Anti-colon cancer activity of water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from Gloeostereum incarnatum via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

The incidence rate of colon cancer ranks the third among malignant tumors worldwide.Gloeostereum incarnatum(GI),a fungus with homology of medicine and food,has multiple pharmacological activities.It was investigated in this study that the anti-colon cancer effect of polysaccharides purifi ed from GI(GIPS)in ApcMinC/Gpt mice(an in situ colon cancer mouse model).Eight-week administration with GIPS at doses of 30 or 90 mg/kg strongly inhibited tumor growth including the reduction on numbers and the suppression of the size without infl uencing the animals’body weight and organ functions.According to the proteomics performing by antibody array,among 308 detected cytokines,GIPS significantly regulated 89 of them.Compared with vehicle-treated mice,GIPS effectively reduced the levels of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-4,IL-6,IL-17,IL-22,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-2,and enhanced the levels of IL-15 and IL-18 in serum and/or colon tissues,which suggested its anti-inflammation of GIPS.GIPS suppressed nuclear aggregation of β-catenin,affected the expression of WNT1 and related proteins,thereby regulated the activation of the Wnt signaling.Altogether,GIPS can inhibit the growth of colon cancer,at least partially,via inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Inquiry of Water-Soluble Polysaccharide Extraction Conditions from Grapefruit Skin

Water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from grapefruit with the method of water-dissolving and ethanol-precipitating. By single factor test and orthogonal experimental method, the extraction conditions of the water-soluble polysaccharide were investigated, which contained liquid-solid ratio, temperature, time and pH. The results showed that pH was the most important factor of polysaccharide extraction, followed by temperature. The optimized extraction technology conditions were obtained. The liquid-solid ratio was 1:40, temperature was 90?C, time was 2.0 h, and pH was 2. The highest extraction rate of crude polysaccharide was 8.30%.

Effects of Non-starch Polysaccharide Enzyme Products on Meat Performance in Broilers

[ Objective] To investigate the effects of non-starch polysaccharide （NSP） enzyme products on meat performance of broilers and thus to provide a scientific basis for their rational use. [Method] Two hundred 21-day-old Ross broilers were assigned to five groups. The broilers in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ were fed positive control diet and negative control diet, respectively, which were slightly different. The broilers in group Ⅲ, Ⅳ and V were fed the negative control diet respectively supplemented with different commercial NSP enzyme products. The broilers were slaughtered at 56 days old, and their meat yield was determined. [ Result] The percentage of carcass yield and percentage of abdominal fat were significantly higher in the group Ⅲ than in the group Ⅱ （P 〈 0.05）. The percentage of small intestine weight in slaughter weight was lower in the group Ⅱ than in other groups. [ Conclusion] Diets supplemented broad-rang and highly active NSP enzyme products can promote absorption of routine feed ingredients, increase meat yield, and improve meat performance.

Effects of Non-starch Polysaccharide Complex Enzymes on Meat Quality in Broilers

[Objective] The study aimed to research the effect of several commercial NSP complex enzymes products on broiler meat quality, and provide scientific basis for feed enterprise and breeding farmers choosing NSP complex enzymes. [ Method] Two hundred ROSS broilers at age of 21 days were designed to five treatment groups, including the positive and negative control treatments, and Group 1 to 3 with feed additive of the commercial non-starch polysaccharide complex enzymes each on base of the negative group diet. At 56 days of age, broilers were killed and meat quality was analyzed. [ Result] The thigh meat color CIELAB a value for the negative control broilers was lower （ P 〈 0.05） than those of the positive control and Group 1. The drip loss of breast meat for Group 1 was the lowest, and the drip loss of thigh meat for the negative control was the highest among all treatments. The shear force for the negative control and Group 3 were higher than those of other three groups. There were no differences （P 〉 0.05） on the contents of chemical components, crude moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and inosine acid for breast and thigh meat among all treatments. [ Conclusion] NSP complex enzymes with complete enzyme categories and high enzyme activity can improve meat quality in broilers.

