Nonlinear Behavior and Domain Feature at Oil/Water Interface

Studies on nonlinear behavior at oil/water interface membrane were performed. This system showed rhythmic oscillations and chaos of electrical potential in a given concentration domain. The nonlinear behavior response at the liquid membrane apparently resembled that of biological chemoreceptive membrane. The possibility of developing a new type of chemical sensor with the ability to simulate substance equilibrium in living organisms was suggested in the paper.

Prediction of curved oil–water interface in horizontal pipes using modified model with dynamic contact angle

In this study,interface shapes of horizontal oil–water two-phase flow are predicted by using Young-Laplace equation model and minimum energy model.Meanwhile,the interface shapes of horizontal oil–water twophase flow in a 20 mm inner diameter pipe are measured by a novel conductance parallel-wire array probe(CPAP).It is found that,for flow conditions with low water holdup,there is a large deviation between the model-predicted interface shape and the experimentally measured one.Since the variation of pipe wetting characteristics in the process of fluid flow can lead to the changes of the contact angle between the fluid and the pipe wall,the models mentioned above are modified by considering dynamic contact angle.The results indicate that the interface shapes predicted by the modified models present a good consistence with the ones measured by CPAP.

The composition of acid/oil interface in acid oil emulsions

In well stimulation treatments using hydrochloric acid,undesirable water-in-oil emulsion and acid sludge may produce and then cause operational problems in oil field development.The processes intensify in the presence of Fe(Ⅲ),which are from the corroded surfaces of field equipment and/or iron-bearing minerals of the oil reservoir.In order to understand the reasons of the stability of acid emulsions,acid emulsions were prepared by mixing crude oil emulsion with 15% hydrochloric acid solutions with and without Fe(Ⅲ) and then separated into free and upper(water free) and intermediate(with water) layers.It is assumed that the oil phase of the free and upper layers contains the compounds which do not participate in the formation of acid emulsions,and the oil phase of the intermediate layers contains components involved in the formation of oil/acid interface.The composition of the oil phase of each layer of the emulsions was studied.It is found that the asphaltenes with a high content of sulfur,oxygen and metals as well the flocculated material of protonated non-polar oil components are concentrated at the oil/acid interface.In addition to the above,in the presence of Fe(Ⅲ) the Fe(Ⅲ)-based complexes with polar groups of asphaltenes are formed at the acid/oil interface,contributing to the formation of armor films which enhance the emulsion stability.

Formation of Uniform Oil-Soluble Fe_3O_4 Nanoparticles via Oil-Water Interface System

Nowadays,the novel oil water interface method has attracted a considerable attention owing to the advantages of mild reaction conditions,simple operation,low cost,and high efficiency.In this paper,uniform oil-soluble Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles(NPs) were synthesized by oil-water interface method from mixing iron tristearate of 0.067mol/L in cyclohexane with ferrous sulfate in water.The as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA).TEM images and XRD profiles showed that the size of the oil-soluble products ranged in 1.7-6.9 nm.VSM indicated that the Fe_3O_4 NPs were superparamagetic.FT-IR and TGA proved that oleic acid was combined to the surface of Fe_3O_4 NPs closely.TEM images and XRD profiles revealed that the most suitable reaction concentration of NH_3·H_2O,oleic acid/water in volume,reaction temperature and reaction time were 4.5 mol/L,50:1 000,80℃ and 6 h,respectively.The formation mechanism of the nearly monodispersed Fe_3O_4 NPs was that the preformed Fe_3O_4 nuclei were capped by oleic acid as early as the nucleation occurred in oil-water interface and subsequently entered into oil phase to stop growing.

