Hydrochemistry of the lakes in the southern Badain Jaran Desert and its paleosalinity reconstruction

The reconstruction of paleohydrology,especially paleosalinity,is an important component of paleoenvironmental research.Researches on the modern characteristics of lake water chemistry and the relationship between lake salinity and hydrochemistry are the basis of paleoenvironment reconstruction.The modern hydrochemical characteristics and the relationship between ion composition and salinity of modern lakes are the basis of paleosalinity reconstruction.In this study,hydrochemical analysis of 21 lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert(BJD)was carried out.The relationships between the Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios and total dissolved solids(TDS)were analyzed.The results show that Na^(+),K^(+),Cl-and SO_(4)^(2-)have high positive correlations with TDS,and Mg^(2+),Sr^(2+),CO_(3)_(2-)and HCO_(3)^(-)have lower correlations with TDS.The Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios do not increase linearly with TDS.Hydrochemical analysis indicates that the studied lakes are in the carbonate precipitation stage and that evaporation is the main factor controlling lake evolution in the BJD.The relationships between the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios and TDS are mainly influenced by lake evolution stage and the hydrochemical types of the lakes.On the basis of comprehensive previous studies,the factors affecting lake evolution,the Mg and Sr partition coefficients and other hydrochemical parameters that change with lake evolution all affect the relationship between chemical composition and salinity.To reconstruct paleosalinity more accurately,more detailed research on the modern hydrochemical characteristics of lakes and the relationship between the element ratios of carbonates and water salinity should be carried out.

Formation,evolution,reconstruction of black shales and their influence on shale oil and gas resource

Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human society.They also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the earth.This review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and gas.In terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional facies.The formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom currents.From a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological events.The enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation rate.In terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore evolution.In terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore structure.Fluid activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black shales.Regarding resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales would have caused the heterogeneous distribution of oil and gas in shales.Exploring the formation mechanisms and interactions of black shales at different scales is a key to in-depth research on shale formation and evolution,as well as the key to revealing the mechanism controlling shale oil and gas accumulation.The present records can reveal how these processes worked in geological history,and improve our understanding of the coupling mechanisms among regional geological events,black shales evolution,and shale oil and gas formation and enrichment.

Analysis of Bridge Inspection Technology for Highway Reconstruction and Expansion

This article focuses on bridge testing technologies in highway construction and expansion projects.It provides an overview of the inspection process for bridges in highway reconstruction and expansion projects,the main inspections,and strategies for improving the quality of inspections.Relevant units should conduct bridge inspections using appearance inspections,special inspections,and bearing capacity assessments in highway reconstruction and expansion projects.To effectively improve testing quality,relevant units should also focus on establishing and improving testing standards,strengthening material testing,and improving the overall quality of the testing personnel.This research aims to enhance the quality of highway reconstruction and expansion projects by supporting the sensible application of bridge inspection technology.

Design Method for Road Reconstruction and Expansion

This article analyzes the method for designing routes in road reconstruction and expansion projects,using an actual engineering project as an example.This includes an overview of a specific road reconstruction and expansion project,an analysis of the preexisting road,the basic principles of the design road project,and an analysis of the design methods and steps.This study aims to offer some guidance for road reconstruction and expansion design.

Analysis of Roadbed Pavement Designs for Highway Reconstruction and Upgrading

This paper focuses on the route and roadbed pavement design in highway reconstruction and upgrading projects.It discusses the importance of project design for highway reconstruction and upgrading,highlighting key aspects of route design and roadbed pavement design.The analysis reveals that the main design considerations in these projects include controlling factors of route reconstruction,expansion,and upgrading,as well as route plan design and longitudinal section design combined with roadbed pavement.In roadbed pavement design,it is crucial for designers to thoroughly collect existing data and make reasonable use of the current roadbed and pavement to develop a comprehensive design scheme.This analysis aims to provide a reference for the reasonable design of such projects.

Tissue engineering in urethral reconstruction--an update

The field of tissue engineering is rapidly progressing. Much work has gone into developing a tissue engineered urethral graft. Current grafts, when long, can create initial donor site morbidity. In this article, we evaluate the progress made in finding a tissue engineered substitute for the human urethra. Researchers have investigated cell-free and cell-seeded grafts. We discuss different approaches to developing these grafts and review their reported successes in human studies. With further work, tissue engineered grafts may facilitate the management of lengthy urethral strictures requiring oral mucosa substitution urethroplasty.

