Dark Matter and Gravitational Waves

Two reviews of papers are considered. The first paper for a galaxy model uses matter consisting of neutrinos, bosons and other similar particles. It is shown that these particles were introduced as a result of an incorrect description of interactions in the Theory of Relativity. In reality, with the relative motion of interacting particles, their interactions force changes, and not their mass. It is shown that models of such stellar associations as globular clusters and galaxies should be created on the basis of the substance that exists on Earth. The second peer-reviewed paper proposes to create LIGO on the Moon. It is shown that gravitational waves do not exist. They were introduced to explain the excessive rotation of the Mercury’s perihelion. However, the excessive rotation of the Mercury’s perihelion is due to the Sun oblateness. The paper shows that gravitational waves, the Big Bang, the expanding Universe, dark matter, dark energy, etc. appeared on the basis of unfounded hypotheses. The urgent task is to eliminate them from science.

Dark Matter and the Energy-Momentum Relationship in a Hydrogen Atom

Einstein derived the energy-momentum relationship which holds in an isolated system in free space. However, this relationship is not applicable in the space inside a hydrogen atom where there is potential energy. Therefore, in 2011, the author derived an energy-momentum relationship applicable to the electron constituting a hydrogen atom. This paper derives that relationship in a simpler way using another method. From this relationship, it is possible to derive the formula for the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. The energy values obtained from this formula almost match the theoretical values of Bohr. However, the relationship derived by the author includes a state that cannot be predicted with Bohr’s theory. In the hydrogen atom, there is an energy level with n = 0. Also, there are energy levels where the relativistic energy of the electron becomes negative. An electron with this negative energy (mass) exists near the atomic nucleus (proton). The name “dark hydrogen atom” is given to matter formed from one electron with this negative mass and one proton with positive mass. Dark hydrogen atoms, dark hydrogen molecules, other types of dark atoms, and aggregates made up of dark molecules are plausible candidates for dark matter, the mysterious type of matter whose true nature is currently unknown.

Ground State Nucleon, Dark Energy and Dark Matter

The recently introduced model of the nucleon as a system of three point particles predicts all characteristics of the proton and neutron with experimental precision only at condition that nucleon is the loosely bound state in system of deep potential wells. The model’s Hamiltonian contains ground state with the same parity and spin as the nucleon but with other different characteristics. Existence of this ground state nucleon means that the visible Universe is composed of excited matter. The direct transition between excited and ground states is strictly forbidden, however, stimulated emission can ignite such process. Most likely, corresponding conditions realize at supernova explosion. It is shown that presence of this matter, composed of ground state nucleons, in Universe gives the chance for consistent explanation of dark matter and dark energy phenomena.

仿真引力系统的非线性光学实验进展

非线性薛定谔方程(nonlinear Schrodinger equation,NLSE)是多类物理现象所遵守规律的共同数学形式。在光学系统中,NLSE可以描述激光脉冲在介质中传播的时空演化;在天文学中,可以描述引力透镜、波动暗物质纤维等天体和观测现象(所谓薛定谔―泊松方程系统,SPE),甚至可以巧妙地用来类比强引力场现象(所谓爱因斯坦Klein-Gordon系统,EKG)。从仿真原理、光路设计、实验结果、天文诠释等方面,详细介绍了非线性光学仿真实验在天文学领域的应用和进展;并简要展望了未来开展非线性光学实验,仿真各种波动暗物质结构的演化之前景。

Optical frequency comb technology: from ground to space

Optical frequency combs,as powerful tools for precision spectroscopy and research into optical frequency standards,have driven continuous progress and significant breakthroughs in applications such as time-frequency transfer,measurement of fundamental physical constants,and high-precision ranging,achieving a series of milestone results in ground-based environments.With the continuous maturation and evolution of femtosecond lasers and related technologies,optical frequency combs are moving from ground-based applications to astronomical and space-based applications,playing an increasingly important role in atomic clocks,exoplanet observations,gravitational wave measurements,and other areas.This paper,focusing on astronomical and space-based applications,reviews research progress on astronomical frequency combs,optical clock time-frequency networks,gravitational waves,dark matter measurement,dual-comb large-scale absolute ranging,and high-resolution atmospheric spectroscopy.With enhanced performance and their gradual application in the field of space-based research,optical frequency combs will undoubtedly provide more powerful support for astronomical science and cosmic exploration in the future.

