Impact of designed infection control educational program on nurses’knowledge and compliance with standard precautions at maternity hospitals

Objectives:This study aimed to assess the nurses’knowledge and compliance with infection control standard precautions and evaluate the impact of the designed infection control educational program on nurses’knowledge and compliance with standard precautions at the maternity hospital.Materials and Methods:A quasi‑experimental one‑group pretest‑posttest design was used on convenient sample of 60 nurses working at Obstetrics and Gynecological hospital in Cairo University Hospital,Kasr El Ainy,who received“designed infection control educational program”for 6 months.The data were collected through the questionnaire comprising demographics,knowledge,and compliance with standard precautions questionnaire.The nurses’knowledge and compliance score were compared before and after intervention.Results:The studied nurses had higher level of knowledge(85.3%)and compliance(92.8%)regarding infection control standard precautions after the educational program compared to before the program.The results revealed statistically significant difference between before and after the program regarding nurses’knowledge score(15.5±2.9 vs.17.1±1.6,P<0.001)and compliance score(58.5±13.2 vs.74.3±5.1,P<0.001).In addition,there was insignificant relation between nurses’knowledge and compliance with standard precautions both before(r=0.952,P=0.474)and after educational program(r=0.164,P=0.223).Conclusion:The nurses’level of knowledge and compliance regarding infection control standard precautions was significantly improved after the program.Therefore,it is recommended that periodical educational programs regarding the standard precautions of infection control are essential for nurses at maternity hospital.

A holistic strategy for quality and safety control of traditional Chinese medicines by the “iVarious” standard system

An effective quality control system is the key to ensuring the quality, safety and efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs). However, the current quality standard research lacks top-level design and systematic design,mostly based on specific technologies or evaluation methods. To resolve the challenges and questions of quality control of TCMs, a brand-new quality standard system, named "iVarious", was proposed. The system comprises eight elements in a modular format. Meaning of every element was specifically illustrated via corresponding research instances. Furthermore, frankincense study was taken as an example for demonstrating standards and research process, based on the "i Various" system. This system highlighted a holistic strategy for effectiveness,security, integrity and systematization of quality and safety control standards of TCMs. The establishment of"i Various" integrates multi-disciplinary technologies and progressive methods, basis elements and key points of standard construction. The system provides a novel idea and technological demonstration for regulation establishment of TCMs quality standards.

Chinese quality control indices for standardized diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer(2022 edition)

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system,and the number of deaths continues to increase.The standardized management of the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer is challenging due to the great differences in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer in different regions.The Gastric Cancer Expert Committee of the National Cancer Quality Control Center(NCQCC)identified a lack of authoritative quality control standards as an opportunity to utilize its multidisciplinary membership to improve the standardized diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.The Gastric Cancer Expert Committee of the NCQCC aims to promote quality control and national standardization,uniformity,and normalization of gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment,which ultimately improved the survival rate and quality of life of gastric cancer patients.A panel of experts with gastrointestinal cancer surgery,gastrointestinal cancer medicine,medical imaging,pathology and radiotherapy were drawn together and determined the quality control standards for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.The authors then utilized a modified Delphi approach to generate consensus recommendations.

Research on Decision Model of Control over Technology Standard Alliance

Technology standard alliance, as vectors of research, development and circulation for technology standard, has already become an important transformation form from laboratory standard to fact standard for all countries. However, during the process of forming the technology standard alliance, it is a focus for members in the alliance to take control over others. How to construct a scientific and reasonable decision model of control over technology standard alliance is closely related to each enterprise member＇s interest. Under the condition that the risk is neutral, the paper explored necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge sharing and the most endeavor among enterprise members through constructing a decision model of control over technology standard alliance, and put forward that the joint control model was the best decision model for constructing the technology standard alliance.

Health Facilities Readiness to Implement Standard Precautions for Infection Prevention and Control in Tanzania: Lesson Learnt from SARA Reports

