Policy and Practice Progress of Watershed Eco-compensation in China

The ecological protection of the watersheds in China is being confronted with a lot of problems such as soil and water erosion, water pollution at present. Therefore watershed eco-compensation is becoming a question of common interest. Based on the analyses of the major problems and their origins in the watershed protection in China, the paper discusses the concerned policies including relative rules and laws, financial policies and water right transaction policies. Simultaneously the paper reviews the practices carried out in China, including the ecological construction project in the western China, the trans-provincial eco-compensation practice and the small watershed eco-compensation practice. According to the present situation of eco-compensation practices and the future policy requirement, this paper finally puts forward four key problems to be solved in the watershed eco-compensation of China in the future.

Forest eco-compensation mechanism:a survey

China is a country with a vast territory and a large population but limited forest resources, which is mainly distributed in the economically less developed regions. Therefore, it is particularly important to address the issue to establish forest eco-compensation mechanism to overcome the problems of inequity between the people and promote the public incentive for forest management and conservation. The definition of eco-compensation is deeply discussed based on the literature review of national and international initiatives. According to summary and analysis of the empirical work of forest eco-compensation at international level,some significant inspirations are duaw on this paper. Based on them, this paper focuses on the forest eco-compensation mechanism of china. Firstly, integrating with the actual situation of china, the paper puts forward the policy framework of eco-compensation .The institutional framework of eco-compensation should be established among the multi-departments with different temporal and spatial scales. Secondly, the types and ranges of forest eco-compensation are further studied, that is three levels of forest eco-compensation such as micro-level, macro-level as well as media-level, and then the standards of eco-com-pensation are primarily estimated which include the three factors, namely direct expense of plantation opporiunity cost for forests protection and benefits of forest ecosystem services.Finally the recommendation is created in terms of above research conclusions, which is provide the vital important references for government policy making in the forest eco-compensation domain.

Initial Exploration on the Ecological Compensation Mechanism of Baiyangdian Watershed

Establishment of the ecological compensation mechanism is one important way for solving a series of issues in Baiyangdian Watershed, including environment pollution, ecological deterioration, unsustained water supplement, rural pollution aggravation and ecological migration. Based on the principles of main functional area, public goods, welfare economics, financial transfer payment and watershed management, we put forward the construction framework of ecological compensation mechanism in Baiyangdian Watershed. Compensation subject is governments at all levels and beneficiary within watershed. Compensation object is governments at all levels, eco-builder and victim within watershed. Compensation way in- dudes government-led and market-oriented and game-negotiation types. Compensation standard includes financial transfer payment, compensation between upstream and downstream of the watershed, rural environmental protection with collections of management fees and subsidies to co-gov- ernance, ecological migration and inter-basin section. The safeguard measures of implementation for ecological compensation mechanism in Baiy- angdian Watershed are setting legal system and status of the ecological compensation, ensuring special usage of the ecological compensation fund, carrying out performance evaluation index system, building social management system of the ecological compensation and promoting the reform of watershed manaQement structure.

A Regional-Scale Method of Forecasting Debris Flow Events Based on Water-Soil Coupling Mechanism

A debris flow forecast model based on a water-soil coupling mechanism that takes the debrisflow watershed as a basic forecast unit was established here for the prediction of disasters at the watershed scale.This was achieved through advances in our understanding of the formation mechanism of debris flow.To expand the applicable spatial scale of this forecasting model,a method of identifying potential debris flow watersheds was used to locate areas vulnerable to debris flow within a forecast region.Using these watersheds as forecasting units and a prediction method based on the water-soil coupling mechanism,a new forecasting method of debris flow at the regional scale was established.In order to test the prediction ability of this new forecasting method,the Sichuan province,China was selected as a study zone and the large-scale debris flow disasters attributable to heavy rainfall in this region on July 9,2013 were taken as the study case.According to debris flow disaster data on July 9,2013 which were provided by the geo-environmental monitoring station of Sichuan province,there were 252 watersheds in which debris flow events actually occurred.The current model predicted that 265 watersheds were likely to experience a debris flow event.Among these,43 towns including 204 debrisflow watersheds were successfully forecasted and 24 towns including 48 watersheds failed.The false prediction rate and failure prediction rate of thisforecast model were 23% and 19%,respectively.The results show that this method is more accurate and more applicable than traditional methods.

