Water-lithium bromide-lithium nitrate三元工质双效吸收式制冷循环的研究

比较了水-溴化锂-硝酸锂三元工质与传统的水-溴化锂工质的双效吸收式制冷循环,分析了直燃型双效制冷系统。结果表明:采用新工质后,系统的热力系数COP有了明显的提高,其它表征系统热力性能的经济指标也均有不同程度的改善,尤其在直燃型双效冷热水机组中有明显的优势,热力系数COP提高约30%,溶液循环倍率降低12%。因此,该新工质与传统的水-溴化锂工质相比,具有较好的热力性能。

Clinical Efficacy Analysis of Tiotropium Bromide Combined with Budesonide and Formoterol Inhalation in Treating COPD

Objective:To analyze the clinical efficacy of tiotropium bromide(TB)combined with budesonide formoterol(BUD/FM)inhalation in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods:62 COPD patients admitted to the hospital between June 2020 and December 2022 were selected as samples for this study.The patients were divided into a combination group and a conventional group using the random number table method,with 31 cases in each group.The patients in the combination group were treated with TB combined with BUD/FM inhalation,whereas the patients in the conventional group were treated with BUD/FM inhalation only.The treatment efficacy and changes in lung function indicators of both groups were compared.Results:The total efficacy of treatment in the combined group was higher than that in the conventional group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no difference in pulmonary function indicators between the two groups(P>0.05).After three months of treatment,all lung function indicators of the combined group were higher than those of the conventional group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Combining TB with BUD/FM inhalation therapy increases the efficacy of treatment for patients with COPD.Besides,it also improves lung function and leads to a better prognosis.

Azoximer bromide and hydroxyapatite:promising immune adjuvants in cancer

Immune adjuvants are immune modulators that have been developed in the context of infectious vaccinations.There is currently a growing interest in immune adjuvants due to the development of immunotherapy against cancers.Immune adjuvant mechanisms of action are focused on the initiation and amplification of the inflammatory response leading to the innate immune response,followed by the adaptive immune response.The main activity lies in the support of antigen presentation and the maturation and functions of dendritic cells.Most immune adjuvants are associated with a vaccine or incorporated into the new generation of m RNA vaccines.Few immune adjuvants are used as drugs.Hydroxyapatite(HA)ceramics and azoximer bromide(AZB)are overlooked molecules that were used in early clinical trials,which demonstrated clinical efficacy and excellent tolerance profiles.HA combined in an autologous vaccine was previously developed in the veterinary field for use in canine spontaneous lymphomas.AZB,an original immune modulator derived from a class of heterochain aliphatic polyamines that is licensed in Russia,the Commonwealth of Independent States,and Slovakia for infectious and inflammatory diseases,is and now being developed for use in cancer with promising results.These two immune adjuvants can be combined in various immunotherapy strategies.

Tiotropium Bromide/Olodaterol Related Acute Cognitive Impairments

Background: The use of anticholinergics has been on the rise. With the increase in population longevity, more medication-related cognitive impairments (ACIs) have been reported. These impairments result in significant morbidities. We present a case that stresses on the importance of being vigilant when prescribing anticholinergic medications, especially in the elderlies. Case Report: A case of ACIs related to the use of tiotropium bromide/olodaterol (Stiolto Respimat) is being reported in a 71-year-old white man with COPD. Treatment with budesonide 180 mcg/actuation, and tiotropium bromide/olodaterol (Stiolto Respimat) inhalers was initiated. Two days after initiating treatment, the patient developed ACIs which manifested by gait imbalance, short-term memory dysfunction, inability to remember his family members, or to take his medications. Tiotropium bromide/olodaterol (Stiolto Respimat) was discontinued. After three days, a full recovery of ACIs was reported. A month later, due to worsening dyspnea, the patient self-resumed the medicine. Similar ACIs were reported within two days of resuming treatment. Tiotropium bromide/olodaterol (Stiolto Respimat) was discontinued indefinitely. Full recovery of ACIs was reported. Conclusion: ACIs should be noted as a significant side effect of tiotropium bromide/olodaterol. Clinicians should be vigilant, when prescribing anticholinergic medications to elderlies.

