Filling of the Three Gorges Reservoir to the 135-m Level: Instant Effects on the Yangtze Discharge and Suspended Sediment Concentration Entering the Estuary

Via the valuable opportunity of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) 135-m filling in June 2003, the Yangtze discharge and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) entering the estuary during the period from 15 May to 15 July 2003 were analyzed to examine the instant effects of the filling on them. The Yangtze discharge and SSC entering the estuary in the periods before, during and after the filling clearly indicated three phases: 1) the pre-storage phase characterized by natural conditions, in which the SSC increased with increasing water discharge; 2) the storage phase, during which the SSC decreased dramatically with decreasing water discharge; and 3) the post-storage phase, during which both the SSC and water discharge remained at relatively low levels first until the end of June, then the SSC increased gradually with increasing water discharge. It seems that the times for the instant effects of the decreasing discharge downstream from the upper Yangtze on the Yangtze discharge and SSC entering the estuary due to the TGR 135-m filling to take place were about 5 d and 1 d respectively, while both were about 18 d for those of the increasing discharge. This probably reflects the buffering and resultantly hysteresis of the 1800-km stretch from the upper Yangtze to the estuary. The results are helpful for scientific and hydrological investigation of the Yangtze mainstream downstream from the TGR Dam and of the estuarine and adjacent coastal waters.

Analysis of the Synoptic Situation Field on the Red Tide Occurred in Yangtze River Estuary Water Area

The occurrence of the red tide is an extremely complex process, which is considered as the comprehensive result of various factors. The Yangtze River estuary water area is always in high incidence area of red tide. In this paper, according to the events of red tide and meteorologic and hydrologic data in Yangtze River estuary water area from 2000 to 2010, by using mathematical statistics methods, we analyze the relevance between the occurrence of the red tide and the synoptic situation field, and probe into the regular patterns.

A numerical study on water diversion ratio of the Changjiang(Yangtze)estuary in dry season

We studied the flood, ebb and tidal averaged along (net) water diversion ratio (WDR) during dry season in the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary, China, along with the effects of northerly wind, river discharge, tide and their interactions on WDR using the improved version of three-dimensional numerical model ECOM. Using data for annual mean wind speed and river discharge during January, we determined that the flood, ebb, net WDR values in the North Branch of the estuary were 3.48%, 1.68%,-4.06% during spring tide, and 4.82%, 2.34%,-2.79% during neap tide, respectively. Negative net WDR values denote the transport of water from the North Branch into the South Branch. Using the same data, the corresponding ratios were 50.09%, 50.92%, 54.97%, and 52.33%, 50.15%, 43.86% in the North Channel and 38.56%, 44.78%, 103.96%, and 36.92%, 43.17%, 60.97% in the North Passage, respectively. When northerly wind speed increased, landward Ekman transport was enhanced in the North Branch, increasing the flood WDR, while the ebb WDR declined and the net WDR exhibited a significant decrease. Similarly, in the North Channel, the flood WDR is increased, the ebb WDR reduced, and the net WDR showed a marked decrease. In the North Passage, the flood WDR also increased while the ebb and net WDR declined. As the river discharge increased, the flood and ebb WDR of the North Branch increased slightly and the net WDR increased markedly. In the North Channel the flood and ebb WDR changed very slightly, while the net WDR declined during spring tides and increased during neap tides. The WDR in the North Passage changed slightly during flood and ebb tides while the net WDR showed a marked increase. The WDR values of different bifurcations and the responses to northerly wind, river discharge, and tide are discussed in comparison with variations in river topography, horizontal wind-induced circulation, and tidal-induced residual current.

Optimization of Shanghai Marine Environmental Monitoring Sites in the Identification of Boundaries of Different Water Quality Grades

Water quality is critical to ensure that marine resources and the environment are utilized in a sustainable manner. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the optimum placement of marine environmental monitoring sites to monitor water quality in Shanghai, China. To improve the mapping or estimation accuracy of the areas with different water quality grades, the monitoring sites were fixed in transition bands between areas of different grades rather than in other positions. Following bidirectional optimization method, first, 18 candidate sites were selected by filtering out specific site categories. Second, three of these were, in turn, eliminated because of the rule defined by the changes in the areas of water quality grades and by the standard deviation of the interpolation errors of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and phosphate(PO_4-P). Furthermore, indicator kriging was employed to depict the transition bands between different water quality grades whenever new sampling sites were added. The four optimization projects of the newly added sites reveal that, all optimized sites were distributed in the transition bands of different water grades, and at the same time in the areas where the historical sites were sparsely distributed. New sites were also found in the overlap region of different transition bands. Additional sites were especially required in these regions to discriminate the boundaries of different water quality grades. Using the bidirectional optimization method of the monitoring sites, the boundaries of different water quality grades could be determined with a higher precision. As a result, the interpolation errors of DIN and PO_4-P could theoretically decrease.