Introduction: Standard Precautions are a set of measures applied in the care of all individuals/patients regardless of their infectious status aiming at preventing healthcare workers and patients from infections, preventing environmental contamination and spread of infections to the community. Many health facilities have not implemented them to an acceptable level. The purpose of the study is to report progress of improvement in health facilities readiness to implement standard precautions for infection prevention and control based on SARA reports. Methods: We generated mean scores of all standard precautions each year and calculated their standard deviations, variances and confidence intervals. One-way ANOVA was used to determine if the mean scores were equal. Finally, the trend of improvement in health facilities readiness to implement the standard precautions was generated. Results: A total of nine standard precautions were reported in SARA reports for 2012, 2017 and 2020. The mean scores of the standard precautions were 52.22% in 2012, 64.55% in 2017 and 69.66% in 2020. The overall trend showed an increase in health facilities readiness to implement standard precautions, although the mean scores were not statistically different (p-value 0.3217). Conclusion: SARA surveys conducted in Tanzania in 2012, 2017 and 2020 have shown an overall increase in health facilities readiness to implement standard precautions. Safe final waste disposal was being done in fewest facilities while single-use or auto-disable syringes were in most facilities that were sampled in all years. SARA surveys may be a useful way to evaluate Infection Prevention and Control adherence in health facilities.

Standard Costing and Cost Control in Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between standard costing and cost control in Nigerian oil and gas industry. This was achieved through a review of extant literature and development of hypotheses. The population for the study consisted of petroleum marketing companies listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange Factbook of 2012. In order to generate the necessary data for this study, both primary and secondary methods of data collection were adopted. The primary data were collected through the administration of a questionnaire designed in a 5-point Likert scale, while the secondary data were sourced from the Nigerian Stock Exchange Factbook of 2011. The findings generated in this study revealed that a significant relationship exists between standard costing and cost control. It was observed that the more a firm practices standard costing, the more efficient is the firm in material, labor, and overhead costs. Based on the above findings, we recommended that oil and gas finns in Nigeria should adopt and apply standard costing in their accounting system so as to ensure the efficient use of resources for an effective control of costs.

Latest Developments and Problems in Standardization of Resource Control Technologies for NGN

As a hot spot of next generation network, research over resource control has been carried out for years both in China and abroad. With a gradual progress in standardization, this field presents new development trends and features. Based on latest progresses in standardization promoted by ITU-T, TISPAN and 3GPP, new technologies concerned with resource control are introduced. Considering the problems faced in standardization deployment, relevant resource control functions are also analyzed in this article.

Standardization and Quality control parameters of Kayam Churna

Kayam Churna is proprietary ayurvedic formulation which is blend of seven ingredients which are Senna leaves(Cassia angustifolia),Black Salt,Mulethi(Glycyrrhiza glabra),Nishoth(Operculina turpethum),Ajwain(Trachyspermum ammi),Haritaki(Terminalia chebula)and Svarjikshara(Sodium bicarbonate)with Senna as a major ingredient.Standardization and stability studies play a vital role for each herbal formulation,so the research was carried out to prepare the formulation in the laboratory and to standardize the Churna,by means of its physicochemical properties,phytochemical analysis and microbiology study.The organoleptic and powdered characteristics were studied and compared with monographs.Various physicochemical analysis was carried out like bulk density,tapped density,percent compressibility,loss on drying,ash value and heavy metal determination.Phytochemical analysis was carried out to find the presence of tannins,alkaloids,glycosides,flavonoids and steroids.Microbiological analysis was evaluated using the Total Viable Count method.HPTLC Chromatographic technique was used for fingerprinting.Microscopic analysis of Formulation showed the presence of Vessels,Fibre,Calcium oxalate crystals,etc.Tannins,Alkaloids,flavonoids were found to be present in the formulation.Microbial count and all physicochemical parameters were found to be within the limits as per the WHO guidelines.Further studies can be carried out for finding out its efficacy and potency.

Development and application of the standard for infrared intelligent body temperature measurement system in the normalized COVID-19 prevention and control

In the phase of the normalized COVID-19 prevention and control,non-contact temperature measurement is one of the most efficient and convenient methods for initial screening of suspected cases.In the year of 2020 in Wuhan,such non-contact equipment was urgently demanded,standards development in the traditional way cannot satisfy the market needs.So,the research and development of this standard for infrared intelligent body temperature measurement system was carried out in a rapid way.

Establishment of Characteristic Chromatogram of Honeysuckle Stem Formula Granules Based on the Concept of Whole Process Quality Control

[Objectives]To establish a HPLC characteristic spectrum of honeysuckle stem formula granules,and to evaluate the quality consistency based on the standard decoction.[Methods]Using Agilent ZORBAX SB-C_(18)(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm)chromatographic column;gradient elution with acetonitrile-0.4%phosphoric acid solution(0.2:99.8,V/V),column temperature at 25℃;detection wavelength at 236 nm;flow rate 1.0 mL/min;using"Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine",to evaluate the similarity of the characteristic chromatogram of crude drug,standard decoction and formula granules of honeysuckle stem.[Results]The similarity of characteristic chromatogram was higher than 0.94,and 6 components were identified from 10 characteristic peaks.[Conclusions]The established method can more comprehensively reflect the overall appearance of the chemical substances in the honeysuckle stem and the transmission law,and can provide an experimental basis for the consistency of the quality of the honeysuckle stem formula granules.

