The Effects of Increasing Production of Endophytes Phomopsis B3 on Rice

After insufflating extended endophytes phomopsis B3 ferment diluent on seedling bed of rice, the effect of microbial inoculum on rice growth was studied. The investigation result of seedlings before transplanting seedling showed that leaf age,the number of green leaves,the number of tiller of individual plant and the weight of per 100 fresh plants in microbial inoculum treatment group increased 0.11,0.12 ,0. 03 and 2.6 g respectively compared with those of control group. 20 days after transplanting, increased tiller number in microbial inoculum treatment group was 55 500 hm^2 more than that in control group. 30 days after transplanting, tiller number in microbial inoculum treatment group was 42 000 hm^2 more than that in control group. In harvest season, the yield ,weight of I 0130 grain and seed-setting rate increased 300 kg/hm2, 0. 7 g and 0. 23% respectively compared with these in control group. The result of preliminary study demonstrated that microbial inoculum confected by endophytes phomopsis B3 could increase the number of strong seedling and yield.

The water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation for winter wheat production on the North China Plain

The shortage of groundwater resources is a considerable challenge for winter wheat production on the North China Plain.Water-saving technologies and procedures are thus urgently required.To determine the water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation(MSI)for winter wheat production,field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015.Compared to traditional flooding irrigation(TFI),micro-sprinkling thrice with 90 mm water(MSI1)and micro-sprinkling four times with 120 mm water(MSI2)increased the water use efficiency by 22.5 and 16.2%,respectively,while reducing evapotranspiration by 17.6 and 10.8%.Regardless of the rainfall pattern,MSI(i.e.,MSI1 or MSI2)either stabilized or significantly increased the grain yield,while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%,compared to TFI.Applying the same volumes of irrigation water,MSI(i.e.,MSI3,micro-sprinkling five times with 150 mm water)increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat by 4.6 and 11.7%,respectively,compared to TFI.Because MSI could supply irrigation water more frequently in smaller amounts each time,it reduced soil layer compaction,and may have also resulted in a soil water deficit that promoted the spread of roots into the deep soil layer,which is beneficial to photosynthetic production in the critical period.In conclusion,MSI1 or MSI2 either stabilized or significantly increased grain yield while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%compared to TFI,and should provide water-saving technological support in winter wheat production for smallholders on the North China Plain.

The Salt Reduction and Yield Increase Effects of Smashing Ridging Transforming Saline-alkali Land and Its Development Prospects

Using smashing ridging tillage machine and smashing ridging technology invented by the authors, transformation test of saline-alkali land by smashing ridging was conducted respectively in Xinjiang and Shaanxi during 2015 -2016. The results showed, in severe saline-alkali soil of Xin-jiang ,after growing cotton by smashing ridging, total salt in soil decreased by 31.31 %, cotton production increased by 48.80%, and salinity level declined from severe to moderate; in mild saline-alkali soil of Shaanxi, after growing summer corn by smashing ridging, total salt in soil decreased by 42.37%, corn yield increased by 34.83%, salinity degree changed from mild desalination to normal farmland ; in Ningxia, Inner Mongolia 7 Gansu ,Jilin, Henan, Hebei, and so on, smashing ridging tillage practice in different types of saline-alkali land was conducted ; according to the salt reduction and yield increase effects of saline-alkali land after smashing ridging, the development prospect of smashing ridging technique in improvement and application of saline-alkali land was proposed.

Long-Term No-Tillage Direct Seeding Mode for Water-Saving and Drought-Resistance Rice Production in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System

To study the effects of long-term no-tillage direct seeding mode on rice yield and the soil physiochemical property in a rice-rapeseed rotation system, a comparative experiment with a water-saving and drought-resistance rice （WDR） variety and a double low rapeseed variety as materials was conducted under no-tillage direct seeding （NTDS） mode and conventional tillage direct seeding （CTDS） mode for four years, using the CTDS mode as the control. Compared with the CTDS mode, the actual rice yield of WDR decreased by 8.10% at the first year, whereas the plant height, spikelet number per panicle, spikelet fertility, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, actual yield, and harvest index increased with no-tillage years, which led to the actual yield increase by 6.49% at the fourth year. Correlation analysis showed that the panicle length was significantly related to the actual yield of WDR. Compared with the CTDS mode in terms of the soil properties, the pH value of the NTDS mode decreased every year, whereas the contents of soil organic matter and total N of the NTDS mode increased. In the 0-5 cm layer of the NTDS mode, the soil bulk decreased, whereas the contents of soil organic matter, total N, and available N increased. In the 5-20 cm layer of the NTDS mode, the available N and K decreased, whereas the soil bulk, contents of soil organic matter, and total N increased. In summary, the NTDS mode increased the rice yield, and could improve the paddy soil fertility of the top layer.