Interactions between Superplasticizer and Release Agents at the Concrete/Formwork Interface

Improving the knowledge of rheological and tribological characteristics of fresh concrete is important to contribute to the progress of construction sites and the final quality of the work. The objective of this study is to identify the effect of a superplasticizer based on polycarboxylic ether on the tribological behavior of fresh concrete at the concrete/formwork and concrete/oil/formwork interfaces. Friction tests on fresh concrete were carried out using a plan/plan tribometer. In order to study the behavior of the superplasticizer close to the formwork, three concretes with 30% of paste and different dosage of superplasticizer were formulated. The results show that the increase of the dosage of superplasticizer reduces the friction stress. The properties of the superplasticizer generate a deflocculating action of concrete grains and lead to a stabilisation of the soap-oil micellae present in the vicinity of the formwork. Thus, the efficiency of superplasticizer depends on the quantity of fines, on the quantity of soap formed and so, on the release agent formulation.

Quantitatively probing interactions between membrane with adaptable wettability and oil phase in oil/water separation

The membrane method based on adaptive wettability shows great advantages in oil-water separation.At present,researches focus on the excellent application performance of the membrane material,while the quantitative analysis of interactions in oil-water separation is rarely recognized.Herein,we constructed an adaptable wettability membrane with multiple polymer networks by polydopamine(PDA)and mussel-inspired amphiphilic polymer.Based on the Owens three-probe liquid method,the surface energy of the modified membrane was verified to meet the adaptive wettability conditions,with surface energies(γ-8)of 147.6 mJ m^(−2)(superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic)and 49.87 mJ m^(−2)(superhydrophobic/superoleophobic),respectively.The adhesion or repulsion of the membrane to the oil phase under different conditions during the separation process was quantified by the chemical probe AFM technique.In addition,the oil-water selective separation mechanism was further analyzed in a simplified membrane microchannel model.The results show that the different wetting produces capillary additional pressure in opposite directions,resulting in different energies to be overcome when the oil or water passes through the microchannels,thus achieving selective separation.

Application of Fluid Phase Recovery Method in the Early Development of BZ26-6 Volatile Oil Field in Bohai Sea

BZ26-6 Oilfield is a kind of deep metamorphic rock buried-hill volatile oilfield in Bohai Sea, China. Its early development plan is restricted due to the simultaneous production of oil and gas in large sections of reservoirs, unclear understanding of formation fluid properties and uncertainty of gas-oil interface. Through theoretical research on phase recovery and experimental analysis of crude oil phase characteristics in the original formation, characteristic parameters of the equilibrium condensate gas fluid are restored and calculated. Through the superimposed phase diagram of volatile oil and condensate gas, BZ26-6 Oilfield is determined to be a volatile oil reservoir with a condensate gas cap, with formation pressure and saturation pressure of 36.1 MPa, respectively. Based on the research results of oil-gas phase behavior characteristics, the thermodynamic equations and equation of state are jointly used to solve the problem, and the content change curves of each component at different depths are drawn. Combined with the sensitivity analysis of numerical simulation, the gas-oil interface is determined to be -3726 m above sea level. The fluid phase analysis software, Fluidmodeler, is used to simulate volatile oil degassing and condensate gas separation experiments. In combination with oil and gas production data obtained through the production test, the specific oil recovery index and the specific gas recovery index are determined to be 0.408 m3/(MPa·d·m) and 1195 m3/(MPa·d·m), respectively. And the reasonable production capacity prediction is conducted on the early development of BZ26-6 Oilfield. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the efficient development of similar complex oil and gas reservoirs.

原油乳状液对20钢的腐蚀

以某油田原油和采出水为原料配制了不同含水率的油包水或水包油乳状液,利用失重法和电化学测试技术研究了20钢的腐蚀行为,分析了不同含水率和不同类型乳状液的腐蚀性。结果表明:乳状液的腐蚀性低于采出水的腐蚀性,且水包油乳状液腐蚀性大于油包水乳状液;由于油包水乳状液中原油在20钢表面吸附形成的油膜的完整性较好,20钢与水分子接触受到一定限制,腐蚀比较轻;随着含水率增大,油膜完整性逐渐受到破坏,乳状液腐蚀性明显变强;在水包油乳状液中,20钢与采出水直接接触,20钢表面只存在分散状的油膜,其对金属基体的保护作用较弱,随着含水率的增加,水包油乳状液对20钢的腐蚀接近于采出水;在油水界面处,20钢腐蚀严重,其腐蚀行为与在水包油乳状液中的类似。