Water quality model with multiform of N/P transport and transformation in the Yangtze River Estuary

As the Yangtze River Estuary and adjacent sea have been classified as a problem area with regard to eutrophication, it is important to explore the spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen and phosphorus （N/P） nutrients in this area. Based on danish hydraulic institute （DHI）＇s open platform Ecolab, a hydrodynamic and water quality model was developed for the Yangtze River Estuary, in which the transport and transformation processes of different forms of N/P nutrients were considered. Validations against measured data show that the model is overall reliable. Preliminary application of the model suggests that the model can simulate the characteristics of high phosphorus concentration area in the Yangtze River Estuary, and the high concentration area is closely related to the resuspension process of particulate phosphorus.

变化条件下长江口防洪御潮及供水保障研究进展与展望

近一个世纪以来,全球气候变暖导致海平面持续上升,增加了整个长江口的水深,抬高了潮汐和风暴潮的基础水位,使得河口咸潮入侵,洪水和风暴潮发生的频率和强度增加。同时,由于长江流域水土保持和水库群建设,进入河口的泥沙量锐减,加剧了河口咸潮上溯,对区域人群生产生活产生一定影响。从全球气候变暖背景下长江口海平面上升和演变规律、长江口人类活动与气候变化影响下的动力要素变化、河口咸潮入侵时空分布和水盐交换机制及供水安全风险、海平面上升对海堤防洪御潮能力的影响、长江口地区防洪御潮韧性等5个方面总结归纳了现有研究成果,提出未来研究的方向,以期对保障河口地区水资源安全利用和防洪御潮能力提升提供参考。

基于空间插值的长江口邻近海域春季悬浮物和叶绿素a空间分布分析

针对目前利用实测数据对长江口邻近海域水质状况进行分析研究相对偏少的情况,基于“淞航”号2018年春季航次对该海域的综合观测,利用实验室水样分析数据对船载温盐深仪(CTD)的测量数据进行校正,并对该区域2018年春季时节悬浮物(TSM)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度的空间插值结果进行分析。研究结果表明:CTD观测数据与水样分析数据呈较强线性相关关系。反距离权重插值对TSM和Chl-a浓度空间分布具有整体最优的效果。TSM浓度在近岸和近海底较高,在观测区域内出现两个高值中心;Chl-a浓度在近岸海域较高,有较明显的片状高值结构,垂向上表层较高。TSM与Chl-a浓度分布在长江口南北表现出不同的特征,且两者具有一定的负相关性。长江径流、外海洋流、潮汐混合等水动力过程是影响该区域TSM和Chl-a浓度分布的主要因素。

咸潮影响下长江口水源地优化布局及白茆沙水库建设可行性分析

为提升远期上海原水水量、水质供应能力和应对突发咸潮入侵和水污染风险,在分析长江口水源现状和咸水入侵形势基础上,论证了长江口水源地优化布局的必要性,结合咸水入侵监测数据及反演成果提出在白茆沙新建水库方案及原水系统优化调度方案,并分析了白茆沙水库建设对河势变化、行洪、通航、渔业资源及生态环境等方面的影响。结果表明:在白茆沙新建水库是较可行的方案,可对上海境内的长江口水源地进行优化布局,扩大供水规模并上移取水口;拟建的白茆沙水库位于白茆沙整治工程内侧,既可确保围堤安全稳定,也不影响行洪、通航,对河势变化、渔业资源及生态环境影响微小;布置于水库南侧微弯水道处的取水口,既可避免淤积对取水口的影响,也可避免北支咸潮倒灌的影响;上岸后的输水管与崇明岛原水复线共建,增强了崇明岛原水的供水安全,与现有长江口和黄浦江水源地的原水系统互联互通,可实现上海原水系统“双源供水、一网调度”的目标。

