1.827 kg C/m^(2),160~165 m高程带碳汇能力仅为0.830 kg C/m^(2)。林塘系统增强了生态系统的适应性和复原力,形成了适应水位变化的立体固碳模式并有效提升了碳汇效率。【结论】林塘碳汇系统是应对三峡库区复杂水位变化和长时间深水淹没挑战的适应性探索,显示出景观优化、生物多样性、经济效益与碳汇协同耦合的关键特征。研究成果能够为中国大型工程型水库消落带的治理及碳增汇提供科学依据与可复制推广的创新技术模式。

Role of the rhizosphere of a flooding-tolerant herb in promoting mercury methylation in water-level fluctuation zones

The water-level fluctuation zone(WLFZ) has been considered as a hotspot for mercury(Hg) methylation. Flooding-tolerant herbs are gradually acclimated to this water-land ecotone, tending to form substantial root systems for improving erosion resistance. Accompanying rhizosphere microzone plays crucial but unclear roles in methylmercury(Me Hg) formation in the WLFZ. Thus, we conducted this study in the WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir, to explore effects of the rhizosphere of a dominant flooding-tolerant herb(bermudagrass) on Me Hg production. The elevated Hg and Me Hg in rhizosphere soils suggest that the rhizosphere environment provides favorable conditions for Hg accumulation and methylation. The increased bioavailable Hg and microbial activity in the rhizosphere probably serve as important factors driving Me Hg formation in the presence of bermudagrass. Simultaneously, the rhizosphere environments changed the richness, diversity, and distribution of hgc A-containing microorganisms. Here, a typical ironreducing bacterium( Geobacteraceae) has been screened, however, the majority of hgc A genes detected in rhizosphere, near-, and non-rhizosphere soils of the WLFZ were unclassified. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the elevated Me Hg production as related to microbial processes in the rhizosphere of perennial herbs in the WLFZ, with general implications for Hg cycling in other ecosystems with water-level fluctuations.

金沙江下游梯级水库消落带空间分布特征

金沙江下游干流乌东德、白鹤滩、溪洛渡、向家坝4大梯级电站建成蓄水运行,在库区形成大面积水库消落带(Water Level Fluctuating Zone,WLFZ),明确该消落带空间分布特征对库区生态环境保护和水库安全运行具有重要意义.以金沙江下游4个梯级水库消落带为研究对象,基于12.5 m的AlosDEM数据,利用ArcGIS软件的水文和空间分析功能,结合野外详查,对4个库区不同县域、高程、坡度和干支流的消落带总面积进行综合分析.结果表明:(1)四大梯级水库消落带总表面积231.02 km^(2),投影面积为202.88 km^(2),其中干流表面积142.12 km^(2),支流表面积88.90 km^(2);白鹤滩、溪洛渡、乌东德和向家坝4个库区消落带表面积分别为96.62、65.60、56.29 km^(2)和12.51 km^(2);(2)消落带的分布共涉及云南省和四川省7个州(市)、22个县(区),其中巧家县消落带面积占比最大;(3)在海拔梯度上,乌东德水库消落带表面积呈现随海拔增高而增长的趋势,白鹤滩与溪洛渡水库消落带在不同水位高程面积分布均匀;(4)乌东德、白鹤滩和向家坝水库不同坡度的消落带表面积分布均随坡度增加而减少,溪洛渡水库消落带主要分布在坡度15°-35°;4个库区坡度<15°的平缓坡消落带表面积最大(76.68 km^(2)),约占总面积的33%.

三峡库区消落带土地整理利用——以重庆市开县为例

三峡工程建成后随水库年度运行将在库区两岸形成垂直落差30m的永久性消落带,最大出露面积达11000hm2,通过各种途径开展土地整理,合理利用消落区内土地资源不仅可在一定程度上缓解人地矛盾,而且对于改善库区生态环境也有积极意义。重庆市开县消落带土地面积达4250hm2,利用潜力巨大,且其开发利用模式极具代表性。在总结国内水库消落带利用的成功经验基础上,结合开县实际,提出4种消落带土地整理利用模式,即工程防护模式、季节性农耕模式、生物工程模式、水产养殖模式。

