Monitoring result analyses of high slope of five-step ship lock in the Three Gorges Project

The construction of the double-lane five-step ship lock of the Three Gorges Project （TGP） wascommenced in 1994, the excavation of the ship lock was completed by the end of 1999, and the ship lockwas put in operation in June 2003. The side slopes of the ship lock are characterized by great height（170 m）, steepness （70 m in height of upright slope）, and great length （over 7000 m in total length）. Inassociation with the ship lock, the surrounding rocks in slope have a high potential to deform, withwhich the magnitude of deformation is restricted. Monitoring results show that the deformation of thefive-step ship lock high slopes of the TGP primarily occurred in excavation period, and deformationtended to be stable and convergent during operation period, suggesting the allowable ranges of deformation.At present, the slopes and lock chambers are stable, and the ship lock works well under normaloperation condition, enabling the social and economic benefits of the TGP. 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structure Analysis of Locking Mechanism of Gear-Rack Typed Ship-Lift

Contact nonlinear theory was researched. Contact problem was transformed into optimization problem containing Lagrange multiplier, and unsymmetrical stiffness matrix was transformed into symmetrical stiffness matrix. A finite element analysis （FEA） model defining more than 300 contact pairs for long nut-short screw locking mechanism of a large-scale vertical gear-rack typed ship-lift was built. Using augmented Lagrange method and symmetry algorithm of contact element stiffness, the FEA model was analyzed, and the contact stress of contact interfaces and the von Mises stress of key parts were obtained. The results show that the design of the locking mechanism meets the requirement of engineering, and this method is effective for solving large stole nonlinear contact pairs.

The practice of project construction and management of Three Gorges ship lock

The double-line five-step ship-lock of Three Gorges Project (TGP) is an extra-large navigation structure with the maximum design total head and single-step delivery head in the world and complicated technical problems.The shiplock is a challenging and world-class project integrating the advanced techniques and equipment,the up-to-date technologies and materials,as well as the advanced project management.Through 17-year construction and 9-year operation of the ship-lock,various difficulties in design,construction,equipment manufacturing and installation as well as system debugging have been overcome effectively.The project management ideas,management system,management methods,technological innovation and team building are summarized according to the management practice of the second stage main work of Three Gorges ship-lock.

The design of double line five step ship lock of Three Gorges Project

The general design and layout of the double-line five-step ship-lock,the water delivery technique for high head ship-lock,the key technical problems of fully lined ship-lock and the monitoring techniques for large-scale miter gates and hoisting equipment under complicated operation conditions of Three Gorges Project (TGP) are introduced.Since the operation of ship-lock in 2003,the operation practice has proved that the design techniques are advanced,rational and reliable.The design and construction of the fully lined ship-lock promotes the development of design theory and practice of ship-lock projects,which makes the construction technology of ship-lock in the world reach a new level.

Numerical Prediction of Hydrodynamic Forces on A Ship Passing Through A Lock

While passing through a lock, a ship usually undergoes a steady forward motion at low speed. Owing to the size restriction of lock chamber, the shallow water and bank effects on the hydrodynamic forces acting on the ship may be remarkable, which may have an adverse effect on navigation safety. However, the complicated hydrodynamics is not yet fully understood. This paper focuses on the hydrodynamic forces acting on a ship passing through a lock. The unsteady viscous flow and hydrodynamic forces are calculated by applying an unsteady RANS code with a RNG k-e turbulence model. User-defined function （UDF） is compiled to define the ship motion. Meanwhile, the grid regeneration is dealt with by using the dynamic mesh method and sliding interface technique. Numerical study is carried out for a bulk carrier ship passing through the Pierre Vandamme Lock in Zeebrugge at the model scale. The proposed method is validated by comparing the numerical results with the data of captive model tests. By analyzing the numerical results obtained at different speeds, water depths and eccentricities, the influences of speed, water depth and eccentricity on the hydrodynamic forces are illustrated. The numerical method proposed in this paper can qualitatively predict the ship-lock hydrodynamic interaction. It can provide certain guidance on the manoeuvring and control of ships passing through a lock.