Feasibility of Tiotropium Bromide Treatment in Patients with Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome and its Effect on Lung Function

Objective:To explore the feasibility of tiotropium bromide therapy and its effect on the lung function of patients with asthma-COPD overlap syndrome(ACOS).Method:The 58 subjects selected in this study were all ACOS patients admitted to our hospital(Hohhot First Hospital)from October 2020 to October 2022.They were grouped according to the random number table method and divided into a control group(29 cases)and an observation group(29 cases).The control group received routine treatment plus salmeterol-fluticasone powder inhalation treatment,and the observation group received tiotropium bromide treatment.The relevant indicators of the two groups were compared.Results:The total clinical effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group.Besides,the forced vital capacity(FVC),forced expiratory volume in 1 second(FEV1)levels,and ACT scores of the two groups increased after treatment,with the observation group having better results than the control group.The residual volume-total lung capacity ratio(RV/TLC),acute exacerbation frequency,and CAT scores all decreased,with the observation group showing smaller values than the control group.The difference between the results of both groups were significant(P<0.05)Conclusion:Tiotropium bromide has a significant clinical effect in the treatment of ACOS patients and can effectively improve the lung function of patients.

Effects of Combined Inhalation of Budesonide,Formoterol,and Tiotropium Bromide on Arterial Blood Gas and Pulmonary Function Indexes in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Objective:To analyze the effect of combined inhalation of budesonide formoterol and tiotropium bromide on arterial blood gas and pulmonary function indexes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods:100 patients with COPD treated from January to December 2022 were selected as observation objects,and were divided into a control group(n=50,in which budesonide and formoterol were administered)and an experimental group(n=50,the treatment drug was budesonide formoterol combined with tiotropium bromide)according to the computer grouping method,and compared the treatment results.Results:(i)Before treatment,there was no difference in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and partial pressure of oxygen between the control group and the experimental group(P>0.05);after treatment,the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and partial pressure of oxygen in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group,with significant differences(P<0.05).(ii)Before treatment,there was no difference in forced vital capacity(FVC),forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1),FEV1/FVC between the control group and the experimental group(P>0.05);after treatment,the FVC,FEV1,and FEV1/FVC in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).(iii)There was no difference in the levels of CRP,IL-6,and TNF-αbetween the control group and the experimental group(P>0.05);after treatment,the levels of CRP,IL-6,and TNF-αin the experimental group were lower than those in the control group,with significant differences(P<0.05).(iv)Compared to the total incidence of adverse reactions in the control group(28.00%),the incidence of total adverse reactions in the experimental group was lower at 10.00%,and the difference was significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combined inhalation of budesonide and formoterol with tiotropium bromide has demonstrated a clear therapeutic efficacy and safety in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.This treatment approach effectively enhances arterial blood gas levels and lung function,showing promising potential for widespread application.

CO_2 capture from binary mixture via forming hydrate with the help of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide

Hydrate formation rate and separation effect on the capture of CO2 from binary mixture via forming hydrate with 5 wt% tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide （TBAB） solution were studied. The results showed that the induction time was 5 min, and the hydrate formation process finished in 1 h at 4.5 ℃ and 4.01 MPa. The hydrate formation rate constant reached the maximum of 1.84× 10^-7 molZ/（s.J） with the feed pressure of 7.30 MPa. The CO2 recovery was about 45 % in the feed pressure range from 4.30 to 7.30 MPa. Under the feed pressure of 4.30 MPa, the maximum separation factor and CO2 concentration in hydrate phase were 7.3 and 38.2 mol%, respectively. The results demonstrated that TBAB accelerated hydrate formation and enriched CO2 in hydrate phase under the gentle condition.

Ozone decomposition under the irradiation of 253.7 nm in the presence of methyl bromide

In this paper the mechanism and kinetic of ozone decomposition under the irradiation of 253.7 nm UV\|light were studied. The quantum yield of the ozone depletion in the presence of methyl bromide is further determined and a reaction model is provided to explain the experimental fact.

Lithium bromide catalyzed solvent free method for synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles and imidazopyridines

The first successful lithium bromide mediated solvent free condensation of arylenediamine and esters to obtain 2-substituted benzimidazole and imidazopyridine in good to excellent yields is described.