The supporting capability of Water and land resources for sustainable increase of yield in North China Plain

The potential of yield increase in the North China Plain is about 30 billion kg by ameliorating the low yield and medium low yield farmlands and 4 billion kg by reclaiming unused land. Water shortage will be the main limitation to the further increase of grain crop yield. The amount of water shortage is 8 200 million m3 at present, and will be 17 720 million m3 in 2 000. Yield increase can not be realized by using more water in the future. Other factors such as decrease of the area of cultivated land and the grain crop growing area, deterioration of environment and destruction of resources will also affect the development of grain production. Some suggestions have been proposed in the paper for attaining sustainable increase of yield in the plain.

Roles of Fenlong Technology in the Increase of Grain Yield and Construction of a Huge "Underground Reservoir"

Fenlong farming technology was introduced. It has characteristics of very deep tillage and evenly smashing soil,and can evenly smash soil without disturbing soil layers to complete the task of soil preparation. It can be widely used in cultivated land,saline-alkali land,lime concretion black soil,degraded grassland,etc. After the application of the technology in 34 crops in 24 provinces,it can increase yield by 10%-50% and improve quality by above 5%. Fenlong technology can increase soil reservoir capacity,enhance the infiltration rate of rainwater in soil and make " surplus" effect obvious. If the country plans and promotes the technology in 160 million hm^2 of land( including 67 million hm^2 of cultivated land,20 million hm^2 of saline-alkali land,6. 7 million hm^2 of marginal land and 67 million hm^2 of degraded grassland),the total volume of loosened soil in arable land will increase from 198. 1 billion to 840. 0 billion m^3,and the capacity of a " underground reservoir" will increase by 675 million m^3,while natural precipitation reserves will increase by 162 billion m^3. It can effectively solve food security problems and water resource problems such as drought,floods,and industrial,agricultural and domestic water shortages,as well as serious disaster hazards caused by groundwater that has been evacuated in China.

“Physical Fertility” of Fenlong and Its Yield and Benefit Increase

Core theory and acting force("physical fertility") of Fenlong are firstly proposed,and "physical fertility of Fenlong" is relative to the fertility of chemical fertilizer of increasing crop yield. Basic composition of "physical fertility of Fenlong" and its effect of increasing production and improving quality of various agricultural crops are clarified. It makes crop yield increase by 15%-30% without fertilization and 15%-50% by not increasing fertilization amount and irrigation water consumption. It is proposed that "physical fertility of Fenlong" could be sufficiently excavated in the new times of green development. Fenlong has a key significance for rationally reducing chemical fertilizer,soil,water and air pollution,agricultural cost,improving the quality of agricultural products and human health level.

MONITORING, NURTURE OF THE FARMLAND SOIL & INCREASE OF GRAIN YIELD IN CHINA

In line with the author’s long-time experience on soil reconnaissance, monitoring and scientific probes, this article expounds the vital significance in systematic build-up of pedological data, protection of arable land, employment and renovation of the farmland soil in accordance with the local edaphic setting in a bid to increase the grain yield.

Effects of Different Proportions of Controlled Release Urea and Ordinary Urea on Peanut Yield

[Objectives]To study the effects of different proportions of controlled release urea and ordinary urea on peanut yield.[Methods]A total of 5 treatments were set up according to different proportions of controlled release urea and ordinary urea,randomly arranged in blocks and repeated 3 times.[Results]The test results of field districts showed that different proportions of controlled release urea and conventional urea had different effects on peanut yield.On the basis of applying 50 kg/666.7 m^(2)of calcium superphosphate and 17 kg/666.7 m^(2)of potassium sulfate,13.34 kg/666.7 m^(2)of pure nitrogen was applied.The optimal ratio of controlled release urea to ordinary urea was 75:25,followed by 50:50.The output was 379.83 and 371.83 kg/666.7 m^(2),separately increased by 6.74%and 4.50%compared to the application of ordinary urea.[Conclusions]The combined application of controlled release urea and ordinary urea in peanuts can significantly increase peanut yield compared to just applying ordinary urea.