Quality Standard Research of Shenqi Qiangjing Granules

[Objectives]The paper was to establish the quality standard of Shenqi Qiangjing granules and to conduct routine inspection of granular dosage forms.[Methods]The particle size,moisture,loss on drying,dissolubility,content uniformity and microbial limit of Shenqi Qiangjing granules were detected.Radix Astragali,Herba Epimedii,Radix Dipsaci and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis were qualitatively identified by thin layer chromatography(TLC).[Results]The particle size,moisture,loss on drying,dissolubility,content uniformity and microbial limit of Shenqi Qiangjing granules were all in line with the relevant regulations of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(2020 edition).Radix Astragali,Herba Epimedii,Radix Dipsaci and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis had clear fluorescent spots in TLC assay,and no such spots were found in negative control.[Conclusions]The method has the advantages of simple operation,accurate and reliable results,strong specificity and good repeatability,and can effectively control the quality of Shenqi Qiangjing granules.

X-In-the-Loop Methodology and Simulation Platform For Controller Development of Gravity-1

The Gravity-1(YL-1) launch vehicle has been extensively optimized in terms of its overall layout which in turn has increased the functional and performance demands on the control system. To thoroughly validate and verify the control system, the X-In-the-Loop simulation methodology was implemented from the verification of the YL-1's concept phase. Throughout the entire development cycle, from the initial concept demonstration to the flight test,simulations under sevral modes including Model-in-the-Loop(MiL), Software-in-the-Loop(SiL) and Hardware-in-theLoop(HiL) were executed following the V-V process which ensuring the correctness and robustness of the control system. Specifically, MiL simulation are primarily used to verify the accuracy and robustness of the control strategies and parameters. SiL simulation focused on verifying the correctness of the code implementation. Whereas HiL testing mainly checked the operational correctness of the flight control hardware, the compatibility of flight control software within the flight control computer and the correctness of hardware I/O. In addition to these, further semi-physical simulations were possible on the HiL platform by replacing models of controlled objects with real devices such as IMUs and TVC actuators. And realistic flight conditions were replicated through turntables, TVC actuator loading tables etc.to achieve a more comprehensive validation and verification of the control system.

稻麦轮作高标准农田控制排水对排水与氮素输出削减效果模拟

稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设中,通过加深排水沟提高麦作期农田排水降渍能力的同时,加大稻作期农田排水输出,不仅降低了水资源利用效率,而且加重了接纳水体的污染。本文基于江苏省扬州市沿运灌区稻麦轮作农田排水水文水质过程的监测结果,利用田间水文模型(DRAINMOD)模拟了长序列气象条件下,灌区提高农田降渍能力对稻田排水、氮素流失及灌溉需求的负面影响以及控制排水措施的积极效果。结果表明,在节水灌溉模式下,研究区排水沟深度由现状的60 cm加深至120 cm,排水间距由120 m加密至20 m时,稻作期排水量与总氮(TN)输出负荷增加9.0%~22.2%、氨氮(NH_(3)-N)输出负荷增加4.0%~16.8%、灌溉用水量增加9.6%~23.4%。若结合田间管理要求,实施控制排水则可有效缓解提高农田降渍能力造成的负面影响;当排水沟深为120 cm,间距为120~20 m时,稻作期控制排水可使排水量和TN输出负荷减少19.3%~35.3%、NH_(3)-N输出负荷减少7.6%~27.2%、灌溉用水量减少22.9%~40.0%。由于控制排水降低了地下排水梯度,相较于传统排水,农沟从60 cm加深至120 cm时,地下排水平均占比降至50.7%,灌溉用水量相应减少。综上,稻麦轮作农田控制排水具有显著的节水减排作用,可有效降低高标准农田建设中提高降渍能力所产生的负面影响。研究成果可为稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设与水环境保护提供理论依据与技术支撑。

油田开发中精细油藏描述成果平台建设研究

精细油藏描述是油田开发最基础的工作之一,历来受到研究者的高度重视。目前精细油藏描述中存在的突出问题主要包括研究成果继承性差、基础资料存储不规范、专业软件需求缺口大、成果应用需加强和成果存储管理不规范等5方面。文章通过精细油藏描述成果平台建设,可以从基础数据的整理准备、专业软件共享和协同研究、成果标准规范化存储管理等方面解决上述问题。精细油藏描述数据管理主要包括项目整体数据信息的统计和分析、项目研究数据的整理和统计、成果平台与其他数据平台的对接和数据调用等。精细油藏描述协同研究过程主要包括专业软件的平台实现和使用、不同专业软件之间中间成果的转换和调用、研究工作的自动化实现和完成。精细油藏描述成果存储和管理主要包括成果上传管理中格式的统一规范、成果存储上传中的质量控制、成果生产应用中的跟踪和更新。

农民专业合作社的规范与发展——“鱼与熊掌”能否兼得?