Preliminary experimental study of urethral reconstruction Nith tissue engineering and RNA interference techniques

This study investigated the feasibility of replacing urinary epithelial cells with oral keratinocytes and transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1） small interfering RNA （siRNA）-transfected fibroblasts seeded on bladder acellular matrix graft （BAMG） in order to reconstruct tissue-engineered urethra. Constructed siRNAs, which expressed plasmids targeting TGF-β1, were transfected into rabbit fibroblasts. The effective siRNA was screened out by RT-PCR and was transfected into rabbit fibroblasts again. Synthesis of type I collagen in culture medium was measured by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay （ELISA）. Autologous oral keratinocytes and TGF-β1 siRNA-transfected fibroblasts were seeded onto BAMGs to obtain a tissue-engineered mucosa. The tissue-engineered mucosa was assessed morphologically and with the help of scanning electron microscopy. The TGF-β1 siRNA decreased the expression of fibroblasts synthesis type I collagen. Oral keratinocytes and TGF-β1 siRNA-transfected fibroblasts were seeded onto sterilized BAMG to obtain a tissue-engineered mucosa for urethral reconstruction. The compound graft was assessed using scanning electron microscope. Oral keratinocytes and TGF-β1 siRNA-transfected fibroblasts had a good compatibility with BAMG. The downregulation of fibroblasts synthesis type I collagen expression by constructed siRNA interfering TGF-β1 provided a potential basis for genetic therapy of urethral scar. Oral keratinocytes and TGF-β1 siRNA-transfected fibroblasts had good compatibility with BAMG and the compound graft could be a new choice for urethral reconstruction.

Tissue engineering for urinary tract reconstruction and repair: Progress and prospect in China

Several urinary tract pathologic conditions,such as strictures,cancer,and obliterations,require reconstructive plastic surgery.Reconstruction of the urinary tract is an intractable task for urologists due to insufficient autologous tissue.Limitations of autologous tissue application prompted urologists to investigate ideal substitutes.Tissue engineering is a new direction in these cases.Advances in tissue engineering over the last 2 decades may offer alternative approaches for the urinary tract reconstruction.The main components of tissue engineering include biomaterials and cells.Biomaterials can be used with or without cultured cells.This paper focuses on cell sources,biomaterials,and existing methods of tissue engineering for urinary tract reconstruction in China.The paper also details challenges and perspectives involved in urinary tract reconstruction.

Geometrical Reconstruction and CNC Process of Spurious Tympanic Membrane Based on Reverse Engineering

Perforation of tympanic membrane is one of the main reasons for both deafness and dyssaudia.We could improve and restore audition by restoring or replacing the tympanic membrane.So,whether you can make the spurious tympanic membrane successfully is one of the keys to a successful operation.Utilizing CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) measurement equipment, we measured tympanic membrane model precisely and digitally.We also analysed the measured data by point to surface and we have successfully reconstructed the CAD model of the spurious tympanic membrane.Using the model we have got,we schemed out the mold of spurious tympanic membrane.In addition,we utilized MasterCAM compiling CNC (Computerized Numerical Con- trol) code and simulating the course of working.Ultimately,we obtained the mold of spurious tympanic membrane.Our research in this article has great significance to the success of spurious tympanic membrane grafting operation.

Effect of PGA/PLA scaffold material on tissue engineering cartilage reconstruction of knee osteoarthritis

Objective:To investigate the effect of PGA/PLA scaffolds on tissue engineering cartilage reconstruction in knee osteoarthritis. Methods:Thirty Japanese white rabbits were divided into three groups. The first group was healthy (group H):normal Japanese white rabbits, without knee osteoarthritis;the second group, knee osteoarthritis group ( Group k):Normal Japanese white rabbits were diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis by model preparation;Group 3, tissue engineering group (Group T):Tissue engineering cartilage reconstruction of Japanese knee white rabbits with knee osteoarthritis. 10 white rabbits per group. The cartilage histological score, HE staining, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, qRT-PCR analysis of H group, k group, T group cartilage histological score, cartilage histopathology and morphological changes, cartilage tissue The difference in Col-Ⅱ protein content and Col-Ⅱ mRNA content was used to investigate the effect of PGA/PLA scaffold material on tissue engineering cartilage reconstruction of knee osteoarthritis. Results:Cartilage tissue was scored according to international histological scoring criteria. The cartilage of the k group was severely fibrotic, the surface of the joint was irregular, and there were many fluids in the cavity, and the defect was severe. In the T group, the fibrosis phenomenon was alleviated, the surface was regular, the area of the effusion in the cavity was reduced, no depression occurred, and the surface of the joint was regular. Arthritis symptoms and cartilage tissue scores were significantly improved in group T and group k (P<0.05). The chondrocytes in the H group were densely distributed, and the k group was disorderly and sparse. In the H group, the cartilage layer of the knee joint was thick, and the cartilage layer in the k group was thin and damaged. The chondrocytes in the H group were located in the lacuna in the stroma, and there were cartilage sacs. The k group had obvious defects and no cartilage capsule structure (all P<0.05). Compared with the k group, the cartilage layer at the knee joint was thicker and the cells were densely distributed. The cartilage sac of some cells could be seen (P<0.05). There were more stromal collagen positive cells in the knee joint of group H. The number of cells in the k group was the least, the cartilage matrix was the most severely damaged, and the chondrocytes and the bone matrix were loose. Compared with group T and group k, the damage of positive cartilage matrix was reduced, and the number of cells was significantly increased (P<0.05). Result:There was a significant difference between the k group and the T group (P<0.05). Western blot was used to immunoblot the content of Col-Ⅱ protein in cartilage tissues of group H, k and T. According to the gray scale analysis, the content of Col-Ⅱ protein was the highest in group H, and the lowest in group k, group T and k. Compared with the group, the content of Col-Ⅱ protein was significantly increased (P<0.05). The expression of Col-Ⅱ mRNA in cartilage tissue of H group was the highest in group H, and the expression of Col-Ⅱ mRNA was the lowest in group k. The expression of Col-Ⅱ mRNA was significantly increased in group T and group k (all P< 0.05). Conclusions:PGA/PLA was used as scaffold material to reconstruct knee osteochondral tissue by tissue engineering method, which has obvious therapeutic effect on knee osteoarthritis.

