从Garden,Landscape Garden到Landscape Architecture——西方风景园林观念中的中国文化因子

Landscape architecture作为一门交叉学科正随着自然科学和社会科学的逐渐发展而日臻成熟,学术界对于该词演变发展的过程和相关历史资料的研究也从未停止,但是对于它与中国传统历史文化之间的渊源关系却鲜为人知。通过对Landscape一词的历史沿革与从Garden到Landscape architecture的发展历程进行探究,发现当代Landscape architecture专业在其发展的过程中深受中国传统文化中的审美观、自然观及思维方式的影响,以弘扬中国古代优秀文化遗产,促进Landscape architecture这样一门综合性学科的发展。

The Inspiration of Chinese-Western Garden Architecture Environment for Indoor Landscape Design

By comparatively analyzing the difference of Chinese-Western culture,the paper discussed different garden building concepts of China and western countries,and also pointed out the difference of morphological features,poetic imagery of landscape,patterns,structure and spatial connects led by these concepts.It is believed that the introducing the architectural art of garden will become an inevitable tendency.Instances were used to illustrate spatial layout of classical gardens,the construction of poetic imagery,architectural forms of western gardens and its referential significance to indoor landscape design.

Foreign Landscape Architecture History Teaching by Introducing Three-dimensional Graphic Analysis:A Case Study of Italian Renaissance Gardens

Taking contents of Italian Renaissance gardens in the course Foreign Landscape Architecture History as an example,this paper introduces case teaching method and analyzes application of three-dimensional graphic analysis method in case teaching in detail,aiming at typical cases of Italian Renaissance gardens,namely,Villa Medici,Fiesole and Villa d’Este,Tivoli.Three-dimensional graphic analysis can help students form intuitive feeling of terrain and space,further understand the typical gardening techniques of foreign gardens,so as to improve the teaching effect of landscape architecture history course.

German Landscape Development and Characteristics Analysis and Study:A Case Study of 20^(th)Century German Garden Landscape Design

Germany has a significant influence on the globe,both economically and culturally,being the center of Europe.Although severely damaged by the Second World War,German landscape architecture gradual y recovered through garden exhibitions,landscape associations,and other means during a period of reflection and repair.Because of their artistry and utility,German gardens from the middle and end of the 20^(th)century had a favorable influence on landscape architecture around the globe.The shift in focus from“post-war restoration”to“enhancing the urban appearance”to“ecological restoration”not only reflects a shift in the design philosophy of the German people but also directly reflects the value orientation of design across all of Europe and even the West.

浅谈Landscape Architecture的中文译名

目前在中国景观界,Landscape Architecture(LA)的中文译名是风景园林学或是景观学存在很大的争议。从LA本身的历史由来及中国的学科发展和语境三方面分析二者之间的关系和区别,给出了LA的中文译名两个层面的内涵解释。

Enlightenments of “White Space” in Traditional Chinese Painting on Landscape Architecture Design

By analyzing different expressions of "white space" in classical and modern Chinese gardens, the authors proposed that "white space" theory has infiltrated in graphic and spatial designs and has been widely applied in spatial layouts of gardens. On the basis of elaborating conceptual origin, characteristics and its connotations in the creation of artistic ambience, "white space" was believed valuable and enlightening for the artistic creation of modern landscape architecture.

Application Research of Water-saving and Drought-resistant Landscape Plants:A Case Study of Inner Mongolia Drought-resistant Mongolian Grasses

Construction of "water-saving landscape architecture" is a crucial content of building "conservation-minded society'',an important approach of ensuring the sustainable development of landscaping industry.It targets at exploring a reasonable means of using the nature,so as to improve ecological conditions and environment,save resources and energies,and promote the harmonious coexistence of man and nature.Landscape plant is a significant component of landscape architecture,it is a key section to choose proper drought-resistant plant species for the landscape construction.

Relationship between Development of Landscape Architecture and Urban Ecological Economy

Landscape architecture industry throughout decades of rapid development has made great contributions to national environment, improvement of city and ecological conditions. Against the background of worldwide economic depression, increasing national investment, it is advocated that more investments should be input for the landscape architecture industry, and special funds set for the industry. Park and garden construction echoes with the country and people's needs for environmental beautification, ecological improvement, preservation of natural resources and sustainable development, so as to obtain the most ecological benefi ts and social benefi ts with the least input, and create beautiful living environment, as well as long-term and sustainable economic benefi ts.