Preparation and characterization of controlled-release fertilizers coated with marine polysaccharide derivatives

Encapsulation of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizers by membranes can be used to control the release of nutrients to maximize the fertilization ef fect and reduce environmental pollution.In this research,we formulated a new double-coated controlled-release fertilizer(CRF)by using food-grade microcrystalline wax(MW)and marine polysaccharide derivatives(calcium alginate and chitosan-glutaraldehyde copolymer).The pellets of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer were coated with the marine polysaccharide derivatives and MW.A convenient and eco-friendly method was used to prepare the CRF.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)were used to characterize the morphology and composition of the products.The nitrogen-release properties were determined in water using UV-Vis spectrophotometry.The controlled-release properties of the fertilizer were improved dramatically after coating with MW and the marine polysaccharide derivatives.The results show that the double-coated CRFs can release nitrogen in a controlled manner,have excellent controlled-release features,and meet the European Standard for CRFs.

The flow of non-starch polysaccharides along the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens fed either a wheat-or maize-based diet

The present study characterised the types and amounts of non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)remaining undigested along the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)of broiler chickens offered a typical wheat-or maizebased diet.One-day old Cobb 500 mixed-sex chicks were assigned to 24 pens,with 10 birds/pen and 12 pens/treatment.Birds were offered the experimental diets in 3 phases(starter,day 0 to 10;grower,day 11 to 24 and finisher,day 25 to 35).Excreta and digesta samples from the crop,gizzard,duodenum,jejunum,ileum and caeca were collected at 12 and 35 days of age,and analysed for the NSP flow.The wheat-based diet contained higher levels of soluble NSP than the maize-based diet,whereas insoluble NSP levels were similar between the 2 diets.Detailed analysis of NSP constituents revealed that arabinoxylans were the primary NSP in the wheat-based diet,mostly in insoluble form.Pectins were the predominant NSP in the maize-based diet,followed by arabinoxylans.Overall,birds offered the wheatbased diet presented higher levels of soluble NSP remaining in all gut sections compared to birds offered the maize-based diet,at both 12 and 35 days of age(P<0.050).Accumulation of insoluble NSP in the gizzard was noted in birds fed both diets,but was more pronounced in birds offered the maize-based diet compared to the wheat-based diet,at both 12 and 35 days of age(P<0.001).The present study highlights marked differences in the amounts and types of NSP delivered to the different gut sections when feeding wheat-compared to maize-based diets,particularly in the gizzard and the lower GIT of birds.

Ileal profile of non-starch polysaccharides and oligosaccharides in response to exogenous enzymes in broiler chickens offered wheat-or maize-based diets under subclinical necrotic enteritis challenge

The present study evaluated the impacts of fibre-degrading enzymes on the profiles of non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)and oligosaccharides(OS)in the ileum of broiler chickens offered wheat-or maize-based diets under subclinical necrotic enteritis(NE)challenge.A 224 factorial arrangement of treatments was used.Factors were the following:NE challenge,no or yes;diet type,wheat-or maizebased;and supplemental enzymes,control(no enzyme),family 10 xylanase(XYN10),family 11 xylanase(XYN11)or b-mannanase(MAN).Birds in the challenged group were inoculated with Eimeria on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14 and 15.A 3-way interaction(P=0.047)occurred on overall(d 0 to 16)weight gain.When NE was present,all the supplemental enzymes increased weight gain in birds fed the wheat-based diet;whereas in those fed the maize-based diet supplemental XYN10 and XYN11 decreased weight gain.When NE was absent,birds fed the wheat-based diet supplemented with XYN10 or MAN presented increased weight gain compared to non-supplemented birds,but no improvements with enzyme addition were observed in birds fed the maize-based diet.A 3-way interaction(P=0.002)was observed on insoluble NSP level in the ileum.When NE was absent,all the supplemental enzymes reduced the ileal level of insoluble NSP,regardless of diet type.In the challenged birds,supplementing XYN10 and MAN reduced insoluble NSP level in the ileum,but only in birds fed the wheat-based diet.Ileal soluble NSP level was reduced by supplemental XYN11 and MAN,but only in birds fed the wheatbased diet,resulting in a 2-way diet typeenzyme interaction(P<0.001).Ileal OS arabinose(P=0.030)level was highest in birds offered the wheat-based diet supplemented with XYN11.Collectively,supplementation of NSP-degrading enzymes to the wheat-based diet enhanced bird performance regardless of NE challenge,with XYN11 significantly increasing oligosaccharide release.However,enzyme addition did not improve growth performance in birds fed maize-based diet,with supplemental XYN10 and XYN11 impeding weight gain when NE was present.