Chinese Policies and Practices regarding Payments for Ecological Services in Watersheds

Watersheds provide a variety of ecological services including soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection. However, activities in a fast-growing economy significantly impact the supply and demand of these watershed services. To mitigate these impacts, the concept of payment for environmental and ecosystem services from water-sheds has emerged in global academic and policy circles. The governments and academic communities in China have increas-ingly described payments for ecological services from watersheds with the concept of watershed eco-compensation as it is urgent to protect watershed ecosystems. Watershed eco-compensation has proved to be one of the most economically effective means of solving environmental problems of watersheds to be adopted by the Chinese government. This paper presents an objective analysis of the Chinese market for watershed ecosystem services, including supply and demand for the services. It also summarizes Chinese policies on watershed eco-compensation, including relevant laws and regulations and fiscal policies. In addition, it presents a re-view of Chinese practices in watershed eco-compensation, in-cluding the analysis of an ecological construction project in West-ern China, inter-provincial watershed eco-compensation practices and plans, and payment for ecological services at the provincial and small watershed levels. Finally, it summarizes the key com-ponents of the process of payment in Chinese watershed eco-compensation. This discussion forms the basis of concluding suggestions for ecosystem services compensation and ecological protection in the large scale river basin.

流域生态环境协同治理法律机制研究

由“流域一体化管理”过渡到“流域协同治理”,克服流域碎片化管理遗留的症结,是流域生态环境保护的根本追求,也是实现流域可持续发展的迫切需要。生态环境协同治理与地方政府的治理能力和治理体系相关联。完善流域生态环境协同治理的法律机制,不仅需要考量流域生态环境协同治理的现实状况,根据流域生态环境协同治理面临的适法障碍、司法协作不够、执法机制受限等困境,分类施策,构建完备的立法规范、紧密的司法协作、严格的执法体系,以期推动流域生态环境协同共治,促进流域绿色发展。

面向流域治理与城镇发展统筹的城市水系统规划协同机制探讨 ——广东东莞生态园实证研究

统筹流域治理与城镇发展是系统解决当前城市发展过程中遇到的水资源短缺、水生态破坏、洪涝灾害频发的关键路径。本文在辨析流域治理与城镇发展统筹面临的主要问题及其辩证关系的基础上,以东莞市中部地区的生态园及其所在的寒溪河流域为研究对象,系统探讨了城市水系统规划在流域治理与城镇发展统筹中的协同作用机制。结果表明,以城镇-流域水系统耦合模型为支撑,城市水系统规划及其协同机制可通过空间、设施等要素的协同,实现保障城市及流域防洪排涝安全、保护水环境和节约水资源的目标,促进流域安全与城镇发展的良性互动。

跨流域横向生态补偿的实践表征及优化路径探析——以湖南省内长江流域治理为例

跨流域横向生态补偿作为我国水资源管理机制的一项重大创新,其协同治理作用在实践中日益凸显。从2012年通过的《湖南省湘江保护条例》开始,湖南省经历了从探索地方政府主导的纵向流域生态补偿模式,到确立跨省流域横向生态补偿基本框架,再逐步建立健全跨省流域横向生态补偿长效机制的发展理路。实践表明,当前湖南省存在缺乏足够权威性的法律法规、资金来源较为单一、地区间评定标准差异大等问题。因此,应通过完善跨流域横向生态补偿专门立法、探索建立多元化跨流域横向生态补偿模式、合理确定跨流域横向生态补偿评定标准和计价办法来提升湖南省内长江流域的治理水平,为我国跨流域横向生态补偿提供优秀的样本。

小流域综合治理实施路径与实践——以湖北省赤壁市羊楼洞港小流域为例

在小流域综合治理的内涵由聚焦水土保持转向生态保护、绿色发展、民生改善等多目标统筹的背景下,研究其相关机制、实施路径具有重要实践意义。从源头治理、系统治理、协同治理3个维度展开,梳理人水地关系协调、碎片化资源增值、多元参与等面临的实施困境。基于对相关利益主体及权责的分析,提出利益联结机制的构建方法和针对性实施策略,并以湖北省赤壁市羊楼洞港小流域综合治理为例,指出构建清晰、稳定的利益联结机制是破解小流域综合治理实施困境的有效路径。