降氮增施有机肥对烤烟生长发育和产量的影响

为了提高烤烟质量和经济效益,以龙江986为供试品种进行随机区组试验,设置5个处理,对不同处理烤烟农艺性状、干物质积累、叶绿素含量及经济性状进行测定,以此分析不同施肥配比条件下烟株生长发育及经济性状的变化情况。结果表明,施用肥料的处理其各项农艺性状指标均优于未施肥的对照处理,其中F3(硝酸钾+精制有机肥)和F5(硝酸钾+烟秆有机肥)处理效果最好。增施有机肥及仅施硝酸钾均能够促进烟株的生长,但仅施硝酸钾的效果没有配合施用有机肥的效果好。有机肥与硝酸钾配合施用有利于增加烟株根、茎、叶的干物质积累,与F2(只施硝酸钾)处理相比,团棵期效果最好的为F4(硝酸钾+蚯蚓有机肥)处理,根增加0.40 g,茎增加0.86 g,增加叶重2.25 g;始采期效果最好的为F3处理,茎增加6.64 g,叶增加3.67 g。有机肥与硝酸钾配合施用能够提高烟株叶绿素含量,与F2处理相比,F3处理SPAD值增加1.0,F4处理增加1.6,F5处理增加0.9。此外,有机肥与硝酸钾配合施用能够提升烟株的产量及品质,与F2处理相比,F4处理的单叶质量最大,为5.71 g;产量最高,为1 465.95 kg·hm^(-2),对提高烟株的单叶质量及增产作用效果较好;F5处理的上等烟率最高,为7.05%,可明显改善烟株的品质。综合来看,降氮增施有机肥对烤烟生长发育和产量存在正向促进的作用。F3处理有利于改善烟株农艺性状,F4处理在干物质积累、提高叶绿素含量、单叶质量和产量方面存在一定优势,F5处理有利于提高上等烟率。在生产过程中可以结合具体需求筛选合适的处理或者搭配使用。

施钼对花生氮代谢关键酶活性、氮素利用及产量的影响

为分析施钼对花生氮代谢关键酶活性、氮素利用及产量的影响,采用盆栽和田间试验相结合的方式,设不施钼(0)、施钼(0.2 mg·kg^(-1))2个水平,研究了增施钼肥对花生关键生育时期氮代谢相关酶活性、植株氮素积累量、氮素利用率和产量的影响。盆栽试验和田间试验结果表明,与不施钼相比,增施钼肥显著提高了结荚期和成熟期花生根和叶片中硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性,显著增加了花生根系、地上部和荚果中氮素积累和荚果产量,其中,盆栽试验和田间试验两生育期氮素吸收效率分别平均提高47.79%和21.65%,氮素利用率分别平均提高10.58%和13.56%,花生分别显著增产38.20%和25.81%。可见,增施钼肥可显著提高花生根系和叶片氮素代谢相关酶活性,显著提高花生氮素积累量、氮素吸收利用效率和产量。增施钼肥是提高花生产量和氮利用率的有效措施。

磷石膏改良滨海盐土效果及对小麦生长的影响

江苏滨海盐土(盐碱土)约66.22万公顷,大多未开发利用,主要因为含盐量很高,迫切需要进行改良。本试验采用田间试验方法,利用磷肥厂副产物磷石膏进行盐(碱)土改良试验。试验设置不施肥、不施用磷石膏、单施复合肥、施用复合肥+磷石膏不同用量等8个处理进行。结果表明,施用磷石膏可以降低盐碱土土壤pH,与不施用磷石膏的对照相比,施用磷石膏后表层0~20 cm土壤pH下降0.07~0.40个单位,碳酸氢根离子下降15.81%~43.53%;土壤钠离子浓度下降17.25%~89.83%,土壤钾离子含量增加8.17%~384.90%,土壤钙离子含量增加59.51%~1977.72%,土壤有机质增加4.51%~19.50%。施用磷石膏处理小区小麦叶片全氮含量较不施磷石膏处理增加7.85%~26.21%,叶片全磷含量增加5.02%~35.97%;小麦增产11.41%~45.26%。滨海盐土及盐碱土可以采用磷石膏进行改良,有较好的改良效果。综合考虑,以处理为30%复合肥1050 kg·hm^(-2)+磷石膏1125 kg·hm^(-2)和30%复合肥1050 kg·hm^(-2)+磷石膏2250 kg·hm^(-2)处理效果最好。