Design and Application of a Reconstruction System for Engineering Equipment Fault Diagnosis

It is difficult to develop the corresponding fault diagnosis system and the software reusability is bad because the engineering equipment types are so many and their performance is diverse. This paper discussed the solution to engineering equipment integrated fault diagnosis system based on component technology, put forward the sys- tem model and gave the system frame design process and working principle. The software was designed based on the three-layer hierarchy. It is easy to rease and maintain, and the operation of the software is simple. A kind of new theory and method to develop the engineering equipment fault diagnosis system for the future was provided.

In vitro reconstruction and characterization of tissue-engineered human corneal epithelium with seeder cells from an untransfected human corneal epithelial cell line

AIM: To demonstrate the morphology and structure of in vitro reconstructed tissue-engineered human corneal epithelium (TE-HCEP) with seeder cells from an untransfected HCEP cell line. METHODS: The TE-HCEPs were reconstructed in vitro with seeder cells from an untransfected HCEP cell line, and scaffold carriers of denuded amniotic membrane (dAM) in air-liquid interface culture for 3, 5, 7 and 9 days, respectively. The specimens were examined with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of paraffin-section, immunocytochemical staining, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: During in vitro reconstruction of TE-HCEP, HCEP cells formed a 3-4, 6-7 and 8-10 layers of an HCEP-like structure on dAMs in air-liquid interface culture for 3, 5 and 7 days, respectively. But the cells deceased to 5-6 layers and the structure of straified epithelium became loose at day 9. And the cells maintained positive expression of marker proteins (keratin 3 and keratin 12), cell-junction proteins (zonula occludens-1, E-cadherin, connexin 43 and integrin beta 1) and membrane transport protein of Na+-K+ ATPase. The HCEP cells in TE-HCEP were rich in microvilli on apical surface and established numerous cell-cell and cell-dAM junctions at day 5. CONCLUSION: The morphology and structure of the reconstructed TE-HCEP were similar to those of HCEP in vivo. The HCEP cells in the reconstructed TE-HCEP maintained the properties of HCEP cells, including abilities of forming intercellular and cell-extracellular matrix junctions and abilities of performing membrane transportation. The untransfected HCEP cells and dAMs could promisingly be used in reconstruction HCEP equivalent for clinical corneal epithelium transplantation.

MODEL RECONSTRUCTION FROM CLOUD DATA FOR RAPID PROTOTYPE MANUFACTURING

Model reconstruction from points scanned on existing physical objects is much important in a variety of situations such as reverse engineering for mechanical products, computer vision and recovery of biological shapes from two dimensional contours. With the development of measuring equipment, cloud points that contain more details of the object can be obtained conveniently. On the other hand, large quantity of sampled points brings difficulties to model reconstruction method. This paper first presents an algorithm to automatically reduce the number of cloud points under given tolerance. Triangle mesh surface from the simplified data set is reconstructed by the marching cubes algorithm. For various reasons, reconstructed mesh usually contains unwanted holes. An approach to create new triangles is proposed with optimized shape for covering the unexpected holes in triangle meshes. After hole filling, watertight triangle mesh can be directly output in STL format, which is widely used in rapid prototype manufacturing. Practical examples are included to demonstrate the method.