Ancient Chinese Landscape Architecture

IN the past decade,the worldhas suddenly discovered thewonders of Chinese landscapegardening and garden architecture,and places like New York,Singaporeand London have all built Chinese-style gardens.The architectural stylespecial to Chinese gardens has,infact,developed·a“school”of itsown.In China,the landscaped gardenhas long been a part of culture,andliterature,painting,philosophy,cal-ligraphy and folk customs have alldealt with it at one time or another.Two categories of garden architec-ture exist:the imperial garden andthe private garden.The former is,ofcourse,grand and palatial and occu-pies large tracts of land,while

重视“Garden”

2023年北京市人民政府印发《北京花园城市专项规划(2023—2035年)》,相对于成都的“公园城市”建设,“花园城市”的语义正引发深入的专业思考。不同语言在相互翻译和转换中往往引发信息衰减与偏差,如Garden中译之“花园”或“园林”之别,Gardening中译之“造园”与“园艺”之别。以阿奇尔·杜谢内“Death of Garden Art”的言论为开篇,通过建构Gardening与Garden内涵关联,以追溯Garden专业身份角色变化的方式重新审视了风景园林(LA)发展的历程,论述了Garden本应具有的人-植物-土地直接情感关系的价值源点和Garden思维形成系统层递惰性的缘由,提出专业发展应在开放的和不断自我驱动更新的语境中走向人与自然的共赢之道。

Architectural Idea of "Panoramic View" and "Ecological" Landscaping Consciousness in Yanshan Garden

WANG Shi-zhen,the scholar in Ming Dynasty,has been studied by followers of many generations.His remarkable achievements in literature,history,painting and even opera have been much learnt,but his contributions to gardening have been rarely mentioned.Thus Yanshan Garden as the material carrier of WANG's gardening achievements is worthy of further study.Yanshan Garden is the representative of private gardens owned by scholars and officials in Ming Dynasty,enjoying the fame of "City Forest".Either from garden construction,including natural landscapes,architectural landscapes as well as animal and plant landscapes,or from gardening thoughts and theories,Yanshan Garden has its own outstanding and particular features.Through reviewing On Yanshan Garden,this study elaborated the architectural idea of "panoramic view" and "ecological" landscaping consciousness in Yanshan Garden,which supplemented the blank page in this field and provided support for future studies.

Research on Roof Morphology of Xu-style Garden Architecture in the Han Dynasty

Taking the stone reliefs of the Han Dynasty in the ancient Xuzhou region as materials,the paper studied the roofi ng forms of pavilion rooms and halls in the Han Dynasty from the perspective of roof and ridge style and its decorative features combined with literature records.The result showed that most of the roofs were straight slopes but the roof ridge diversifi ed.According to the different degree of warping,there are straight without warping,gentle and slight warping and large arc warping etc.,the warping forms had the roof characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture in both north and south China,showing diversifi ed and beautiful morphology.Through the technical treatment of structure and art,the roofi ng created a highly expressive images and eliminated the negative effect of the big lumpish and depressive roofs.Animal images of phoenix and Chiwen(two imaginary birds in ancient Chinese myth,with auspicious implications)in the roof ridge decorations refl ected the development of architectural structure technology and decorative art of Xu-Style gardens in the Han Dynasty.

Xu-style Garden Architecture of the Han Dynasty: Hanging Waterside Pavilion

Based on the Han Dynasty stone reliefs unearthed in the ancient Xuzhou area,a kind of pavilion above the water—hanging waterside pavilion(Xuan Shui Xie,built above the water with stilts and brackets as the base and seeming hanging on the water)was systematically collected and classifi ed into 2 major categories:single-bracket column hanging waterside pavilion and multiple-bracket column hanging waterside pavilion.The research showed that hanging waterside pavilion got ride of traditional pavilion’s reliance on rammed earth foundation.In addition to working as a connection part,brackets,or bucket arches(Dougong)had also tremendous load-bearing capacity,straight and curved brackets co-formed a giant multiple bracket system,staircases and one-side hanging structure were used to support the upper construction,so that a new towering but light wooden structure hanging above the water was created,which was an innovation of bracket technique of the Han Dynasty,and also a creative design in the development of wooden architecture.

A Brief Analysis Of"Wild and Exquisite"British Natural Landscape Garden

Thanks for the opportunity that sent students to attend the short-term academic class at University of Wales Trinity Saint David at the end of 2019,the author took this opportunity to deeply experience the local customs,cultural customs and landscape of Britain.At the same time,as a landscape design researcher,the author elaborated the design methods and elements of the British natural landscape garden.Through literature reviewing and field feeling,and compared with classical Chinese gardens,the author analyzed their similarities and differences."Wild and exquisite"means"natural and worth thinking".The author analyzed the characteristics of several modern natural landscape garden visited and found out the moment of"wild and exquisite"in British natural landscape garden.