科技成果转化农学创新综合实验的探索与实践

探索将科技成果“香稻增香增产栽培技术”转化为农学专业的综合实验,形成“香稻增香增产栽培技术应用与香气测定分析”创新综合实验,包括了田间实验设计、田间调查与取样、室内测定与分析、实验报告撰写等环节的实验教学体系。通过多途径强化创新能力。综合实验的实施有利于调动新农科学生的科研热情,增强科研创新素质和实践能力,实现推动卓越农林人才培养的目标。

1988-2020年新疆棉花生产格局与贡献因素

为摸清新疆棉花生产变化与增产格局,本研究基于1988—2020年新疆棉花生产相关数据,运用数理统计和重心模型等方法对新疆棉花生产时空格局进行分析,探讨了棉花增产格局与贡献因素。结果表明,1988年以来新疆棉花生产变化呈现两个阶段:波动增长时期(1988—2014年),棉花产量由17.12万t增至337.85万t,种植面积由22.13万hm^(2)增至197.00万hm^(2);波动下降时期(2015—2020年),棉花产量波动降至302.70万t,种植面积减至163.67万hm^(2)。1988—2020年,新疆大部分地市棉花产量、种植面积和单产显著增加,但各地差异明显,南疆在新疆棉花生产中地位突出,阿克苏、喀什和巴音郭楞三地对新疆棉花增产贡献为65.43%。北疆和东疆哈密棉花产量增速快于南疆地区,致使棉花生产重心向东北方向迁移300.96 km,由喀什迁移至阿克苏。从贡献因素看,新疆棉花增产主要为种植面积主导(74.61%),未来新疆应将提高棉花单产作为保障棉花产量的主要途径。

鲜食玉米草地贪夜蛾绿色防控技术

草地贪夜蛾集中危害安徽省秋季鲜食玉米,对产量造成严重威胁,为探索一套适用于秋季鲜食玉米草地贪夜蛾绿色防控技术,分别于苗期、心叶期、吐丝期开展田间防治研究,评价防治效果、鲜穗产量及增产率,以达到减少化学用药、挽回产量,实现全程绿色防控的目标。结果表明,播前40%溴氰虫酰胺·噻虫嗪种子处理悬浮剂包衣玉米种子出苗率增加19.25%、苗后14 d防治效果可达74.48%;心叶初期、末期分别施用G033A颗粒剂、10%甲维·氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂,药后21 d防治效果可达90.62%;吐丝期PS3可湿性粉剂与25%乙基多杀菌素水分散粒剂(减量20%)联合使用,药后21 d防治效果可达78.42%。全生育期相对于农户自防区减少化学用药4次,其中生物农药替代1次;平均穗粒重最高为253.82 g,籽粒增产率为5.69%;鲜穗产量最高为16243.70 kg/hm^(2),鲜穗增产率为4.86%。安徽省秋季鲜食玉米草地贪夜蛾绿色防控技术对玉米生长安全,综合防效显著,可有效减少化学农药用药,增加产量。

中国北方地区不同滴灌方式节水增产效应的Meta分析

为了探明中国北方地区地下滴灌(subsurface drip irrigation,SSDI)与地表滴灌(surface drip irrigation,SDI)节水增产效应的差异,该研究以SDI作为对照,采用Meta分析定量分析了不同条件下SSDI对作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与SDI相比,SSDI可使作物总体增产6.66%(P<0.05),水分利用效率提高9.34%(P<0.05),净效益增加6.94%(P<0.05);SSDI在西北和华北地区均能提高作物产量和水分利用效率;当年均降雨量不大于400 mm时,SSDI能显著提高作物产量;当土壤容重大于1.5 g/cm^(3),灌水施肥频率大于6次,滴灌带埋深为>15~25 cm,滴头流量介于>1.5~<2.5 L/h时,更有利于发挥SSDI优势,节水增产效果显著。研究可为中国北方地区SSDI的推广应用提供理论参考。