大规模沟谷型泥石流成因与减灾启示——以黑水县谷汝沟“7·14”泥石流为例

沟谷型泥石流具有谷坡陡峻、相对高差大、沟道坡度大等特点,往往形成大规模的泥石流灾害。2021年7月14日20时许,黑水县谷汝沟发生大规模泥石流灾害,造成直接经济损失3300万元。为提高和完善泥石流灾害的预测预警手段与减灾水平,以沟谷型泥石流谷汝沟“7·14”泥石流为典型研究对象,通过现场勘察、模型计算、流域地貌信息熵和气象分析等方法,揭示谷汝沟“7·14”泥石流特征,分析其成因,预测其未来发展趋势。结果表明:谷汝沟“7·14”泥石流容重为1.83g/cm3,属于黏性石流,平均流速为11.2m/s,泥石流峰值流量达到991.2 m3/s;流域处于壮年偏幼期的地貌发育阶段,为谷汝沟“7·14”泥石流暴发提供了充足的动力势能条件,49.7mm的日降雨量是泥石流的激发因素;根据灰色灾变预测模型,谷汝沟将在2027年、2034年、2042年暴发泥石流灾害。研究成果有助于完善沟谷型泥石流的预测预警,可为其他地区泥石流防灾减灾提供参考。

基于GIS的刘家峡水库流域景观生态风险评价及驱动力分析

为了合理有效的评估流域内生态风险和优化流域用地类型,探究流域内景观生态风险动态变化及其驱动机制尤为重要。基于GIS技术,结合景观生态学、地理探测器等方法,对研究区土地利用类型变化特征进行分析,同时构建景观生态风险评价模型,定量分析流域内景观生态风险变化趋势及其驱动机制。结果表明:研究区景观类型主要为耕地和草地,各类型景观在水域附近变化差异较大;景观格局指数表现为干扰度指数变化较为剧烈,损失度呈现水域增加的趋势;生态风险等级整体以中等以上为主。驱动机制结果显示,因子探测结果表明人为干扰度对引起景观生态风险动态变化的影响最大;交互探测显示流域景观生态风险动态变化不是由单一因子造成的,主要为2种以上的因子相互作用所致。

论系统论视域下的流域生态环境行政治理

流域及其生态环境问题的特殊性引发行政治理体系的变革,系统论为流域生态环境行政治理体系的建构指明了方向,流域生态环境行政治理体系的建构是系统化的工程。在系统论指引下,结合相关规范性文件,流域生态环境行政治理系统的建构需从建立协调机制、规范职权行使与推进治理协同三方面切入,并分别明确三者在流域生态环境行政治理系统中的作用,通过建立议事协调机构发挥协调机制的统筹协调功能、通过整合与上收行政机关职权明确规范职权行使的实施功能、通过建立治理协同机制发挥推进治理协同的支持与保障功能。

流域环境行政公益诉讼制度的困境与纾解

流域生态环境问题所具有的跨区域性、系统性、复杂性等特征表明其治理之难,我国沿江经济和工业化的快速发展使得流域生态环境问题变得更加突出。虽然《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》确立了流域环境行政公益诉讼制度,但是实践中依然出现流域跨行政区划检察机关管辖错位、流域环境行政公益诉讼案件推进难度大以及流域生态环境损害救济不及时等问题。鉴于此,有必要设立流域跨行政区划专门检察机关、构建流域环境行政公益诉讼的跨区域协同机制、探索流域环境行政公益诉讼的新范式以完善我国流域环境行政公益诉讼制度。

我国流域生态环境协同治理机制探索

流域是人与自然和谐共生的重要场域,流域生态环境治理呈现“碎片化”特征,环境治理难题频出。随着协同治理理论的引入和广泛运用,我国生态环境治理领域逐渐构建起具有协同治理性质的生态环境法律制度与政策,协同治理理论与我国生态环境政策之间的耦合不断增强,流域生态环境协同治理机制的绿色意义不断凸显。为此,有必要在实践层面积极探索流域生态环境协同治理机制的具化设计,重点做好顶层设计,推动立法协同;明晰权责关系,实现治理主体协同;设定基本框架,厘清治理制度协同。