温度对油-纸界面处微水迁移与局部放电的影响

变压器内部温度的改变会使油-纸绝缘中水分分布和聚集位置发生改变,而局部高含水量会严重影响油-纸绝缘的电气强度。因此,有必要研究温度对油-纸绝缘界面处微水迁移与局部放电(PD)的影响。该文利用楔形-板电极,研究了升温、起泡及降温过程中不同含水量(W_(C)=3.61%和5.76%)的油-纸绝缘体系在水分瞬态作用下的PD特性。在温度变化过程中,持续监测油的温度、含水量和水活性,并采用升压及恒定电压法进行PD试验。试验结果表明,温度升高,油-纸界面处局部放电起始电压(PDIV)短时增加,随后PDIV开始逐渐降低且PD强度突然增强。两种含水量体系的油中含水量均逐渐增加。油浸纸板含水量越高,从纸板进入油中的水分越多。气泡出现,PDIV快速下降,油中含水量急剧增加。降温阶段,两个体系的PDIV呈现先减后增趋势,与之相对应,PD强度呈现先增后减趋势,且PD均保持在一个相对较高的水平。油温降至室温,PD并未完全消失。该研究成果对油浸式电力设备中水分的实时监测及其绝缘性能的评估具有重要理论价值。

亲油水泥浆界面封隔性能评价研究

页岩气井油基钻井液条件下固井时,套管与井壁表面附着油膜或油基钻井液易导致水泥环界面封隔能力下降,形成窜流通道,影响后期增产改造作业。虽然前置液能有效提高界面润湿反转,但受用量、冲洗效率等因素限制,界面仍会出现油膜附着情况。为此,在水泥浆中加入亲油表面活性剂,制备形成亲油水泥浆,赋予水泥环亲油能力。采用接触角、剪切胶结强度、界面水力封隔测试等评价了亲油水泥石的亲油能力及界面封隔效果。研究发现,非极性溶剂在亲油水泥石表面接触角远低于常规水泥石表面,具备良好的亲油性能;亲油水泥石与含白油、油基钻井液的套管、页岩岩芯胶结后,一、二界面抗流体窜流压力分别提升500%和400%,胶结强度分别提高205%和122%;亲油表面活性剂的加入不会对水泥水化程度、水泥浆工程性能及水泥石力学性能产生负面影响。结果表明,亲油表面活性剂掺入后可有效提高水泥环与含油界面的封隔能力,具备提高油基钻井液条件下水泥环套管地层界面胶结与封隔性能的潜力。

天然酯绝缘油-纸界面的多分支流注放电仿真

油-纸界面的局部放电是油浸式变压器中油-纸绝缘失效的主要原因之一。文中在多分支流注放电数值模型的基础上进一步考虑油-纸界面的电荷输运特性,构建油-纸绝缘系统中的多分支流注放电模型,并利用有限元法分别对天然酯绝缘油和绝缘纸介电常数配比、针电极与纸板的间距影响下的沿面放电特性进行研究。结果表明,针电极与纸板的间距及绝缘油与绝缘纸的介电常数配比均会显著影响流注分支;针电极与纸板的间距越小,油-纸界面处的流注分支间的抑制越明显,油-纸界面的流注对z-轴流注的影响更显著;当绝缘油介电常数比纸板大时,流注在油中的发展和分支更为显著,反之则流注更易沿纸板表面发展及在油-纸界面聚集电荷。

曝气强化三维电极对含油废水水-油微界面破乳机制研究

三维电极体系下曝气对含油废水破乳除油效果有着显著性增强。本研究采用新型三相三维电级工艺,通过正交实验优化曝气条件,深入探讨强化水-油微界面破乳过程的控制机制。实验结果表明,曝气量由2.0 L/min降低到1.5 L/min,此时的COD和含油量分别为107、1.35 mg/L,满足回注水标准,且明显提高了节能效率。将曝气条件加入数值模拟,利用COMSOL软件模拟乳化油滴破乳及聚集的过程。在电场和气场力的共同作用下,增加了油滴拉伸变形的程度,破坏水-油微界面膜的机械强度,加速油滴脱稳过程,进而快速发生团聚。这一研究对强化电化学处理含油废水,具有重大的指导意义。