生物多样性在低碳农业中的应用现状及展望

在中国推进生态文明建设的背景下,农业固碳增效被写入“双碳目标”,低碳农业随之兴起。生物多样性是生态系统功能与服务的基础,在农业低碳化过程中发挥了至关重要的作用,保护农田生物多样性,充分发挥其生态作用是实现农业减排固碳的重要路径。收集“Web of Science”数据库中2010-2022年的文献,利用CiteSpace文献计量软件的关键词共现以及聚类分析,对近年来国际低碳农业中生物多样性的研究动态、研究热点进行分析,对生物多样性的功能进行归纳总结。分析结果表明,生物多样性的保护与管理是目前低碳农业生物多样性的研究热点,而生物防治是生物多样性实现农业低碳化的主要途径,通过对不同生物类群多样性的生态价值进行梳理,发现生物多样性可以增加农业生产过程中的生态与经济价值。未来的研究可从生态系统和景观的尺度,探索基于生物多样性的多功能农业发展模式,从而更好地助力双碳目标的顺利实现。

云南特色花生绿色高效生产技术集成应用

据国家统计局数据显示,云南花生单产低,约为全国花生单产(3.92 t/hm^(2))的50%,严重阻碍了云南花生生产和产业发展。为提高云南的花生单产,增加效益,本文集成了“因地制宜机械化生产”、“种子包衣”、“增密播种”、“专用缓(控)释肥高效施肥”、“主要病虫害绿色高效防控”等关键核心技术,初步建立了云南特色花生绿色高效生产技术体系。该体系的应用成效显著,2022-2023年建成了技术集成核心示范区3377 hm^(2),示范区花生平均单产达到5.37 t/hm^(2),是目前云南平均单产的2.73倍,平均产值达到120791元/hm^(2),同时减少约30%的化肥施用量,减少约55人/hm^(2)的劳动力投入,达到了节本、提质和增效的目的,为云南花生单产提升贡献了重要的科技力量。本文还提出了未来云南特色花生生产的发展方向,以期为花生生产提单产和增效益提供参考。

增密扩幅对胡麻光合特性、干物质积累规律与产量的影响

为进一步挖掘胡麻密植潜力,提高胡麻籽粒产量,于2021年采用田间裂区试验,开展了增密(750×10^(4)粒/hm^(2)、850×10^(4)粒/hm^(2)和950×10^(4)粒/hm^(2))扩幅(10 cm)对胡麻光合特性、干物质积累规律及产量形成的影响研究,结果表明,与常规条播相比,宽幅播种技术下胡麻叶面积指数、光合势和群体生长率分别显著提升34.52%~38.66%、35.60%~36.23%和20.17%~21.60%,其中以行距20 cm时增幅最大。增加幅宽显著增加了胡麻现蕾期后的干物质积累量和成熟期生殖器官的干物质分配比例,且不同行距水平下干物质积累量随种植密度增大而增大。与常规条播相比,宽幅播种通过提高单株有效蒴果数显著提高了胡麻籽粒产量,平均增产幅度达13.85%~17.38%。其中,行距20 cm搭配密度950×10^(4)粒/hm^(2)籽粒产量最高,达1884.44 kg/hm^(2)。综上,在西北旱区,宽幅播种行距20 cm与种植密度950×10^(4)粒/hm^(2)搭配可有效提高胡麻光合能力和干物质积累量,进而实现增产增收。

滨海地区增温对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响

为探究滨海地区增温对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响,以“盐粳476”、“盐粳313”为试验材料,设增温(增加2℃)、常温对照两个处理进行试验。结果表明:水稻花粉不育率增温处理盐粳476为15.18%、盐粳313为12.56%;增温处理盐粳476产量为277.81 kg/667 m^(2)、盐粳313产量388.36 kg/667 m^(2),比相对应的CK处理大幅减产,分别减产231.89 kg/667 m^(2)、265.3 kg/667 m^(2);增温处理的加工品质大体呈下降的趋势,增温处理相比于对应CK处理食味值降低、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量升高。