长江口鱼类群落粒径结构特征及群落稳定性评估

为了解长江口鱼类群落粒径结构特征及群落稳定性状态,实验基于2018年长江口四季鱼类资源与环境调查数据,利用标准化粒径谱、群落稳定性评估模型对鱼类群落特征进行了探究,并利用营养指数法对长江口水体生态环境质量状况进行了综合评价。结果显示:①长江口鱼类粒级主要分布在−2~6范围内,曲线穹顶位于0~3粒级范围,鱼类群落以小型鱼类为主,整体处于受干扰状态;②北支和南支的鱼类群落存在季节变化,北支粒径谱曲率夏季最大(–0.04),秋季最小(–0.41),生物量与数量相对关系统计量W值为–0.11~0.12;南支粒径谱曲率夏季最大(–0.04),冬季最小(–0.24),W值为–0.03~0.37;③南支鱼类群落稳定性系数均值为0.57,北支均值为0.43,4个季节南支与北支鱼类群落稳定性程度不同。水质营养指数表明,北支富营养化程度(18.89)较南支(5.43)高,且富营养化指数和群落稳定性系数呈显著负相关,水体富营养化或对长江口鱼类群落系统偏离稳定状态有重要影响。研究表明,长江口鱼类群落粒径偏小,鱼类群落稳定性不高,水质呈富营养化状态。本研究探究了全面禁捕前长江口鱼类粒径结构特征并评估了鱼类群落稳定性,为长江口禁渔效果评价提供了前期研究依据。

长江口一次持续性强浓雾过程特征和成因分析

使用船载观测资料、FNL再分析资料和葵花八号云图资料,对2022年3月11—14日发生于长江口的持续性浓雾过程进行研究分析,并归纳总结了预报的实用性方法。结果表明:本次浓雾过程包含辐射雾和锋面平流雾,持续时间长,影响范围广,雾区在锋面的前后部都相继出现,且锋面移动往往影响着雾的移动。在雾的生消和维持过程中,气温和相对湿度通常呈负相关,温度露点差和能见度呈正相关,当温度露点差大于3℃时,长江口也会有雾生成,但能见度不低于3 km。雾生时段通常盛行偏南风和偏北风,偏西风和西北风则会导致相对湿度迅速下降,不利于雾的形成和维持。可见光云图上雾的特征明显,颜色纹理均匀,边界清晰整齐,外围无丝状或纤维状云系扩散,而红外云图上对应处是一片灰暗区,只有边界隐约可见。

秋季长江口及邻近海域有色溶解有机物的分布及河口混合行为

【目的】探究秋季长江口及邻近海域有色溶解有机物(chromophoric dissolved organic matter,CDOM)的分布特征与河口混合行为及影响CDOM分布的因素,以深入了解本研究区域CDOM动态变化机制。【方法】测定研究海域溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)质量浓度、吸收系数a(350)等参数,分析CDOM含量水平;使用三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析(EEMs-PARAFAC)技术鉴别研究海域CDOM荧光组分。运用物理稀释模型分析CDOM河口混合行为。【结果】研究海域b-a4断面DOC质量浓度的变化范围为0.92~2.36 mg·L^(-1),c-a6断面DOC质量浓度的变化范围为1.00~2.40 mg·L^(-1)。b-a4断面a(350)的变化范围为0.22~1.60 m^(-1),c-a6断面a(350)的变化范围为0.15~1.42 m^(-1)。b-a4断面光谱斜率S275-295的变化范围为0.014~0.022 nm^(-1),c-a6断面S275-295的变化范围为0.016~0.024 nm^(-1)。鉴定出4个荧光组分:类腐殖质组分C1(激发波长265 nm、发射波长445 nm)、类蛋白质组分C2(275、325 nm)、类腐殖质组分C3(245、390 nm)和类蛋白质组分C4(235、340 nm)。【结论】长江口及邻近海域DOC质量浓度和a(350)均呈现出由长江口内向口外逐渐减小的趋势,陆源输入是影响CDOM分布的主要因素;远岸S275-295值高于近岸,主要受浮游生物生产活动的影响,陆源输入影响小;4个荧光组分的高值都出现在河口处,且随离岸距离增加而降低,这是受到陆源输入的影响;两个断面的4个荧光组分均符合理论稀释线,CDOM整体呈现保守混合行为。