断溶体油藏追踪油水界面变化的新方法

在底水驱动型断溶体油藏中确定原始油水界面及追踪动态油水界面变化一直是制约剩余油预测的重要难题。此文聚焦油水界面的油藏本质,精细量化了储集体的孔隙体积,开发动态数据试井化处理计算水油体积比,动静结合等比例分配油水体积计算出原始油水界面。在油藏内部划分出油水界面,后期根据水驱动用过程评估曲线划分水驱阶段,追踪动态油水界面变化,避免陷入前期常规方法选取参数困难、计算误差大的困境。开发实践证实该方法得到的结果误差小,计算方便快捷,具有推广应用前景。

偏远井场油水分离与原油降凝技术研究

为解决延长油田部分偏远井场含水原油在井场脱水困难,冬季原油凝固流动性差外运难的问题,开展破乳剂类型、温度、浓度影响的破乳特性实验、微观形貌采集以及降凝流变特性实验,寻求高效脱水与降凝方案,通过实验结果制定生产改造方案实现高效脱水与降凝。研究表明井场破乳脱水与降凝的关键在于药剂与产液的充分融合,同时破乳剂的加入使活性水的界面张力明显下降,浓度为100ppm时,活性水的界面张力达到了最低值。通过微观形貌观察,随着破乳剂浓度的增加,油滴的粒径先增大后减小,油滴分布先稀疏后密集,在浓度为100ppm时油滴的粒径达到最大,此时界面张力最低,活性较高,破乳剂能够快速取代天然表面活性物质,导致原油破乳,破乳率达到97%以上。当破乳后未加降凝剂时原油最优热处理温度在60至70℃之间,添加浓度为150ppm的J2降凝剂,加热至50℃,凝点降低至-2~4℃。

计及界面电荷和极性效应的油纸复合绝缘非线性电路等效模型

换流变压器是特高压直流输电工程中的关键设备,换流变压器油纸复合绝缘的界面处在直流电压下易积聚电荷,诱发局部放电甚至击穿。当前对于界面电荷的积聚分布,多采用传统的阻容模型进行计算,存在较大的误差。该文提出一种简易的非线性电路等效模型,首先,分别测量变压器油和油浸纸板的电容、电阻参数与极化电流,获得油纸的拓展Debye模型;其次,在拓展Debye模型的基础上,将变压器油和油浸纸板的恒定电阻模型改为随电场变化的非线性模型,并加入反映极性效应的界面势垒限制电流源,以此建立等效模型;最后,将电路等效模型仿真结果与实际测量结果进行对比。结果表明,与实际测量结果相比,该等效模型具有良好的适用性。该文模型为油纸绝缘的电场分布、界面电荷积聚量的计算提供了一种准确度较高的简便方法。

不同过热故障条件下呋喃分子在油-纸界面扩散行为的分子动力学研究

呋喃分子是油浸式变压器局部热故障时绝缘纸裂解的重要特征产物之一,变压器油中呋喃分子含量的检测是评估变压器运行状态的重要离线检测手段。为了明确绝缘纸中呋喃分子向植物油中的扩散过程及其与局部过热故障温度标签的对应关系,采用分子动力学的方法,研究了纳米尺度油-纸界面模型在室温(300 K)、低温过热(500 K)、中温过热(750 K)和高温过热(1000 K)条件下呋喃分子从绝缘纸向植物油中的扩散过程。结果表明:随着温度升高,油-纸绝缘中呋喃分子的扩散系数逐渐增大,而且从绝缘纸中扩散到植物油中的呋喃分子数量与温度密切相关。在300 K与500 K的条件下,鲜有呋喃分子扩散到植物油中;而在750 K和1000 K的条件下,部分呋喃分子扩散入植物油中,且温度越高,扩散到植物油中的呋喃分子数越多。上述仿真结果与油浸式变压器中、高温局部过热故障条件下可检测出呋喃族化合物的经验依据一致。