Effects of non-starch polysaccharides from pure wheat malt beer on beer quality,in vitro antioxidant,prebiotics,hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties

Pure wheat malt beer (PWMB) with potentially functional properties may attract consumer interest.To explore the functional properties of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in PWMB,NSPs were extracted from PWMB and separated into PWMB non-starch polysaccharides-1 (PNSP-1) and PWMB non-starch polysaccharides-2 (PNSP-2) by Q-Sepharose Fast Flow column.PNSP-1 exhibited more effects on increasing the viscosity of beers,which had higher purity of 92.58% containing 88.53% arabinoxylan with arabinose/xylose (A/X) 0.60 and 2.78% β-glucan but no glucomannan and mannan;while PNSP-2 showed greater effects on promoting beer haze and foam retention,which had more diverse NSPs including 46.03% arabinoxylan with A/X 1.13,41.47% arabinogalactan,10.26% glucomannan,and 2.70% mannan but no β-glucan.Diversity of sugar composition resulted in a better antioxidant capacity of PNSP-2.NSPs proliferated Lactobacillus casei LC6117 and LC0331,but did not promote L.plantarum LP-28 and L.fermentium LF-2H.PNSP-2 was also utilized by L.rhamnosus SRG.PNSP-2 had better effects on prebiotics activities.PNSP,PNSP-1 and PNSP-2 all exhibited mild inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and lipase but not on α-amylase,and showed a binding capacity to fat and cholesterol.This work is of great reference significance for improving the viscosity,haze,foam retention and health value of wheat beer.

吸入用布地奈德混悬液联合水溶性全吸收多糖纤维素在鼻-鼻窦炎术后运用

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎是耳鼻咽喉科的常见病及多发病,特别是伴发鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的发病率仍很高。如何减少复发是困扰很多临床医师的难题。我科将吸入用布地奈德混悬液联合水溶性全吸收多糖纤维素应用于鼻-鼻窦炎术后填塞,局部用药,安全有效。1.1一般资料。慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉伴变应性鼻炎患者80例,男56例,女24例,年龄28-60岁,平均年龄46.4岁,病程2-10年,符合慢性鼻-鼻窦炎诊断标准,

Pattern of non-starch polysaccharide digestion along the gut of the pig:Contribution to available energy

We investigated the pattern of non-starch polysaccharide(NSP) digestion along the gut of pigs fed two different wheats, which were offered with or without xylanase supplementation. The two wheats used were pre-characterised before the experiment on the basis of low and normal feed intake of young pigs.Wheat type significantly influenced feed intake and growth rate in the first 7 days, however, by day 14 the only significant effect of wheat type was on growth rate. Xylanase supplementation increased the growth performance of pigs fed the poor quality wheat to a level similar to those fed the normal wheat. It also increased the daily gain of pigs fed the normal wheat. Wheat type had no significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter(DM), energy, free sugars or the different fractions of NSP in the duodenum,ileum or in the faeces. The duodenal gross energy digestibility values for the low and high performance diets were -27.4 and -47.5%, respectively, and xylanase supplementation significantly increased the digestibility of energy back to positive levels. Dry matter digestibility values followed a similar pattern. In the duodenum, xylanase increased(P < 0.05) the digestibility values of both soluble and insoluble NSP,whereas in the ileum, xylanase had a significant effect only on the digestibility of the soluble NSP fraction. Xylanase did not affect free sugar digestibility. The reduction in soluble NSP level coincided with a marked reduction in the amount of fucose, a prominent component of mucosal polysaccharides. This suggests that soluble NSP substantially increase endogenous losses. The absence of differences in the digestibility of the measured NSP between the two wheat samples suggests that the structures of the NSP, rather than just their amount and solubility, are important for the anti-nutritional properties of NSP in pig diets.

iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of longissimus muscle from growing pigs with dietary supplementation of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes

Non-starch polysaccharide enzymes（NSPEs） have long been used in the feed production of monogastric animals to degrade non-starch polysaccharide to oligosaccharides and promote growth performance. However, few studies have been conducted on the effect of such enzymes on skeletal muscle in monogastric animals. To elucidate the mechanism of the effect of NSPEs on skeletal muscle, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification（i TRAQ） for differential proteomic quantitation was applied to investigate alterations in the proteome in the longissimus muscle（LM） of growing pigs after a 50-d period of supplementation with 0.6% NSPEs in the diet. A total of 51 proteins were found to be differentially expressed in the LM between a control group and the NSPE group. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed protein species showed an increased abundance of proteins related to energy production, protein synthesis, muscular differentiation, immunity, oxidation resistance and detoxification, and a decreased abundance of proteins related to inflammation in the LM of the pigs fed NSPEs. These findings have important implications for understanding the mechanisms whereby dietary supplementation with NSPEs enzymes can promote growth performance and improve muscular metabolism in growing pigs.

Effects of a multi-enzyme complex on growth performance,nutrient utilization and bone mineralization of meat duck

Background： Previous studies with broiler have shown dietary supplementation with multi-enzyme complex containing non-starch polysaccharides （NSP） degrading enzymes and phytase is efficient in releasing phosphorus （P）, calcium （Ca）, energy and amino acids from corn-soybean meal diets or corn-sorghum diets, hence compensating considerable levels of nutrients in formulation. Notwithstanding, such potentials have not been well defined in duck nutrition. Giving China being the largest duck producing country, we conducted this study to establish adequate specifications of major nutrients along with multi-enzyme complex to meat duck from day-old to slaughter, focusing on performance, utilization of nutrients and bone mineralization. Five dietary treatments were： Positive control （PC,T1）： the nutrients concentration of diet for 1 to 14 d of age were apparent metabolizable energy（AME） 2,800 kcal/kg, crude protein （CP）1 9.39%, Ca 0.85%, available phosphorus （avP） 0.42%; for 15 to 35 d of age these parameters were AME 2,900 kcal/kg, CP 16.47%,Ca 0.76%,avP 0.38%; Negative control 1（NC1,7-2）, the AME and digestible amino acids （DAA） were reduced by 70 kcal/kg and 2.0%, avP and Ca by 1.0 g/kg from PC diet; Negative control 2（NC2,T4）, the down- spec from PC diet was AME 100 kcal/kg, DAA 2.5%, avP 1.5 g/kg and Ca 1.2 g/kg; The enzyme complex was added at the same dosage （200 mL/1,000 kg） on NC1 （T3） and NC2 （T5） diets. Results： Comparing with the ducks fed on T1, T3 and T5 diets, the birds fed on NC2 diet showed the lowest （P 〈 0.05） body weight （ d 14 and 35）, feed intake （d 35）, tibia ash, Ca and P contents （d 14 and 35）, and the utilization of nutrients （P 〈 0.05）. The supplementation with the enzyme complex to the NC diets restored growth rate, utilization of nutrients and bone mineralization to the level of the PC diet, and increased AME by 60 kcal/kg and 117 kcal/kg, respectively for the NC1 and NC2 diets. Conclusion： These results suggest that down-spec AME by 100 kcal/kg, DAA by 2.5%, avP by 1.5 g/kg and Ca by 1.2 g/kg caused detrimental effects on duck performance compared with those fed on the PC diet, and these performance losses can be compensated by the addition of the multiple-enzyme complex.