基于系统动力学的流域生态补偿效率影响因素研究

为剖析流域生态补偿机制水平影响因素,提高流域生态补偿效率,通过文献分析,总结归纳了影响流域生态补偿效率的18个影响因素,基于系统动力学模型对影响因素作用机理进行了深入研究。利用VENSIM软件对各影响因素的投入变动进行了敏感性仿真分析,得到各影响因素对于系统整体水平的影响力度,并根据影响力度将影响因素划分为关键、重要及次要3个等级,针对3个等级的影响因素分别提出了提升流域生态补偿效率的对策与建议。

流域村落空间形态特征及形成机制研究——以黄河三角洲为例

以黄河三角洲流域村落为研究对象,指出黄河是主导流域村落空间形态发展的重要影响要素,通过自然环境、人文社会、经济生产等方面的作用,形成具有鲜明流域特色的村落形态特征。在黄河三角洲流域选取24个典型村落,以水适应性为切入点,运用定性、定量相结合的分析方法,探析流域环境影响下的村落空间形态特征、形成机制与水适应性策略。提出“五水共适”理念,解析黄河三角洲流域沿线村落的“河、塘、田、路、居”空间发展模式,分析该模式对村落空间形态4种特征要素的影响,得出三角洲流域村落空间形态的形成机制。在流域村落空间形态研究方面具有一定的理论和实践意义,对河流湖泊等其他流域村落空间形态的研究具有借鉴价值。

《黄河保护法》视域下流域生态管理创新机制研究

《黄河保护法》以系统思维、协同思维的理念完善了黄河流域生态管理体制,是符合黄河流域立法需求的制度供给,对流域立法和管理体制的完善具有重要的引领功能。在《黄河保护法》颁布施行背景下,分析了当前我国黄河流域生态管理体制存在的系统性、整体性不足,制度执行、监督不到位,生态补偿机制不健全,配套政策不完善、规制类型单一等问题,并以《黄河保护法》对流域生态管理体制的规划引领、协同治理的顶层逻辑指引为出发点,提出要坚持系统性整体性理念、完善流域生态治理法治体系;加强“督政”“督企”相结合、创新执法司法联动机制;遵循市场运行规律、优化流域生态补偿机制;健全科学高效配套政策和多元主体参与治理机制等来创新思维、创新方法,助力黄河流域管理体制落地实施,促进黄河流域高质量发展,保障黄河长久安澜。

中西部地区大型流域生态补偿机制

为进一步提高我国中西部地区流域生态补偿机制的有效性和稳定性,利用拓展能值模型核算流域生态补偿标准,分析双维度机制分类框架机制类型,依据补偿方补偿意愿确定流域政府及其上级政府的补偿额分摊支付比例,并以汾河流域忻州段太原段为例验证该机制的可行性。结果表明:中西部地区不协调的经济发展方式和当地大型流域复杂多样的生态环境加大了当地流域生态保护难度,应以生态价值为核心确定补偿标准,在流域政府补偿上级政府补差型机制下尽快设立专项资金并合理分摊支付补偿额,保障流域生态补偿政策的有效落地。

国内外流域协同治理生态补偿的主要模式及其实践情境——兼论对黄河流域生态补偿模式优化进路的启示

流域生态补偿是一种以流域水资源保护为核心,调节流域经济发展和水环境保护关系的制度激励手段,也是一种促进跨流域协同治理的重要制度设计。基于外部性以及协同治理理论(SFIC模型),构建流域生态补偿“动力-主客体-行动”关系分析框架。通过应用分析框架对田纳西河流域、易北河流域、墨累-达令河流域、新安江流域、赤水河流域、黄河流域等国内外流域协同治理生态补偿典型案例进行比较分析,可以归纳出权威管理机构主导下“输血式”、市场主导下“造血式”、中央主导下“混合式”、跨区域政府间“输血式”四种类型的生态补偿模式,且每种模式类型都有其特定的应用条件和制约因素。借鉴国内外经验,黄河流域协同治理生态补偿模式可以从法制保障、平台支撑、市场引入、绩效考评等方面进行重点优化。

国内河流生态缓冲带研究现状综述

河流生态缓冲带是夹在河流与河岸临近陆地生态系统之间的过渡交错带,是保护河流生态环境安全的一道绿色屏障。河流生态缓冲带研究对于提升水环境承载力、实现生态扩容增量、恢复水生态系统完整性、实现人水和谐具有重要意义。介绍了国内河流生态缓冲带研究现状,并在此基础上提出相应建议。