On the treatment of thermal cracks in lining concrete of water conveyance system of Three Gorges Project permanent ship locks

A comprehensive investigation was performed for repairing the different types of cracks appearing on the surface or inside the concrete lining at various depths.The mate- rial properties used in grouting and two methods for crack repair were discussed in details, and consequently reliable repair measures were proposed and implemented.It is a better choice to adopt the hole-drilling method for the relatively regular crack.The grouting pres- sure should not be too high and it is generally between 0.4～0.6 MPa.For the second time grouting,the pressure maybe increased to 0.8 MPa.Other method is the pasting nozzles method which is more suitable for irregular cracks such as cracks with intensive density and crossing cracks.Its grouting pressure is generally between 0.6～1.0 MPa.The in-situ tests in Three Gorges Project demonstrate favorably the feasibility and applicability of the proposed methods for crack repair within the lining concrete.

多种通航建筑物组合布置的通过时间研究

山区航道高水头通航建筑物多采用船闸、升船机、隧洞和中间渠道组合布置的形式。多种通航建筑物组合布置时,各通航建筑物的通过能力相互制约和影响,计算较为复杂。结合工程实际,在通过能力计算中,分析了通过各建筑物时间的匹配性及其对通航效率的影响,指出在组合布置通航建筑物时,应以船闸或升船机1次运行时间为基础,复核计算通航隧洞、辅助闸门等其他通航建筑物的1次运行时间是否小于基础时间,当大于基础时间时,应合理调整组合形式、布置形式和建设规模,成果可为类似工程提供参考。

沅水桃源枢纽左岸船闸桥区船模通航条件试验研究

沅江大桥通航环境十分复杂,原大桥通航孔布置不合理,严重制约了桃源枢纽二线船闸扩建工程建设。针对桥区通航条件差的问题,对其左岸桥梁通航孔布置方案进行船模试验研究,采用定床河工模型和小尺度船模试验相结合,并从船模试验的舵角、漂角和航速等航行参数进行综合分析,结果表明:在相同通航总净宽的情况下,双孔双向要优于双孔单向;桥梁通航孔右移可降低一线船闸船舶下行过桥难度,但会增加二线船闸船舶上行过桥的难度。建议左岸新建桥梁通航孔净宽应不小于220 m,桥位相比于现状桥梁右移约75 m,采用双孔双向,两线船闸分槽航行的方式。

完全预约模式下船闸通航调度方法分析

针对现有部分船闸通航效率不高,通航拥堵严重等问题,以完全预约模式下船闸通航调度方法为研究对象,考虑闸室有效面积利用率最大和平均预约延误时间最小,在BL算法的基础上,建立了基于人工蜂群算法的船闸通航调度模型。选取三峡双线五级船闸的过闸船舶数据,通过与原始人工编排、BL算法编排结果进行比较,发现人工蜂群算法性能稳定,能显著提高闸室面积利用率,且平均利用率大于80%。此外,在平均预约延误时间方面有明显的降低效果。

抚河疏山水利枢纽船闸通航水流条件研究

为满足水运需求,解决船闸引航道口门区受河段地形和涉河建筑物影响而导致的通航条件困难等问题,保障船舶安全通行,以抚河疏山水利枢纽船闸工程为例,采用数值模拟方法,对枢纽船闸上游引航道口门区通航条件进行计算分析,针对不良流态问题提出优化方案措施,并对方案前后枢纽通航条件进行对比分析。研究表明,调整船闸平面布置等措施对改善设计阶段的枢纽船闸上引航道口门区通航条件是有效的。研究成果可为抚河疏山水利枢纽船闸工程通航及其他类似河段工程提供技术支持。