Cereal type and combined xylanase/glucanase supplementation influence the cecal microbiota composition in broilers

Dietary fiber-degrading enzyme supplementation in broilers aims at off-setting the anti-nutritive effect of non-starch polysaccharides and at promoting broiler health.Recently,we demonstrated that xylanase/glucanase addition in wheat-based diet improved nutrient digestibility,arabinoxylan fermentability and broiler growth.Conversely,maize arabinoxylan was found to be recalcitrant to xylanase action.These findings suggested that enzyme-mediated improvement of nutrient digestion and carbohydrate fermentation depended on the cereal type present in the diet,and may have contributed to broiler growth.Hence,we aimed at further investigating the link between dietary enzymes and carbohydrate fermentation in broilers,by studying the impact of enzyme supplementation in cereal-based diets,to the microbial communities in the ileum and ceca of broilers.For that purpose,96 one-day-old male broilers were randomly reared in two pens and received either wheat-based or maize-based starter and grower diets.At d 20,the broilers were randomly assigned to one out of four dietary treatments.The broilers received for 8 d the wheat-based or maize-based finisher diet as such(Control treatments;WC,MC)or supplemented with a xylanase/glucanase combination(Enzyme treatments;WE,ME).At d 28,samples from the digestive tract were collected,and the ileal and cecal microbiota composition was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing.A similar phylogenetic(alpha)diversity was observed among the four treatments,both in the ileal and the cecal samples.Furthermore,a similar microbial composition in the ileum(beta diversity)was observed,with lactobacilli being the predominant community for all treatments.In contrast,both cereal type and enzyme supplementation were found to influence cecal communities.The type of cereal(i.e.,wheat or maize)explained 47% of the total variation in microbial composition in the ceca.Further stratifying the analysis per cereal type revealed differences in microbiota composition between WC and WE,but not between MC and ME.Furthermore,the prevalence of beneficial genera,such as Faecalibacterium and Blautia,in the ceca of broilers fed wheat-based diets coincided with arabinoxylan accumulation.These findings indicated that fermentable arabinoxylan and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides released by dietary xylanase may play an important role in bacterial metabolism.

Cocoyam (corms and cormels)—An underexploited food and feed resource

Cocoyams (old-taro: Colocasia esculenta;newtannia: Xanthosoma sagittifolium) yield corms as root crops produced in regions of tropical and subtropical developing countries. In certain countries such as Ghana, there are surpluses in production but deficits in cereals. Cocoyams are used in a range of indigenous foods. Post harvest losses are high due to mechanical damage of corms during harvest and microbial attacks on such damaged corms during storage. Cocoyams contain, on average, 25% starch (wet weight basis) with A-type structures characterized by small granule size (<1.5 μm). Non-starch polysaccharides in cocoyams confer gummy properties to the starch. However, mechanical effects of raphides—crystals of calcium oxalate and other components—produce irritation when raw corm tissue is ingested resulting in several levels of discomfort. With appropriate processing, cocoyams could be a rich source of starch for food and industrial applications and corms have potential for new product development. Stabilizing cocoyam crops and adding value could greatly improve its utilization in cocoyam producing countries.