三峡水库蓄水至156m水位后白夹溪消落带植物群落生态学研究

三峡水库2006年10月底蓄水至156m水位后,已形成大面积消落带。为了解水位变动情况下,水库消落带植物群落的生态学特征,于2008年7～9月选择位于三峡水库腹心的澎溪河支流白夹溪,对145～156m高程消落带进行了调查。从植物群落的物种组成、生活型和结构特征等方面进行分析,并运用TWINSPAN法对消落带植物群落进行数量分类。结果表明,澎溪河支流白夹溪消落带植物群落物种较丰富,共有高等植物96种,分属36科73属,植物区系地理成分简单;植物群落生活型以一年生植物为主;植物种类构成以湿生、水生植物为主,占总种数的76.04%。TWINSPAN数量分类将调查的68个样方分为10个植物群落类型,其中最具代表性的群落有苍耳(Xanthum mongolicum)+狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)群落、苍耳群落、双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaeoides)群落、双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichum)+空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)群落和白茅(Imperata cylindrica)群落,群落特征明显表现出对水位涨落及小生境差异的适应。

华南地区水库消涨带生态重建的植物筛选

水库消涨带水旱交替、坡度陡、土壤贫瘠，适生植物的选择一直是其生态重建的难题。在对华南地区多类型水体消涨区调查的基础上，通过在多个水库消涨带进行植物栽植试验，根据各水库水位的变化定期观测试验植物对淹水的反应和适应性，测定试验植物半淹水、全淹水与未淹水状态下叶片的光合能力、SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量等指标，观测试验植物出露期间的耐旱耐瘠性，同时利用松子坑水库蓄水验收的机会对设计常水位以下6m内的野生陆生植物进行耐淹性调查评价。结果表明，铺地黍（Panicum repens）长期在陆生岸坡上生长良好，在浅淹、半淹至接近全淹时正常生长，在全淹10个月以上退水后仍能成活；榕（Ficus sp．）持续淹水11个月以上（水深0．5～2．89m波动）仍生长正常；赤桉（Eucalyptus camaldulensis）持续淹水13个月以上（水深0．8-6．71m波动）仍生长正常；白千层（Melaleuca leucadendron）持续淹水4个月（淹水最深2m）仍长势良好、整齐。铺地黍、榕、赤桉、白干层耐淹耐旱耐瘠，是水库消涨带生境的适生植物.

三峡水库消落区植物群落结构及其季节性变化规律

为探究三峡水库消落区出露期间植物群落结构的季节性变化规律,于2017年4、6和8月,设置了15个调查样地,根据高程将消落区分为145~155 m、155~165 m和165~175 m共3个区域,并设置未水淹区域(高程175~185 m)为对照。结果表明,消落区出露时间显著影响植物群落组成,随着出露时间的延长,群落优势种及其优势度变化规律因植物的生活型不同呈现出相反的变化规律。从4月至8月,优势植物狗牙根、牛鞭草、喜旱莲子草等多年生草本植物优势度下降,鬼针草、苍耳、醴肠、水蓼、野胡萝卜、狗尾草等一年生草本植物优势度增加;而未水淹区植物优势种及其优势度变化不会因生活型不同而表现出不同的规律,不同采样地点的植物群落优势种差异较大,相对来说艾蒿较为优势,其次为小飞蓬。高程也是影响植物群落特征的主要因子,植物群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Simpson指数、植物高度均值显著低于未水淹区域;随着高程的增加,生物多样性指数及植物高度均值呈增加趋势。植物内在的适应机制,包括植物本身的冬季耐水淹能力、夏季抗旱能力、抗病虫害能力及其繁殖对策、种源扩散对策等是影响植物群落分布的主因;而外界环境条件,包括消落区土层厚度、地形坡度、土壤基质氮磷等营养盐以及受水淹持续时间、水淹深度、高程、消落区出露时间等是其主要驱动因子。