Value of High-Frequency Relic Gravitational Wave (HFRGW) Detection to Astrophysics and Fabrication and Utilization of the Li-Baker HFRGW Detector

Up to the present time gravitational-wave detectors, such as LIGO and Virgo, have been sensitive to frequencies on the order of a few thousand to a small fraction of an Hz. They have been most effective in the study of black-hole mergers. We suggest that high-frequency relic gravitational wave (HFRGW) detectors be developed, especially the Li-Baker HFRGW detector, in the gigahertz and higher frequency range. We believe collecting cosmological, primordial observational data especially generated during the first few seconds after the beginning of our Universe is extremely important. One motivation for this paper is, therefore, that we are confident that observation of relic gravitational waves will provide vital information about the birth of our Universe and its early dynamical evolution. Other astrophysical applications of HFRGW detectors involve the entropy growth of the early Universe, an ability to study alternatives to inflation and to provide clues about the symmetries underlying new physics at the highest energies. A working hypothesis or theory, based upon the rollout of our Universe from infinitesimal Planck Length and Planck Time is presented. This theory involves the rapid motion of time and matter during that early time having frequencies on the order of trillions of cycles per second or more. Several alternative HFRGW detectors are described and the proposed Li-Baker HFRGW detector, which is theoretically sensitive to GW amplitudes, A, as small as 10-32, is discussed in detail. Such sensitivity may provide a means for verifying or falsifying the rollout of our Universe working hypothesis. Essentially a combination of theory and experimentation is presented. It is recommended that plans and detailed specifications for the Li-Baker HFRGW detector be prepared in order to expedite its fabrication.

The Electromagnetic Nature of Gravitation and Matter-Antimatter Antigravity. Surmise on Quantum Vacuum Gravitation and Cosmology

We show that the electromagnetic quantum vacuum derives directly from Maxwell’s theory and plays a primary role in quantum electrodynamics, particle physics, gravitation and cosmology. It corresponds to the electromagnetic field ground state at zero frequency, a zero-energy cosmic field permeating all of space and it is composed of real states, called kenons (κενο = vacuum). Photons are local oscillations of kenons guided by a non-local vector potential wave function with quantized amplitude. They propagate at the speed imposed by the vacuum electric permittivity ε0 and magnetic permeability μ0, which are intrinsic properties of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. The electron-positron elementary charge derives naturally from the electromagnetic quantum vacuum and is related to the photon vector potential. We establish the masse-charge equivalence relation showing that the masses of all particles (leptons, mesons, baryons) and antiparticles are states of the elementary charges and their magnetic moments. The equivalence between Newton’s gravitational law and Coulomb’s electrostatic law results naturally. In addition, we show that the gravitational constant G is expressed explicitly through the electromagnetic quantum vacuum constants putting in evidence the electromagnetic nature of gravity. We draw that G is the same for matter and antimatter but gravitational forces should be repulsive between particles and antiparticles because their masses bear naturally opposite signs. The electromagnetic quantum vacuum appears to be the natural link between quantum electrodynamics, particle physics, gravitation and cosmology and constitutes a basic step towards a unified field theory. Dark Energy and Dark Matter might originate from the electromagnetic quantum vacuum fluctuations. The calculated electromagnetic vacuum energy density, related to the cosmological constant considered responsible for the cosmic acceleration, is in good agreement with the astrophysical observations. The cosmic acceleration may be due to both “quantum vacuum fluctuations” and “matter-antimatter gravitational repelling”. All the above results are established without stating any assumptions or postulates. Next, we advance two hypotheses with cosmological impact. The first is based on the possibility that gravitation is due to the electromagnetic quantum vacuum density of states fluctuations giving rise to a photon pressure at the characteristic collective oscillation frequencies of the charge densities composing the bodies (Electromagnetic Push Gravity). The second advances that energy, matter and antimatter in the universe emerge spontaneously from the quantum vacuum fluctuations as residues that remain stable in space and we present the main principles upon which a new cosmological model may be developed overcoming the well-known Big Bang issues.

关于宇宙暗物质主要形态之黑洞-夸克星的新证据分析

通过分析新近证据,进一步探讨宇宙暗物质等问题,分析认为:(1)宇宙紫外辐射超出已知辐射源4倍的发现,可能就是源于我国的、2013年初预言的约在可见光附近波段的宇宙背景辐射;彭罗斯等2010年发现的CMB偏振环等新证据,较有力地支持原始夸克星碰撞、重组的宇宙演化及起源模型;黑洞(暗星)-夸克星可能是宇宙暗物质的主要形态,应足以解释暗物质与可见物质的比例.以上均应深入研究;(2)76个黑洞的强大磁场的发现,客观上有力地支持了星系中心超大质量黑洞等的携1/3正负电子电荷的最基本的正、负夸克构型;(3)质能守恒定律的经典物理学意义所推论的最基本夸克的空心圈环结构,为圈量子引力奠定了较坚实的粒子物理学基础;(4)结合高频引力波产生机理(激光约束核聚变等)及探测机理,应对中微子与高频引力波(引力子)进行会师研究.