极端干旱下长江口咸潮入侵成因及压咸补淡措施

2022年长江上游遭受极端干旱,长江口咸潮入侵加剧,区域用水安全受到严峻考验。为探究极端干旱天气下咸潮入侵成因和应对策略,基于长江口2019~2023年枯水期的实测盐度、潮水位、风速风向数据与同期上游大通站径流量数据,采用Spearman相关性分析、卡方分析等方法,分析了2022年9月起长江口咸潮入侵过程与长江口咸潮入侵的主要影响因素。分析结果显示:①2022年8月起长江干流枯水期提前,叠加台风和天文大潮情况,使得2022年9月至2023年4月长江口地区崇明洲头站、杨林站和六滧站的盐度大幅超标,分别达到1.922‰,0.585‰和2.134‰。②长江口3个主要盐度监测站点受上游来水影响时间存在前后差异,在大通站流量低于15000 m^(3)/s时,不同站点所属区域发生了不同程度的咸潮入侵情况。③2022年10月的压咸补淡措施在小潮期间作用于长江口地区,使得大通站流量高于12000 m^(3)/s,在南支上半段产生较好的压咸效果。研究成果可为长江口流域不同地区咸潮上溯成因分析和压咸补淡应对策略提供参考。

长江口深水航道浮泥运移规律及精细化维护疏浚

基于2016—2019年长江口深水航道施工区段月度测图和2016—2020年北槽深水航道洪枯季常态天气条件下的浮泥观测资料,研究浮泥输移特征及回淤、高频水深等变化特征,提出航道精细化疏浚维护方案。结果表明,常态天气条件下洪季的高低频水深差幅度大于枯季,北槽航道中段洪季的浮泥厚度要远大于枯季,航道回淤量具有随高低频水深差的增加而增加的特征。建议优先在洪季实施精细化维护疏浚方案,试应用后能有效减小浮泥、高低频水深差等变化过程对航道考核测量和航道维护疏浚的干扰,提高航道维护疏浚的精细化管理水平。

1997—2019年长江口北槽地形演化特征及驱动机制

河口拦门沙位于河流和海洋的交界,具有弱动力、易沉积、水深浅的环境特征。打通拦门沙,建设深水航道一直是海洋学和工程学的一个难题,目前深水航道工程已经深刻地改变了拦门沙河槽的演化格局。本文根据北槽三期航道工程建设时间节点,收集了1997年、2002年、2007年和2019年北槽航道水下地形数据分析工程前后的地形演变特征,并结合航道工程建设、人为疏浚和外部环境变化等因素对北槽地形演变的驱动效应进行分析。结果表明:深水航道建设后长江口北槽主要出现了“槽冲滩淤”的河槽地形演化特征;空间上,北槽上段主要发生了北侧滩涂淤积,南侧航道侵蚀,而下段主要发生了南侧滩涂淤积,北侧航道侵蚀的演变格局。导堤和丁坝的建设是引起河槽“槽冲滩淤”的主要因素,而科氏力引起的涨、落潮流路变化也增加了河槽上下段的差异演化;深水航道工程建设是引起1997—2007年北槽淤积的主要驱动因素,而人为疏浚则是2007—2019年北槽侵蚀的主要影响因素;尽管人类活动已经成为北槽河槽演化的主要原因,但周围环境变化如流域来沙减少和海平面上升也加剧了近期的北槽侵蚀。

入海船闸防盐措施规模数值模拟分析评价研究

本研究基于长江口海域及大治河河口地形、潮汐、径流、风场等水文地质气象条件,以及船闸运行规则、潮汐动力学参数等,搭建了河口二维潮汐盐度计算模型,对大治河大芦线东延伸航道整治工程新建船闸运行过程中可能带来的盐水入侵风险进行了评估,根据风险评估结果,计算模拟分析了不同情景方案条件下的防咸措施效果。研究结果表明:大芦线东延伸段船闸运行时,盐水团会在潮汐动力以及船闸运行时随水流汇入内河,在船闸内河侧累积并进行上溯,也会出现海域涨潮时段的高盐水倒灌、累积性的咸水(高盐水)急剧上溯的情况,针对本项目防咸各类设计方案情景,进行模型计算分析,为工程设计方案实施提供相应的理论依据和技术支撑。

大型底栖动物对长江口潮滩沉积物-水界面无机氮交换的影响

基于实验模拟,通过对比分析潮滩无机氮长短期通量交换、循环规律及沉积物中无机氮的剖面特征在有/无底栖动物活动背景下的差异,探讨了双壳类底栖动物河蚬对长江口潮滩沉积物-水界面无机氮交换的影响及其机制.研究发现:潮滩无机氮界面交换中,河蚬的钻穴活动能增加向上覆水方向氨氮和硝氮的通量值;河蚬长期栖息对界面的生物扰动和代谢物排放能促进氨氮向上覆水的释放并逐渐加强沉积物氧化层中的硝化活动;界面附近河蚬的扰动和喷灌活动改变了沉积物中无机氮的垂直剖面特征,加速了沉积物中有机质的矿化分解和两相界面间氨氮的离子交换,促进沉积物氮库向滨岸水体的释放输出.