应急过船设施泄流能力试验研究

应急过船设施是常山江梯级枢纽的水工建筑物之一,其功能定位为汛期参与泄洪,船闸检修等特殊时期参与航运。应急过船设施包含溢流堰、船闸上闸首、下闸首、输泄水系统等,体型复杂,国内外尚未专门对其水力特性开展相应研究。基于常山江应急过船设施,建立几何比尺为1∶30的单体物理模型,结合理论分析和模型试验研究,探讨了闸坎高度对应急过船设施泄流能力的影响,研究不同闸坎高度对其流量系数的影响,得到了应急过船设施综合流量系数计算式。结果表明,当上下游水位差较大,淹没度较小时,应急过船设施综合流量系数较大;随着淹没度增加,应急过船设施的泄流能力逐渐减小。给出的应急过船设施泄流能力综合流量系数计算式拟合精度较高,可为类似工程设计提供参考。

长江和西江大型船闸通航运行关键技术研究与展望

保障长江和西江大型船闸通航枢纽的畅通、安全、高效意义重大。针对闸-船-航道三要素影响因素多、耦合性强,航道水流非定常,水位变幅高、变率快等难题,研究大型船闸通过能力多维分析建模与仿真、非恒定流下船闸航道水动力学特性分析、多约束非定常船-闸水动力学精细化建模等方法,攻克了复杂多变条件下船闸中间航道通航、新标准船型与船闸协同下快速过闸、大型船闸扩能建设工程设计等船闸通过能力提升关键技术,以及大型船闸联动安全控制、关键设备运行智能监测、通航安全风险防控等联动运行安全控制关键技术,构建长江和西江大型船闸高效安全通航工程技术体系,并建立通航调度与安全一体化管控平台。从多尺度动力学、数字孪生、智能化与国产化和绿色生态技术等方面,展望大型船闸通航运行科技发展的方向。

船闸单侧闸墙主廊道输水系统岔管水动力特性研究

船闸单侧闸墙主廊道输水系统具有结构简单、开挖量小、工程投资省等优点,在河谷狭窄、边坡陡峭等地形受限地区具有明显的技术优势,但工程应用难点之一在于如何保证廊道内断面流速的均匀性,避免出现严重的偏流、脱流现象。依托嘉陵江草街二线船闸工程,采用通用CFD软件FLUENT,对船闸单侧闸墙主廊道双阀门输水系统布置中的岔管水动力特性进行较为详细的研究,探讨岔管分岔角、墩头曲线形式以及外壁曲线形式对岔管水力特性的影响,提出外壁采用正弦曲线,内壁采用圆弧-直线-圆弧形曲线的单侧输水廊道阀门段岔管布置体形,可为类似工程设计提供参考。

SV波斜入射时不同水体模拟方法下超高水头船闸地震反应分析

基于黏弹性人工边界的地震动斜入射方法模拟平面SV波不同角度入射情况,分别采用声固耦合法和附加质量法模拟闸室内水体,研究超高水头船闸闸室位移、应力和塑性损伤等地震反应,对比两种水体模拟方法计算结果的异同。结果表明:(1)整体上,两种方法计算得出的左、右闸墙地震反应结果随入射角度变化的规律基本一致;左闸墙受拉损伤的最大值均出现在入射角15°时,右闸墙受拉损伤的最大值均出现在入射角35°时;地震波入射角度对超高水头船闸动力响应影响较大,设计时应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。(2)当入射角较大时,采用声固耦合法计算的闸墙相对位移极值、主应力极值和受拉损伤结果偏保守的概率更大,对超高水头船闸结构设计来说更为安全。(3)建议两种计算方法相互参考和校核,推荐采用偏安全的结果进行超高水头船闸结构设计。

闸墙长廊道侧支孔输水系统出流均匀性分析与布置优化

针对船闸分散式输水系统前后段支孔出流流量及出流时间不同的问题,依托国内某已建船闸,建立数学模型,通过计算数据与实测资料的耦合,验证模型适用性。在模型基础上修改支孔面积,模拟不同支孔面积比下各支孔的出流量,并利用方差和均匀性系数评价不同工况的出流均匀性。结果表明:1)支孔出流量前端支孔出流较早,输水中期和后期的流量较小;末端支孔出流较晚,但由于管道末端的压力较大,输水中期和后期的流量较大。2)支孔出流均匀性随前后支孔面积比的增大呈现先提高后降低的趋势。3)本工程前后支孔面积比情况良好。