非重子暗物质的临界波数

本文对非重子暗物质中临界波数的公式作了详细推导，并从任意简并度的一般表达式过渡到两种极端情况（分布函数为完全简并和麦克斯韦分布）下的已知结果．

引力透镜和弱引力透镜的新方法

引力透镜是天体物理中最重要的工具和手段之一,在宇宙学暗物质、暗能量、大尺度上的引力和系外行星探测中都发挥着巨大的作用。首先介绍了引力透镜的基本理论和近似,其次给出了引力透镜的主要发展历史,然后介绍了不同于光线偏折角的引力透镜理论新视角。之后评述了宇宙学中的弱引力透镜研究概况,简要回顾了弱引力透镜测量的主流方法宇宙剪切及其观测进展和存在的问题。最后详细说明了弱引力透镜测量的新方法宇宙放大效应,并介绍了宇宙放大效应的理论研究最新进展,即得到了严格精确的互相关测量权重最优函数。

引力波对广义相对论的验证和负物质作为统一暗物质-暗能量的8种可能检验

首先,引力波对广义相对论进行了某些验证,并证实是非线性波.进而GW170817观测到在双中子星(BNS)并合产生引力波后1.7 s有γ-射线暴(GRB),这证明引力波和电磁波速度不同.在此计算了BNS的引力红移和光偏转,得到的延迟时间是0.179 2 s.其次,讨论负物质作为统一暗物质和暗能量的8种可能的检验,特别是季节效应.进而,引力波天文学将在负物质的检验中发挥重大作用.最后提出最完美的对称世界.

Gravitational waves from dark first order phase transitions and dark photons

Cold Dark Matter particles may interact with ordinary particles through a dark photon, which acquires a mass thanks to a spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism. We discuss a dark photon model in which the scalar singlet associated to the spontaneous symmetry breaking has an effective potential that induces a first order phase transition in the early Universe. Such a scenario provides a rich phenomenology for electron-positron colliders and gravitational waves interferometers, and may be tested in several different channels. The hidden first order phase transition implies the emission of gravitational waves signals, which may constrain the dark photon＇s space of parameters. Compared limits from electron-positron colliders, astrophysics, cosmology and future gravitational waves interferometers such as eLISA, U-DECIGO and BBO are discussed. This highly motivates a cross-checking strategy of data arising from experiments dedicated to gravitational waves, meson factories, the International Linear Collider（ILC）, the Circular Electron Positron Collider（CEPC） and other underground direct detection experiments of cold dark matter candidates.

光的真实本性与未来科技飞跃发展预测

物理学史上,有三大主宰着物理学发展的跨世纪大论战,其中前两次论战的主题是光的概念,第三次论战的主题关系整个现代物理,但整个第三次论战被光的概念所主宰。错误的光子概念与第三次论战占了上风的超距心灵作用结合形成物理学最严重的百年大错。研究发现了三大跨世纪论战中造成真理失败的根源。关于光的本性,论文提供了九项证据证明光只是波而不是光子。当人们一旦认识真相,光学、物理学乃至整个自然科学将出现一次突飞猛进的飞跃发展。论文只重点介绍前两次论战的根源和本质,并预测光学、物理学和各相关自然科学将出现的飞跃发展。

Next Frontier in Physics—Space as a Complex Tension Field

We hypothesize that 100% of the energy of our cosmic system is held by a physically real Complex Tension Field (CTF). We are using an old methodology of thinking used by our forefather engineers long before the advent of modern scientific thinking. We call it Interaction Process Mapping Epistemology or IPM-E. We apply this IPM-E on to the prevailing Measurable Data Modeling Epistemology or MDM-E. This approach helped us analyze the “Measurement Problem”, recognized during the rise of quantum mechanics (QM), and helped us recover a universal property of all linear waves, that they do not interact, or interfere, with each other. This Non-Interaction of Waves, or the NIW-property, should be obvious through daily observations and through the Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral and through critical evaluation of contradictory hypotheses we have been assigning to photons through ages. This implicates that the time-frequency Fourier theorem, although mathematically correct, and is used universally in all branches of science;does not map the real physical interaction processes for most optical phenomena. Accordingly, we present the necessary modifications for a few selected phenomena in classical and quantum optics to validate the NIW-property. In the process we find that accepting photons as non-interacting, but diffractively propagating linear wave packets crossing the entire cosmic space, requires CTF as a physical medium. Then we develop logical arguments in support of stable elementary particles as nonlinear but resonant vortex-like undulations of this same CTF. These vortex-like particles impose various secondary potential gradients around themselves giving rise to the four forces we know. Thus, CTF can serve as the cosmic substrate to develop a unified field theory without the need of dark matter and dark energy. In the process, we demonstrate a path to add ontologic thinking on our biologically successful epistemic thinking.