Effect of Tiotropium Bromide on Expression of CD_8^+CD_(25)^+FoxP_3^+ Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The expression of CD8＋CD25＋FoxP3＋ regulatory T cells（CD8＋Tregs） in the peripheral blood of patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease（COPD）,and the effect of muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist tiotropium bromide on the expression of CD8＋Tregs were investigated.Twenty-three patients with moderate to severe stable COPD were enrolled in this study.All patients inhaled tiotropium bromide（18 μg daily） for 3 months.Before and after inhalation of tiotropium bromide,peripheral blood samples were collected from the patients,and T cells were labeled by three-color labeled monoclonal antibodies.Flow cytometry was used to detect the quantity and percentage of CD8＋T cells,CD8＋CD25＋T cells,CD8＋Tregs,CD4＋T cells,CD4＋CD25＋T cells and CD4＋CD25＋FoxP3＋ regulatory T cells（CD4＋Tregs） respectively.The percentage of CD4＋T cells was increased from（27.82±2.18）% to（35.53±1.3）%（t=3.20,P=0.004） in the peripheral blood of patients with stable COPD after inhalation of tiotropium bromide for 3 months,that of CD4＋CD25＋T cells was decreased from（10.03 ±1.42）% to（4.21 ±0.65）%（t=3.78,P=0.001）,and that of CD8＋Tregs was increased from（8.41 ±1.68）% to（21.34 ±4.20）%（t=2.72,P=0.013）.At baseline,CD8＋T cells,CD8＋CD25＋T cells and CD4＋Tregs were detectable in the peripheral blood,but no significant changes were observed after treatment.Linear correlation analysis revealed that the difference before and after treatment in CD4＋T cells and CD4＋CD25＋T cells was negatively correlated with the ratio of change in CD8＋Tregs before and after treatment（r=-0.61,P=0.013;r=-0.72,P=0.001 respectively）.In the peripheral blood of patients with stable COPD,there was the expression of CD8＋Tregs and CD4＋Tregs.Muscarinic receptor antagonist,tiotropium bromide,can promote the amplification of CD4＋T cells,inhibit the expression of CD25＋T cells,and enhance the expression of CD8＋Tregs.CD8＋Tregs and CD4＋Tregs can be used as new indicators to understand the immune status of patients.They are helpful in judging the treatment efficacy and disease immunophenotype.

Highly efficient solvent-free synthesis of quinazolin-4(3H)-ones and 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones using tetrabutylammonium bromide as novel ionic liquid catalyst

A simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of 2-arylquinazolin-4（3H）-ones has been developed through cyclocondensation of 2-aminobenzamide with aromatic aldehydes using tetrabutylammonium bromide（TBAB） as novel neutral ionic liquid catalyst in the presence of copper（Ⅱ） chloride（CuCl;） as oxidizing agent under solvent-free conditions at 100℃.In the absence of CuCl;and under a nitrogen atmosphere,the unoxidized intermediates,2-aryl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4（1H）-ones,were isolated. Treatment of these intermediates with CuCl;in TBAB media gave the oxidized products 2-arylquinazolin-4（3H）-ones.On the other hand,cyclocondensation of 2-aminobenzamide with aromatic aldehydes in TBAB under microwave irradiation directly gave 2- arylquinazolin-4（3H）-ones.

Modeling phase equilibria of semiclathrate hydrates of CH_4,CO_2 and N_2 in aqueous solution of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide

Semiclathrate hydrates of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide （TBAB） offer potential solution for gas storage, transportation, separation of flue gases and CO2 sequestration. Models for phase equilibria for these systems have not yet been developed in open literatures and thus require urgent attention. In this work, the first attempt has been made to model phase equilibria of semiclathrate hydrates of CH4, CO2 and N2 in aqueous solution of TBAB. A thermodynamic model for gas hydrate system as proposed by Chen and Guo has been extended for semiclathrate hydrates of gases in aqueous solution of TBAB. A correlation for the activity of water relating to the system temperature, concentration of TBAB in the system and the nature of guest gas molecule has been proposed. The model results have been validated against available experimental data on phase equilibria of semiclathrate hydrate systems of aqueous TBAB with different gases as guest molecule. The extended Chen and Guo＇s model is found to be suitable to explain the promotion effect of TBAB for the studied gaseous system such as, methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen as a guest molecule. Additionally, a correlation for the increase in equilibrium formation temperature （hydrate promotion temperature, ATp） of semiclathrate hydrate system with respect to pure gas hydrate system has been developed and applied to semiclathrate hydrate of TBAB with several gases as guest molecules. The developed correlation is found to predict the promotion effect satisfactorily for the system studied.