Development Trend and Mission of Yunnan Gardens

Development trend of Yunnan gardens are analyzed from domestic and international perspectives, and domestic opportunities for Yunnan gardens are explored. Concept, properties, location and significance of Yunnan gardens are introduced; the guiding concepts and development principles of Yunnan gardens are summarized. Through further study of Yunnan gardens, the authors promote the understanding of government and the public, research within academic circles, and applied practices by enterprises. Finally, development trend and mission of Yunnan gardens are discussed.

Development History of Traditional Tibetan Gardens

According to the garden scale,garden element and gardening technique,as well as garden processing mode and history of Tibet,traditional Tibetan gardens were classified into germination phase,formation phase and maturation phase,by introducing development status of traditional Tibetan gardens in each phase,this study proposed that a Tibetan garden system was formed with Norbulingka as a representative,and characteristics of traditional Tibetan gardens were concluded as:A.Garden selection and layout usually depends on plain terrains around main buildings with clear relationship among and low density of woods,constructions and roads,which is open and regular without designed windings,and different from gardening techniques of traditional Chinese gardens characterized by zig-zags,restraining before expanding,and winding paths to the serenity;B.Garden elements in Tibetan gardens mainly indicate those landscape plants,its gardening focuses on greening,but unlike traditional Chinese gardens,pays less attention to "water layout";C.Traditional Tibetan gardens have 3 major functions:recreational,religious and political,attaching great importance to its religious functions.

Themes and Originality of Show Gardens in UK Flower Show

Flower shows in UK continue throughout the year. Show Gardens in the flower show, originating from life with varied themes, are apparently different from those in China. Themes of show gardens include social care, ecological conservation, religious morality, perception of life, etc.. Originality of show gardens is simple and unbound, while more attentions are paid to details and setting in the influence of different modern arts. The diversity of sponsors and the richness of life elements of the themes are closely related.Flower shows in UK are mainly supported by companies and self-organized by the industry, which is the basic reason resulting in the diversity of garden themes and the long-term prosperity of flower shows.

Brief History of Xu-style Gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties

This paper studied the gardening activities and characteristics of Xu-style gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties by combining ancient literature with the study of Han Dynasty stone reliefs.The results showed that by Qin and Han Dynasties,the imperial(royal)gardens and private gardens in ancient Xuzhou had developed in parallel.Imperial(royal)gardens were built by or for vassal kings,First Emperor of Qin Dynasty,Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty Liu Bang,for example,Pei Palace,Yanqi Tai,Xima Tai,Hanzu Temple,Lingguang Palace of Lu and so on.As for private gardens,stone reliefs in medium or small tombs owned by the bigwigs or the rich were collected from ancient Xuzhou,and from which we can see clearly the development of private garden from the court,the yard to the garden,rich garden plants and animal species,garden architecture types such as hall,building,pavilion,platform,boat,corridor,gate,gatetower,ornamental column etc.,particularly,hanging waterside pavilion was a unique architectural form of Xu-style garden.These achievements showed that Xu-style garden architecture had been transformed from the pre-Qin incubation period to the generation period.

A Brief Analysis of Successful Experience of French Classical Gardens for the Construction of Chinese Gardens

This paper reviews the course of the development of the French garden system,interprets the French gardening techniques and characteristics,and analyzes its features,as well as the classical garden works at that time.Through the analysis of the concept of French garden construction,the prospect of Chinese garden construction is finally foreseen.

从自然疗愈到社会修复——公共健康视角下社区花园的疗愈价值探索

【目的】以公共健康为视角深入探索社区花园的自然疗愈力量和社会修复过程。【方法】梳理社区花园及公共健康的研究进展,在社区花园促进自然疗愈理论与实践的研究基础上,以枢纽型社区花园、街道共同体实验、市域社区花园更新和全国范围的社区花园实践行动的4个项目为研究对象,探讨不同类型的社区花园从促进自然疗愈到推动社会修复这一过程的行动方式和作用机制,并以问卷调查的方法进行社区花园疗愈价值评估。【结果】表明社区花园对于个人治愈、群体疗愈、社会关系修复与重塑均有一定的促进作用,进而总结出实现社区花园疗愈价值的3层作用机制,即自然产出服务与物理空间营造、个体生理与心理疗愈价值实现、以社群网络搭建促进社会关系修复。【结论】社区花园可通过提供自然产出服务、促进参与者身心疗愈以及扩大化的社群网络带来的社会关系修复效益,为社区长期发展和可持续建设提供有效助力与支持。