两性双子表面活性驱油剂的制备及其性能

为了有效提高致密油藏渗吸驱油采收率,以脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠为原料制备了一种两性双子表面活性剂驱油剂,对双子表面活性剂驱油剂进行表征及性能评价,并结合高压压汞和岩心核磁共振技术分析岩心的启动尺寸。结果表明:双子表面活性剂驱油剂具有较高的表界面活性,表面张力最低为27.1mN/m,临界胶束浓度为100ppm左右,当浓度为500ppm时油水界面张力达到超低界面水平;其能够使改性石英片接触角降低至28.2°;渗吸采出程度达到18.64%;在90℃、10×10^(4)ppmNaCl和5×10^(3)ppmCaC_(2),矿化度下均能达到超低界面水平;最大增容粒径可达325.8nm;静态洗油效率最大为67.46%。高压压汞曲线与核磁共振曲线的转换系数C值为857nm/ms,能启动岩心最小孔隙直径为21.7018nm。

果胶复合提升米谷蛋白界面特性及Pickering乳液的贮藏稳定性

米谷蛋白(Rice Glutelin,RG)是一种常用食品乳化剂,但在中性pH值下,RG易聚集成疏水性大尺寸颗粒,导致其稳定性差、界面活性弱。该研究通过果胶静电复合修饰米谷蛋白,探究两者复合比例对颗粒的尺寸、接触角、界面吸附性能和界面膜结构的影响,在此基础上,以复合颗粒为界面稳定剂制备Pickering乳液,考察其粒径分布、微观结构、流变学性质及储藏稳定性。结果表明,当米谷蛋白与果胶质量比为1:1时,复合颗粒平均粒径为675.4 nm,接触角为64.23°,油-水界面张力从36.55 mN/m降低至13.00 mN/m,界面膜以弹性为主,弹性模量达46.07 mN/m,由此复合颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液具有最小的粒径(d4,3~31.1μm)、最高的表观黏度和储能模量。因此,果胶复合可以显著降低米谷蛋白的尺寸,并赋予其合适的表面亲疏水性,进而提升其降低界面张力和增加界面膜黏弹特性的能力,有利于制备高稳定Pickering乳液,为拓展米谷蛋白在食品乳液体系中的应用提供了新策略。

A sponge-based iron-tannic-acid hydrogel interface evaporator designed for clean water production

Due to the rapid advancement of technologies,there has been a significant increase in the discharge of industrial wastewater,and freshwater is becoming a scarce resource.Currently,research on solar evaporators is mainly focused on the efficient production of clean water,with less emphasis on the removal of residual pollutants remaining in the original solutions.Through this study,problems,including the difficult recovery of catalyst powder and the difficult removal of floating organic matter are solved by co-depositing low-surface-tension zirconia particles and bismuth tungstate onto the floating layer.Hydrogels and melamine sponges were combined to solve the problem that traditional hydrogels lack mechanical strength.An excellent water-repellent effect can be seen from the contact angle between the liquid globule and canvas/felt,which is greater than 155°.The steam generation rate of the assembled evaporation system is 1.78 kg m^(-2)h^(-1),and its purification efficiency for methyl orange and rhodamine B exceeds 99%.This study presents a novel strategy for treating wastewater contaminated with organic dyes,aiming to solve problems including environmental damage,water pollution,and water scarcity.

冶金复合油套管技术的研究进展

回顾了冶金复合油套管的制造工艺、结合界面特性以及螺纹连接设计。讨论了冶金结合界面特征,发现现行制造工艺会使冶金结合界面产生成分、组织、性能梯度。现有公开的冶金复合油套管的螺纹设计均缺乏实际井下应用验证其安全性。展望了冶金复合油套管的研究方向:精确的界面梯度控制和检测,兼顾内外层性能的新型热处理工艺,基于避免自身电偶腐蚀的螺纹连接设计。