农民专业合作社的规范与发展能否兼得?何以兼得?这对审视当下中国合作社发展路径具有重大意义。本研究基于安徽省423家国家级示范社监测数据,探讨了规范治理对经营绩效的影响,分析了何种权利安排能够实现合作社兼顾规范与发展。研究发现:第一,规范治理对合作社经营绩效具有显著正向影响,且对组织绩效的增进效应强于对社员绩效的增进效应。第二,盈余分配和民主决策规范对合作社经营绩效的影响具有异质性,相对于民主决策规范,盈余分配规范是提高合作社经营绩效的主要路径。第三,调整合作社权利安排、实现剩余控制权与索取权有效匹配,是实现合作社规范与发展兼得的关键路径,而调整决策方式、设置优先股等是实现“两权”有效匹配的可行路径。本文对重塑合作社治理机制,探寻中国合作社发展路径具有启示和借鉴意义。

中国与美国环境空气监测用标气管理比较与经验启示

中国生态环境监测事权上收改革后,生态环境监测工作实施的主体呈现多元化发展趋势,作为生态环境监测关键“量具”的气体标准物质/标准样品涉及的制造商日趋多元化,其量值准确性和一致性直接影响中国大气环境监测数据的准确性和可比性。为掌握并提升中国生态环境监测在用气体标准物质/标准样品质量,总结了美国环境监测气体标准管理经验,提出中国气体监测用标准物质/标准样品管理建议,助力实现中国大气环境监测数据真、准、全、快、新。

控制图在车用催化器中贵金属测定中的应用

研究建立一种应用于催化器中贵金属测定过程监控的均值-标准差质控图,以确保实验室日常分析结果的准确、可靠。采用标准HJ 509-2009中电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定催化转化器中的铑、钯、铂等3种贵金属元素的含量,收集近两年的质控样的60组数据,进行了正态分布检验,计算了各元素含量结果的平均值、标准偏差,绘制了均值控制图和标准差控制图。结果表明,质控样中铑、钯、铂贵金属元素的数据结果均在均值控制图、标准差控制图的上下限范围内,表明实验室在该段期间内利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对催化转化器样品中的铑、钯、铂的测定结果的准确可靠。均值-标准差控制图可以有效地观察整个贵金属元素测定过程中的数据变化趋势,有助于判断检测过程是否受控,以保证日常的报告检测结果符合实验室报出的要求,确保结果的准确可靠。

水库清淤物处置原则研究及综合利用实践案例

针对当前水库清淤物处置及资源化利用等问题,引入固废处置的“三化”原则,从无害化处理、减量化处理和资源化利用3个方面,提出了水库清淤物处置及综合利用的控制指标及限值要求。以大渡河沙湾水库清淤实践为例,分析了“三化”达标的不同级配泥沙应用于堤防建设、城市建设及造地回填等工程的实践与成效,研究成果可为水库清淤及淤积物处置利用提供参考借鉴。

滑坡在役防治工程缺陷分类和健康评价方法

为快速评估常见在役滑坡防治工程的运行状态并采取科学有效的维护手段,笔者在三峡库区、汶川震区和川东地区实地调查了160余处抗滑挡墙、抗滑桩和格构锚固工程,获取了上述三类滑坡防治工程表征损伤的第一手资料,总结分析了其变形破坏模式及特征,定义了滑坡防治工程缺陷的概念,定性地提出了缺陷程度分级标准。在统计分析滑坡防治工程损伤特征基础上,选取了墙身滑移距离、墙身沉陷位移、墙身倾斜程度、墙身裂缝密度、桩体倾斜程度、桩体剪切程度、桩体裂缝密度、格梁最大裂缝宽度、单根格构梁裂缝率和受损格构变形区比例等10个控制指标作为其缺陷分类指标,结合多元线性回归法,对单体工程结构进行综合量化评分评定,进而建立了半定量的滑坡防治工程健康评价方法。