柳江红花二线船闸阀门段廊道压力特性三维数值模拟

工作阀门是船闸输水系统的咽喉,其性能直接影响船闸的安全高效运行。依托柳江红花二线船闸工程,建立了输水系统整体和阀门段廊道局部三维数学模型,通过对比闸室水位、输水流量及阀门段廊道非恒定压力过程线得出,相比局部三维模型,构建的整体三维模型能较好地模拟阀门后廊道压力变化过程。针对充水过程双边阀门连续开启和单边阀门连续开启进行计算发现,在满足设计输水时间的最不利工况下,阀门后廊道顶部未出现负压现象。计算方法可为船闸阀门水力学数值模拟借鉴参考,模拟成果可对类似工程的安全运行提供技术支撑。

闸墙长廊道侧支孔船闸阀门运行方式优化试验研究

船闸阀门开启时间对闸室通航效率、输水廊道压力和闸室停泊条件等产生影响,针对阀门运行方式优化问题,采用物理模型试验对船闸进水口水位、阀门段输水廊道压力特性、闸室和下引航道内船舶系缆力等水力特性进行分析,结果表明:闸室和下引航道内前横、后横和纵向3个方向的船舶系缆力均随阀门开启时间增大而减小,且纵向船舶系缆力大于横向船舶系缆力。随着阀门开启时间增加,充水时阀门段输水廊道压力先减小后增大,泄水时则逐渐增大。综合考虑当阀门开启时间为6 min时船闸整体运行效果较好,该成果可为实际船闸运行提供技术支撑。

船闸开通闸运行与门缝输水研究进展

船闸三角闸门可双向挡水和动水启闭,具有开通闸运行和门缝输水的突出优势,能够显著提高船闸的运行效率。针对内河水运高质量发展要求和多座新建船闸开通闸运行技术需求,系统总结了三角闸门船闸开通闸和门缝输水实际应用及相关研究进展,阐述了影响其应用的主要影响因素。在分析目前存在主要问题的基础上,提出应将运行经验与相关技术指标观测研究相结合,构建开通闸和门缝输水运行的基础理论与规范标准,为其广泛应用提供科学依据。

西津二线船闸阀门段空化特性及抑制效果

针对船闸阀门段空化问题,以新建的西津二线船闸为例开展原型观测研究,观测表明:充泄水阀门采用设计阶段阀门模型推荐的门楣体型,原型中实现了门楣自然通气,充泄水阀门双边开启最大通气量分别为0.11、0.17 m^(3)/s。门楣通气抑制阀门段空化效果显著,整个阀门开启阶段,闸顶未听见不通气存在的明显的空化泡溃灭声及雷鸣声;与不通气相比,门楣通气后充泄水阀门双边开启过程中空化噪声强度平均降低60%、82%;充泄水过程中,闸顶声级计在开阀期间所采集的平均噪声分别为68、79 dB;门楣通气后,阀门吊杆振动得到明显改善。防空化措施能够有效保护阀门及阀门段廊道免受空蚀侵害,保障船闸安全高效运行。

桩基与空箱结构一体化围堰施工技术及应用

在水利工程施工中,围堰施工时常会遇到场地狭小且水位波动频繁的工况,传统的重力式围堰和双排桩围堰很难适用。淮河航道临淮岗复线船闸工程,利用双排灌注桩结合旋喷桩与地下连续墙组成围堰下部防渗与承载体系,上接钢筋混凝土空箱结构,将常规基础防渗处理方法与空箱结构进行有效结合,形成一体化挡水围堰,有效地解决了有限空间和水位大幅频繁变化情况下的围堰施工难题。这种一体化挡水围堰防渗效果明显,结构稳定性高,工期短,工程造价低,对复杂作业面区水利工程围堰施工具有较高的借鉴价值。