三峡库区消落区自然条件及其开发利用评价--以重庆库区为例

三峡水库是中国特大型水利枢纽工程,到2009年水库全部建成运行后将出现一个落差达30 m、面积达348.93 km2的消落区。阐述了消落区的自然条件、特征:消落区地貌和土壤类型多样,可以发展多种经营;消落区成陆面积大,成陆期较长(超过120 d),与同期丰富的光热水资源构成优势组合,使消落区土地具有较高的生产潜力;但同时消落区生态环境脆弱,土地的开发可能产生一定的生态风险。据此,从消落区规划、土地权属管理、土地开发的优化途径、生态风险预警与控制等方面提出了系列建议,为合理制定消落区的保护利用规划提供参考。

贵阳市百花水库消落带土壤汞形态分布及风险评价

为了解百花水库消落带土壤汞污染风险,系统采集了该区的土壤样品,分析总汞(THg)、汞形态和甲基汞(MeHg)分布情况,探讨汞的生物有效性,并对比分析了土壤THg和汞形态的污染风险。结果表明,百花水库消落带土壤THg质量分数具有显著的空间差异性(n=45,P<0.05)。土壤THg质量分数范围为88.83-521.14μg·kg^(-1),平均为(226.08±129.62)μg·kg^(-1)。80%的采样点土壤THg质量分数超过了背景水平。土壤中不同形态汞占THg质量分数大小顺序为:强结合态(36.28%)>硫化物结合态(33.09%)>有机结合态(30.35%)>水溶态(0.19%)>胃酸溶态(0.08%),表明前3种形态汞为研究区土壤Hg的主要赋存形态。消落带土壤中生物有效态汞(BioavailableHg,Bio-Hg)质量分数为22.39-168.41μg·kg^(-1),占THg的比例为8.81%-58.68%。土壤MeHg平均质量分数为(3.70±4.49)μg·kg^(-1),S15采样点土壤MeHg质量分数显著高于其他采样点(n=45,P<0.05)。地积累指数、潜在生态危害指数和风险评估编码法(Riskassessmentcode,RAC)的评价结果均表明,百花水库消落带土壤汞污染生态较高,S5采样点土壤Bio-Hg质量分数已超过土壤汞背景水平。百花水库消落带土壤的汞污染风险不容忽视。

深圳城郊水库消涨带植被重建技术

城郊水库消涨带既要具有水源保护功能又要满足生态景观要求。在深圳市水源保护林建设专题研究的基础上,结合消涨带植物筛选试验成果,初步提出库区消涨带植被重建的技术体系。在正常水位线往下3 m内栽植乔木和草被,正常水位线往下3-6 m内栽植草被,同时结合生物排水沟、生态袋反坡梯地及反坡鱼鳞坑等辅助工程措施,可为水库消涨带生态重建提供途径。

消落带生态循环农业生产意愿:由三峡库区透视

推广以桑树为基础的生态循环农业具有生态及经济双重价值。以重庆市开县三峡库区消落带桑-蓄-肥模式为例,依据计划行为理论,对农户的生态循环农业经营意愿及影响因素进行了分析,结果表明:市场销售态度、生态产品认知、生态保护认知、性别、人均收入对经营意愿有正影响;生产态度、资源禀赋控制、外出务工时间对经营意愿有负影响。促进生态循环农业发展,应提高农民对生态循环农业的积极认知,减少农户经营的障碍,鼓励典型农户经营,形成示范效应。

土壤组分对磷形态和磷吸附-解吸的影响——基于三峡库区消落带落干期土壤

通过选择性去除土壤组分的方法,探讨了三峡库区消落带落干期3种典型土壤中有机质、铁氧化物组分对磷形态和磷吸附-解吸的影响.结果发现,三峡库区消落带落干期3种典型土壤去除的有机质以易氧化组分为主,去除有机质后,土壤中各种磷形态的含量变化较小.然而,去除游离铁氧化物后,土壤中各种磷形态的含量均发生明显降低.同时,去除有机质、游离铁氧化物组分后并未改变土壤中各种磷形态的相对大小顺序,均为:钙结合磷(Ca-P)>有机磷(OP)>铁/铝结合磷(Fe/Al-P).此外,黄壤(FJ)、紫色潮土(KX)和灰棕紫泥(FL)去除有机质后对磷的吸附能力较原始土壤仅分别降低0.5%、2.3%、6.5%(P=0.017<0.05,显著性差异),表明3种土壤中有机质组分对磷吸附的影响较小;而去除游离铁氧化物后对磷的吸附能力分别降低45.6%、51.7%、43.9%(P=0.004<0.05,显著性差异),表明土壤中游离铁氧化物组分是决定磷吸附大小的重要因素.另外,3种土壤去除游离铁氧化物后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力明显增加,表明游离铁氧化物组分是控制3种土壤吸附磷的解吸的重要因素.FL土壤去除有机质组分后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力略有降低,而KX和FJ土壤去除有机质组分后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力无明显差异,表明有机质组分对土壤吸附磷的解吸的影响与土壤类型有关.