Porcine vesical acellular matrix graft of tunica albuginea for penile reconstruction

Aim： To characterize the feasibility of the surgical replacement of the penile tunica albuginea （TA） and to evaluate the value of a porcine bladder acellular matrix （BAM） graft. Methods： Acellular matrices were constructed from pigs＇ bladders by cell lysis, and then examined by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Expression levels of the mRNA of the vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） receptor, fibroblast growth factor （FGF）-1 receptor, neuregulin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） in the acellular matrix and submucosa of the pigs＇ bladders were determined through the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. A 5 mm× 5 mm square was excised from the penile TA of nine rabbits. The defective TA was then covered in porcine BAM. Equal numbers of animals were sacrificed and histochemically examined at 2, 4 and 6 months after implantation. Results： SEM of the BAM showed collagen fibers with many pores. VEGF receptor, FGF-1 receptor and neuregulin mRNA were expressed in the porcine BAM; BDNF mRNA was not detected. Two months after implantation, the graft sites exhibited excellent healing without contracture, and the fusion between the graft and the neighboring normal TA appeared to be well established. There were no significant histological differences between the implanted tunica and the normal control tunica at 6 months after implantation. Conclusion： The porcine BAM graft resulted in a structure which was sufficiently like that of the normal TA. This implantation might be considered applicable to the reconstruction of the TA in conditions such as trauma or Peyronie＇s disease.

History and evolution of the use of oral mucosa for urethral reconstruction

We report here the history and evolution of the use of oral mucosa in reconstructive urethral surgery since it was first used for urethroplasty in 1894.Since that time,many authors have contributed to develop,improve and popularize the use of oral mucosa as a substitute material.Paediatric urologists should be considered pioneers on the use of oral mucosa as they used it to repair primary and failed hypospadias.The use of oral mucosa to repair penile and bulbar urethral strictures was described,for the first time,in 1993.Important evolutions in the technique for harvesting oral mucosa from the cheek were reported in 1996.Today,oral mucosa is considered the gold standard material for any type of anterior urethroplasty in a one-or two-stage repair due to its biological and structural characteristics that make it a highly versatile that is adaptable to any environment required by the reconstructive urethral surgery.As the future approaches,tissue engineering techniques will provide patients with new materials originating from the oral epithelial mucosal cells,which are cultured and expanded into a scaffold.However,the path to reach this ambitious objective is still long and many difficulties must be overcome along the way.

Recent Progress in Cartilage Tissue Engineering--Our Experience and Future Directions

Given the limited spontaneous repair that follows cartilage injury, demand is growing for tissue engi- neering approaches for cartilage regeneration. There are two major applications for tissue-engineered cartilage. One is in orthopedic surgery, in which the engineered cartilage is usually used to repair cartilage defects or loss in an articular joint or meniscus in order to restore the joint function. The other is for head and neck reconstruction, in which the engineered cartilage is usually applied to repair cartilage defects or loss in an auricle, trachea, nose, larynx, or eyelid. The challenges faced by the engineered car- tilage for one application are quite different from those faced by the engineered cartilage for the other application. As a result, the emphases of the engineering strategies to generate cartilage are usually quite different for each application. The statuses of preclinical animal investigations and of the clinical translation of engineered cartilage are also at different levels for each application. The aim of this review is to provide an opinion piece on the challenges, current developments, and future directions for cartilage engineering for both applications.

Slicing Method for Reverse Engineering Based on Image Mosaic

Reverse engineering dealing with images is traditionally based on image processing and contour recognition. A new method is presented based on the combination of sectional slicing with image mosaic. Sectional contours of the target object are generated by colorful liquid or laser scanning, these images from different views are fused into a set of complete cross-sectional images, thereby the whole practical model is reconstructed in 3D space.

PHYSICS-BASED ILLUMINATION MODEL FOR METAL SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION IN RE

Representation of roughness is introduced and the rationality of applying thephysics-based model in RE is analyzed at first. Then the scattering theory of electromagnetic waveis simplified and deduced to a physics-based model according to the characteristics of the surfaceto be reconstructed in RE. At last, the intensity diagrams of reflected field distribution areprovided to prove the feasibility of the presented model and some spheres are rendered with thismodel.

Reconstruction of symmetric models composed of analytic curves and surfaces from point cloud

This paper presents a method to reconstruct symmetric geometric models from point cloud with inherent symmetric structure. Symmetry types commonly found in engineering parts, i.e., translational, reflectional and rotational symmetries are considered. The reconstruction problem is formulated as a constrained optimization, where the objective function is the sum of squared distances of points to the model, and constraints are enforced to keep geometric relationships in the model. First, the explicit representations of symmetric models are presented. Then, by using the concept of parameterized points (where the coor-dinate components are represented as functions rather than constants), the distances of points to symmetric models are deduced. With these distance functions, symmetry information, for both 2D and 3D models, is uniformly represented in the process of reconstruction. The constrained optimization problem is solved by a standard nonlinear optimization method. Owing to the explicit representation of symmetry information, the computational complexity of our method is reduced greatly. Finally, examples are given to demonstrate the application of the proposed method.