Diet medication and beta-glucanase affect ileal digesta soluble betaglucan molecular weight,carbohydrate fermentation,and performance of coccidiosis vaccinated broiler chickens given wheatbased diets

Exogenous enzymes as alternatives to feed antibiotics in poultry has become an emerging research area with the emergence of antibiotic resistance.The objective was to evaluate the effects of diet medication(antibiotics)andβ-glucanase(BGase)on digesta solubleβ-glucan depolymerization,carbohydrate fermentation,and performance of coccidiosis-vaccinated broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets.A total of 1,782 broilers were raised on litter floor pens,and each treatment was assigned to 1 pen in each of the9 rooms.The 3 dietary treatments were based on wheat as the sole grain(control,control+medication and control+0.1%BGase),and the birds were fed the respective treatments ad libitum from 0 to 33 d.Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and analyzed as a one-way ANOVA.Beta-glucanase reduced the peak molecular weight,weight average molecular weight(Mw)and maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10%β-glucan molecules(MW-10%)in ileal digesta at d 11and 33,whereas diet medication reduced Mw and MW-10%at d 33 compared to the control(P<0.01).Beta-glucanase and medication reduced the ileal viscosity at d 11 compared to the control(P=0.010).Ileal propionic acid concentration at d 11 and caecal total SCFA,acetic,and butyric acid concentrations at d 33 were lower in the BGase-supplemented diet than in the control(P<0.05).The BGase-added diet had higher duodenal p H compared to the control at d 33(P=0.026).The effect of medication on carbohydrate fermentation was minimal.Diet medication increased weight gain after d 11,whereas BGase increased the gain for the total trial period compared to the control(P<0.001).Feed intake was not affected by the dietary treatment.Medication and BGase improved feed efficiency after d 11 compared to the control(P<0.001).The response to diet medication was larger than BGase,considering weight gain and feed efficiency after d 11(P<0.001).In conclusion,diet medication and BGase depolymerized high molecular weight ileal solubleβ-glucan and increased overall bird performance.Dietary BGase may benefit bird health in broilers fed wheat-based diets without medication.

Hulless barley and β-glucanase affect ileal digesta soluble β-glucan molecular weight and digestive tract characteristics of coccidiosis-vaccinated broilers

Exogenousβ-glucanase(BGase)in barley-based feed has been shown to reduce digesta viscosity in chickens,and thereby improve performance.Less well studied is the potential for BGase to convert barleyβ-glucan into low molecular weight carbohydrates,which might influence digestive tract function and enteric disease.Coccidiosis-vaccinated broiler chickens were fed graded levels of hulless barley(HB)and BGase to determine their effects onβ-glucan depolymerization and digestive tract characteristics.Broilers were fed highβ-glucan HB(0%,30%and 60%replacing wheat)and BGase(0%,0.01%and 0.1%)in a 3×3 factorial arrangement.A total of 5,346 broilers were raised in litter floor pens and vaccinated for coccidiosis on d 5.Each treatment was assigned to 1 pen in each of 9 rooms.The significance level was set at P≤0.05.At both 11 and 33 d of broiler ages,peak molecular weight ofβ-glucan in ileal digesta decreased with increasing BGase for 30%and 60%HB.The maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10%β-glucan molecules(MW-10%)decreased with BGase at both ages for 30%and 60%HB;for birds fed 0%HB,only 0.1%BGase decreased MW-10%.The 0.1%BGase increased caecal short chain fatty acids(SCFA)compared to the 0.01%BGase at d 11 only for the 60%HB.Ileal pH increased with increasing HB and BGase at d 11 and 33.Caecal pH was lower for 0.1%BGase than 0%BGase for 60%HB at d 11.Relative mRNA expression of interleukin 6(IL-6)and IL-8 in the ileum increased with 0.1%BGase at d 11 and 33,respectively,whereas expression of ileal mucin 2(MUC2)decreased with 0.1%BGase at d 33.In the caeca,interactions between HB and BGase were significant for monocarboxylate transporter 1(MCT1)and mucin 5AC(MUC5AC)on d 11,but no treatment effects were found at d 33.In conclusion,BGase depolymerized high molecular weightβ-glucan in HB in a dose-dependent manner.Hulless barley and BGase did not increase SCFA concentrations(except for 60%HB with 0.1%BGase at d 11)and caused minor effects on digestive tract histomorphological measurements and relative mRNA gene expression.