三峡库区消落区生态安全预警系统研究

简要介绍了三峡库区消落区的面积、范围以及可能出现的生态环境问题,初步构建了消落区生态安全预警框架,包含生态安全动态监测、生态安全评价、生态安全警情预报和生态安全决策管理4个子系统。并针对消落区可能出现的生态环境问题初步建立了生态安全综合评价指标体系,包含生态环境污染、土地利用与土地覆被变化、地质灾害和流行病病情、疫情4个预警评价。同时选取29个评价指标,分为基础信息因子数据、联动影响因子数据和致灾诱发因子数据,其中致灾诱发因子数据需要实时搜集乃至实时监控。

水库消落区湿地化改造技术及植被改善效应

受水位波动的影响,水库消落区普遍存在植被退化问题,这一问题在北方水库尤为突出。消落区湿地化改造是针对消落区的植被退化问题通过持续的水分补给构建稳定的湿地生态系统,实现对落干消落区植被覆盖度和生物量的提高。以碧流河水库蛤蜊河入库口旁侧消落区为研究对象,开展消落区湿地化改造的实例研究,通过对比工程前后植物物种和NDVI变化,分析其对区域植被的影响。研究结果表明:湿地化改造提高了区域植物物种多样性;充分的水分补给使得植物物种由喜旱植物为主向喜湿植物为主转变;2019年区域NDVI平均值相比于2015年增长14.59%,方差降低46.8%,工程实施后消落区植被的覆盖度和均匀度得到提高。消落区湿地化改造能够有效改善消落区在落干时期植被条件,是改善消落区生态环境的有效途径。

Spatial distribution,sources and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Shenjia River watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Surface soil/sediment samples were collected from the Water-Level Fluctuation Zone(WLFZ), cultivated land and forest land at 50 different grid points from Shenjia watershed, the Three Gorges Reservoir area in August 2013. The spatial distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment for Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd),Chromium(Cr), Copper(Cu), Nickel(Ni), Lead(Pb)and Zinc(Zn) were analyzed in this study. The results showed all tested metals had similar distribution patterns except Ni and Cr, with areas of high concentrations distributed in the southwest(WLFZ and watershed outlet) of the study area. Ni and Cr,which were highly positively correlated and present in high concentrations, were primarily distributed in the south and middle zones of the study area. Lower concentration areas of all metals were uniformly distributed west of the high-elevation zones and forest land. Factor analysis(FA) and factor analysismultiple linear regression(FA-MLR) showed that the major sources of Cd were fertilizer and traffic sources,which together accounted for 87% of Cd. As, Zn and Cu levels were primarily supplied by industrial and domestic sources, accounting for 76% of As, 75% of Cu and 67% of Zn. Surface soils/sediments of the study watershed contaminated by Cd represent a high ecological risk, whereas other metals represent low ecological risks. The potential ecological risk index(PERI) analysis indicated that it had a low(widerange) ecological risk and a moderate(small-range)ecological risk primarily distributed in the outlet of the study watershed. Fertilizers and traffic are the primary sources of Cd pollution, which should be more closely controlled for the purposes of water quality and ecological conservation.