Surface tension of lithium bromide aqueous solution/ammonia with additives and nano-particles

In order to investigate the effect of additives and nano-particle on the surface tensions of lithium bromide(Li Br) aqueous solution/ammonia, many experiments were carried out based on Wilhelmy plate method. Firstly, the surface tension of Li Br aqueous solution with 1-octanol was measured and then the comparison between the measured results and previous experimental results was given to verify the measuring accuracy. Some new additives, such as cationic surfactants cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride(CTAC), and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) were chosen in the experiments. The experimental results show that CTAC and CTAB can obviously reduce the surface tension of Li Br aqueous solution/ammonia. In addition, it is found that nano-particles cannot remarkably decrease the surface tension of Li Br aqueous solution/ammonia. However, the mixed addition of additives and nano-particles can remarkably affect the surface tension of Li Br aqueous solution/ammonia. That is to say, additives play more important role in reducing the surface tension of Li Br aqueous solution/ammonia. But nano-particles may enhance the heat transfer in the absorption refrigeration process.

Flotation de-silicating from diasporic-bauxite with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide

Using cetyl trimethylammonium bromide （CTAB） as collector, the flotation de-silicating from diasporic-bauxite was investigated. And the Zeta potentials and contact-angles of silicate minerals and diaspore were also stu-（died.）The results show that in the presence of 2×10-4 mol·L-1CTAB, the surface charges of pyrophyllite, kaolinite and illite become more positive, and the contact angles of these three silicates also increase evidently in the pH range of 2-8, but the Zeta potentials and contact angles of diaspore change little. So, the floatability of the four minerals is in the following order: pyrophyllite>kaolinite≈illite>diaspore. The open-circuit flotation results also show that a bauxite concentrate with m（Al2O3）/m（SiO2） over 9.3 and Al2O3 recovery over 76% can be obtained from diasporic-bauxite ore. The result of XRD of the bauxite concentrate shows that pyrophyllite is easier to be removed from diasporic-bauxite than illite and kaolinite due to its better floatability.

Tetrahydrofuran Ring-opening with Acyloxyphosphonium Bromide Catalyzed by Zinc Bromide: An Effective Method for the Preparation of 4-Bromobutyl Esters

Catalyzed by zinc bromide, tetrahydrofuran ring can be opened with acyloxyphos- phonium bromide generated in situ to afford 4-bromobutyl esters under mild conditions in good to excellent yields.

Otilonium bromide in irritable bowel syndrome:A dose-ranging randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

AIM:To examine the efficacy and safety of otilonium bromide(OB)in treatment-sensitive functional irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)clinical parameters.METHODS:Ninety-three patients(44.8±12.6 years,69%female)with IBS symptoms complying with RomeⅡcriteria participated in this double-blind,placebocontrolled,randomised,dose-ranging phaseⅠ/Ⅱstudy.Patients were administered OB 20 mg(n=24),40mg(n=23)and 80 mg(n=23)tid or placebo(n=23)in 4 parallel groups for 4 wk.Primary efficacy variables included abdominal discomfort,intestinal habits,number of daily evacuations and stool consistency.Secondary efficacy measures included return to regular intestinal habits and global discomfort.Safety was also assessed.RESULTS:Baseline clinical characteristics were similar among the 4 groups.Although individual parameters such as intensity and frequency of abdominal discomfort,bloating or pain were reduced by OB over the 4wk,no significant differences were observed between groups.Similarly,no difference was observed between OB treatment or placebo for mucus in stool and incomplete or difficulty of evacuation.However,evacuation frequency was significantly reduced after 4 wk by 80mg OB compared to placebo(-8.36%for placebo vs-41.9%for 80 mg OB,P<0.01).While 21.7%of patients in the placebo group experienced regular intestinal habits after 4 wk,this improvement was greater for patients treated with 40 mg OB(P<0.01 vs placebo).Furthermore,a dose-dependent reduction in frequency of diarrhoea(χ2-test for trend=11.5,P<0.001)and an increase in normal stool frequency was observed.Combining individual variables into a global discomfort index revealed significant improvement among increasing OB doses,favouring 40 mg(P=0.013)and80mg OB(P=0.001)over placebo.No difference was observed between frequency of adverse events for placebo vs OB.CONCLUSION:This dose-ranging study demonstrates that OB at 40 and 80 mg can improve individual and global clinical symptoms of IBS compared to placebo over a 4-wk period.