A Theory of Our Universe

Contemporary theories of our Universe, such as the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model of the cosmos, assume that time marches on at a uniform, constant pace from its very beginning. But what if that is not the case? It is proposed that our Universe is not a “Big Bang”, but rather a “Big Rollout” in space and time, spacetime, from the shortest meaningful length, Planck Length, and the shortest meaningful measure of time, Planck Time. It is speculated that time and dimensions, spacetime, grow in concert very rapidly at first. The fundamental equation, which relates the change in the space dimensions to the change in the speed of time at the beginning of time for the new Theory, is derived. Spacetime rolls out initially at light speed. As time increases, the rate of change of the speed of time could be erratic, that is although in general, it slows (rate of time slows approaching zero at the end of time), its rate of change could decelerate, pause or perhaps accelerate for a while, no need however, for dark matter or dark energy.

Electromagnetic Treatment of Genetic Diseases

The paper offers an overview of quantum and macro gravity, two of the three pillars of the Grand Unified Theory (GUT), the other thermodynamics, developed in a series of papers since the solution of the gravitational n-body problem in 1997 (J. Nonlinear Analysis, A-Series: Theory, Methods and Applications, Vol. 30, No. 8, 1997, pp. 5021 - 5032) and consolidated in the paper, The Grand Unified Theory (J. Nonlinear Analysis, A-Series: Theory: Method and Applications, Vol. 69, No. 3, 2008, pp. 823 - 831). GUT is further advanced by the paper, The Mathematics of GUT (J. Nonlinear Analysis, A-Series: Theory: Method and Applications, Vol. 71, 2009, pp. e420 - e431) and the discovery of more natural laws in the course of analyzing and explaining the disastrous final flight of the Columbia Space Shuttle in 2004 (J. Nonlinear Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2007, pp. 241 - 260). Qualitative modeling was the key to the development of GUT and its theoretical and practical applications. The relevant natural laws of GUT that provide the foundations of the Unified Theory of Evolution are stated. GUT provides the basis for the development of the electromagnetic engine and the Unified Theory of Evolution, its theoretical application, for the development of appropriate technology for electromagnetic treatment of genetic diseases such as cancer, systemic lupos erythematosus, diabetes, muscular dystrophy and mental disorder, the central focus of this paper.

Detection and Determination of the Variation of the Speed of Time

Steadily increasing time is involved in most scientific analyses. Like other dimensions in spacetime we suggest that there can be a variation rate of time’s progress or speed of time in the time dimension. We study speed-of-time variation observational data in three processes: muon decay, galaxy rotation (related to dark matter) and the separation speed of celestial objects as our Universe progresses (related to dark energy). Each of these processes will have an “observed value” of their time of completion Po from an observation of the process at time t1 and an “expected value” Pe of that time at time t2. Their difference is attributed to the variation of the speed of time. We provide a possible explanation for the anomalous separation of the observed and the expected galactic velocity curves. Our conclusion is that it is unnecessary to introduce dark matter or dark energy.

Between Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

The origin of elementary particle mass is considered as a function of n-valued graviton quanta. To develop this concept we begin in a cold region of “empty space” comprised of only microscopic gravitons oscillating at angular frequency ω. From opposite directions enters a pair of stray protons. Upon colliding, heat and energy are released. Customarily, this phase and what follows afterward would be described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Instead, we argue for an intermediary step. One in which neighboring gravitons absorb discrete amounts of plane-wave energy. Captured by the graviton, the planewave becomes a standing wave, whereupon its electromagnetic energy densities are converted into gravitational quanta. Immediately thereafter an elementary particle is formed and emitted, having both mass and spin. From absorption to conversion to emission occurs in less than 3.7 × 10−16 s. During this basic unit of hybrid time, general relativity and quantum physics unite into a common set of physical laws. As additional stray protons collide the process continues. Over eons, vast regions of spacetime become populated with low-mass particles. These we recognize to be dark matter by its effects on large scale structures in the universe. Its counterpart, dark energy, arises when the conversion of gravitational quanta to particle emission is interrupted. This causes the gravitational quanta to be ejected. It is recognized by its large scale effects on the universe.

基于原初双黑洞的引力波电磁共振效应研究

原初黑洞是暗物质的候选粒子之一。10^(23)~10^(25)kg的原初双黑洞并合可以产生甚高频随机引力波。真空腔内,引力波与高斯束形成的背景电磁场共振可以产生可观测物理效应。本文结合最新的暗物质丰度限制,讨论了同质量双黑洞并合产生的引力波激发的物理效应:信号光子流强度Nx1达到10^(-0.5)~10^(2.5)s^(-1)。同时还讨论了探测方案的灵敏度(信噪比),研究结果表明,与遗迹引力波相比,同质量双黑洞并合产生的引力波无论是信号光子流还是信噪比均高出6~8个数量级。因此,随机引力波更可能被探测到,将为原初黑洞的存在以及原初黑洞是暗物质的候选粒子提供验证方案。