长江口海域赤潮成因及其防治对策

对长江口海域的赤潮发生形势进行了系统总结与分析 ,探讨了长江口海域赤潮灾害的成因及其防治对策。长江口及邻近海域是我国赤潮高发区 ,自20世纪80年代以来赤潮发生越来越频繁 ,赤潮生物种类增加 ,2002年首次发生了有毒亚历山大藻(Alexandriumsp.)赤潮 ,赤潮危害程度在增大 ,这与长江口海域的环境和生物条件、河口最大浑浊带、长江上游大型水利工程建设以及全球气候变化对长江口海域赤潮高发区的影响有直接关系 ,同时河口海域甲藻孢囊也是赤潮发生的种源。建议建立赤潮立体监测体系、赤潮信息管理系统、海产品赤潮毒素卫生检疫制度和赤潮应急响应机制 ,全面加强长江口海域的赤潮监控与防治工作。

三峡水库初期蓄水对长江口淡水资源的影响

2003年6月1—15日和同年10月20—31日三峡水库进行了初期蓄水。6月份水库蓄水后使下游大通流量减少了37％，长江口的淡水资源的持续时数降低了40％，最大盐度增加了3倍，平均盐度增加了6倍；10月份水库蓄水使大通流量减少了1／2，淡水资源的持续时间呈现下降趋势，最大盐度增加了3倍左右，平均盐度也有类似的表现。再从流量的沿程变化、流量的变化程度、影响河口淡水的持续时间、河口淡水资源影响因子方面进行了讨论，认为三峡蓄水是这两次河口淡水资源减少的主要原因。

长江口及其邻近海域生态环境综合评价

基于1984-2015年监测数据,给出长江口及其邻近海域无机氮和活性磷酸盐长时间序列的变化趋势,确定了营养盐的基准年是1987年,基准值分别是0.0705 mg/L和0.000751 mg/L。结合频数分析方法,无机氮的分区阈值为0.339 mg/L和1.15 mg/L,活性磷酸盐的分区阈值为0.0289 mg/L和0.0530 mg/L,研究区域可划分为三大分区:口内区、过渡区和口外区;结合生态红线、污染源等具有开发管理属性的分布,最终将研究区域分为8个评价单元。提出了水质环境、沉积物环境、生物生态三类三级评价指标体系,建立了海洋生态环境综合评价方法。水质环境的区域分布与生物生态相似:口内区域较差,口外区域向海逐渐趋好;沉积物环境特征:南支、北支和北港的沉积物质量略好于口外区域,口外区域好于南北槽分区和杭州湾北部。生态环境综合状况由差向好的区域变化为:Ⅳ区<Ⅴ区<Ⅲ区<Ⅰ区<Ⅱ区<Ⅵ区<Ⅷ区<Ⅶ区;随时间有向好趋势。

长江口邻近海域水团特征与影响范围的季节变化

基于2009年—2011年调查资料,研究长江口及其邻近海域水体温度和盐度时空分布特征,剖析该海域水团特征与影响范围的季节变化。结果表明,从春末到秋初,长江水以高温形式向外海扩展,秋末至翌年春初,径流水以低温形式从河口流向东南。西北部海区受黄海冷水团影响,水温较低,东北部受南黄海西部逆时针环流影响,盐度较低,东南部海区受黑潮及分支台湾暖流影响,呈高温高盐状态。受径流量和季风季节差异,长江冲淡水影响一般夏季最强,扩展范围最大,秋末冬初最弱。其双向延伸趋势在夏季有最清晰表现,一支自河口向东北方向延伸,指向南黄海中部,一支穿过杭州湾口及舟山群岛一带沿岸南下,或自长江口向东南方向扩展。温度垂向变化表明夏季存在上升流,并明确处于以31.5°N,122.67°E为中心,在经纬方向上各达1°范围内。