Jahn-Teller Effect on Binary Indium Bromide─An Ab Initio Study

In order to elucidate the unusual chemical sensitivity of binary indium bromides. thepotential energy surface of the model complex InBr87- has been studied by means of ah initio all-electron calculation with larger basis sets. The configuration is on a local maximum of the energysurface and crystal potential around In+ is soft, allowing small spontaneous distortions as a result ofa second-order Jahn-Teller instability.

Suzuki Reaction of Aryl Bromides Using a Phosphine-Free Magnetic Nanoparticle-Supported Palladium Catalyst

A palladium catalyst immobilized on superparaganetic nanoparticles was prepared with a palladium loading of 0.30 mmol/g. The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and nitrogen adsorption. The immobilized palladium catalyst was an efficient catalyst without added phosphine ligands for the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of several aryl bromides with phenylboronic acid. The recovery of catalyst was simply by magnetic decantation in the presence of a magnet. The immobilized palladium catalyst can be reused many times without significant degradation in catalytic activity. No leaching of active palladium species into the reaction solution was detected.

Interactions of Cationic Surfactant Cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide with Ammonium nitrate:Surface and Thermodynamic Studies

The study of interactions between surfactant and salt in aqueous solutions has attracted significant interest in recent years because of their widespread applications and relatively complex behavior.This work reports the systematic study of surface phenomenon and self-aggregation behavior of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)with ammonium nitrate(NH_(4)NO_(3))salt.Surface and thermodynamic properties of cationic surfactant CTAB with NH_(4)NO_(3)were investigated at different temperatures using different techniques such as conductometry and surface tensiometery.The surface tension measurement was carried out to find out the critical micelle concentration,free energy of adsorption,free energy of micellization,minimum area per molecule,and surface excess concentration.The study reveals that the process of micellization is spontaneous and exothermic in nature.Conductance measurement was carried out to determine critical micelle concentration,degree of ionization and degree of counter ion binding.Addition of NH_(4)NO_(3)to the surfactant solutions increase the values of degree of ionization and degree of counter ion binding,although it lowers the values of critical micelle concentration showing that the process of micellization is more favorable and spontaneous.The study is very helpful to develop better understanding about interaction between electrolyte and surfactant,which are used in many applications and in different processes(e.g.,pharmaceutical,industrial foaming,drug solubilization,oil recovery,and medium for metal nanoparticle formation).

Evaluation of the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Tegillarca granosa flesh body extract against potassium bromide toxicity via targeting the histomorphometry,chromosomal and expressions of TGF-β1,VEGF and COX-2 genes in rats

The hepatotoxic effect of potassium bromide(KBr)on rat liver tissues were determined,as well as the potential protective effect of Tegillaraca granosa(T.granosa)flesh body extract.Twenty adult male albino rats were equally distributed into four groups;Group(I)treated with physiological saline(control group),Group(II)was orally gavaged by 200 mg/kg of T.granosa body extract day after day,Group(III)was intoxicated by KBr(150 mg/kg bwt day after day orally)and finally,Group(IV)was given a combination of T.granosa flesh body extract plus KBr with similar doses in the second and third groups.At the end of one month,blood,liver tissue and bone marrow samples were collected to be used for the required laboratory examinations.In response to KBr toxicity,there was a significant increase in serum antioxidant biomarkers,which was accompanied by a significant change in hepatocyte ultrastructure and a significant change in carbohydrate and protein levels within the liver organ.In addition,KBr intoxication resulted in a substantial increase in the incidence of chromosomal aberrations such as holes,splits,deletions,fragments,ploidy,and ring chromosomes,as well as significant upregulation of TGF-1,VEGF,and COX-2 gene expression.The hepatotoxic effect of KBr was counteracted by treatment with T.granosa flesh body extract.T.granosa flesh body extract has a curative antioxidant and numerous protective effects against KBr hepatotoxicity.