Tempo-spatial variations of sediment-associated nutrients and contaminants in the Ruxi tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Ruxi River is a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. This study examined the temporal and spatial dynamics in particle size characteristics and the associated nutrients and contaminants of the fluvial suspended and deposited sediments along the Ruxi River. Temporal variations in the particle size distribution of the suspended sediment are controlled mainly by differences in sediment source during different seasons. Total organic carbon （TOC）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorous （TP） in the 〈 62 μm fraction of the suspended sediment exhibit considerably higher concentrations in spring, indicating high probability of algal blooms in the backwater areas. Downstream trends in the nutrient contents of 〈 62 pm deposited sediments imply the greatest potential for eutrophication in the backwater ends, where highest nutrient concentrations were detected. Assessment of metal contamination shows that the sediments deposited in the water-level fluctuation zone were moderately to strongly contaminated by Cadmium （Cd）, with a considerably high potential ecological risk. The findings reported have emphasized the impacts of reservoir impoundment on aquatic and/or terrestrial environment in this region. More information on physical, chemical and biological processes of sediment and sediment-associated materials are needed for developing ecologically sound policies management. environmentally and of water and sediment

澜沧江流域糯扎渡水库消落带植被的物种组成、空间分布特征及地形解释

澜沧江最大梯级水库——糯扎渡水库运行之后,消落带许多原有植被物种被淹消亡,造成大面积次生裸地以及严重水土流失现象.消落带植被亟待生态修复,但缺乏基本数据支撑和参考.2020年7月,基于轻型无人机支持下的3S技术,结合现场调研,采用神经网络模型、空间叠加分析、景观格局指数以及典型相关性分析等方法,提取了糯扎渡水库典型消落带植被分类图及地形数据,定量分析了研究区本土物种组成、面积、覆盖率、分布特征、景观空间格局及地形解释.结果显示,研究区消落带植被覆盖率达74.13%,涵盖18种植物,物种数量仅占蓄水前的18.9%,原生植物仅剩飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)存活,物种组成趋于简单,以一年生草本和多年生草本为主,分别占比55.56%、33.33%,菊科占据优势,苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)和藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)为主要优势物种,分别占比47.41%、29.39%、9.37%和4.56%,可作为生态修复备选物种.地形因子对消落带植被影响大小:高程>地表起伏度>水体距离>坡度>地形湿度指数>坡向.研究区优势植物均呈聚集分布,消落带中下部、上部分别以苍耳和狗牙根斑块为主导,苍耳和狗牙根在斑块优势度、连通性以及形状复杂性方面均远大于牛筋草和藿香蓟,表现出了较强的生存潜力.苍耳在地表起伏度0~1.26 m区段覆盖良好,狗牙根、牛筋草在地表起伏度0.78~2.07 m区段覆盖良好,当地表起伏度>2.07 m,植被生长困难.植被景观格局的破碎化程度、斑块形状复杂性分别与地表起伏度呈正相关、负相关,即地表起伏度越大导致植被景观格局越破碎和斑块形状越简单,进而导致种群生存力减弱.

三峡库区支流库湾消落带土壤磷形态赋存特征及其释放风险

三峡库区消落带经历反复的淹水-落干循环影响,消落带土壤磷迁移转化过程加快,可能加剧支流库湾水体富营养化.采集了三峡库区腹心支流库湾典型消落带土壤,测定磷赋存形态与磷素饱和度(DPS)等,分析磷释放风险.结果表明,(1)消落带土壤ω[总磷(TP)]、ω[无机磷(IP)]和ω[有机磷(OP)]均值分别为771.80、485.33和166.30 mg·kg^(-1),IP和OP均以非活性形态磷为主.(2)消落带土壤形态磷的赋存格局受落干-淹水方式影响,Ex-P和NaHCO_(3)-Po含量显著高于对照土壤,Fe-P、HCl-Po和Fulvic-Po含量沿高程下降而显著降低(P<0.05),反复的干湿交替促进了消落带土壤活性磷的生成和中等活性磷的释放和积累.(3)消落带土壤生物ω[有效磷(Bio-P)]为49.19~148.78 mg·kg^(-1),占TP的质量分数为7.71%~24.78%,磷素饱和度(DPS)为5.85%~22.00%.目前,支流库湾消落带土壤整体磷释放风险较低,170 m高程土壤需要重点关注.Fe-P、HCl-Po和Fulvic-Po在消落带土壤磷释放过程中贡献较大,pH升高会促进Fe-P的释放,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)是有机磷转化的重要参与者,有机质(OM)是有机磷的主要来源.