Effects of surface waves and sea spray on air–sea fluxes during the passage of Typhoon Hagupit

Air–sea exchange plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of tropical cyclones（TCs）. Although studies have suggested the dependence of air–sea fluxes on surface waves and sea spray, how these processes modify those fluxes under TC conditions have not been sufficiently investigated based on in-situ observations.Using continuous meteorological and surface wave data from a moored buoy in the northern South China Sea,this study examines the effects of surface waves and sea spray on air–sea fluxes during the passage of Typhoon Hagupit. The mooring was within about 40 km of the center of Hagupit. Surface waves could increase momentum flux to the ocean by about 15%, and sea spray enhanced both sensible and latent heat fluxes to the atmosphere,causing Hagupit to absorb 500 W/m^2 more heat flux from the ocean. These results have powerful implications for understanding TC–ocean interaction and improving TC intensity forecasting.

Study on surface wave-induced mixing of transport flux residue under typhoon conditions

The transport flux residue of surface waves plays an important role in a variety of ocean phenomena,for example,the change in sea surface temperature(SST)and upper mixed layer profile that were studied in a series of recent papers.In the previous studies,its effect was discussed rigorously and fragmented based on numerical modeling.Here we propose a relatively comprehensive and simplified exposition of the wave transport flux residue,and focus on its influence under typhoon conditions with strong background current.An analogue Reynolds Number is presented for tentative comparison with wave-generated turbulence mixing,especially in the coastal area.Numerical results indicate that both overwhelming dynamical mixing processes can remarkably change the coastal environment,and should not be ignored consciously for further marine hazards assessment.

Influence of the Phase of the Antenna Current Standing Wave on the Power Flux in Ion Cyclotron Heating

For ion cyclotron resonance heating, the current on the antenna surface exists in a form of standing wave, and the phase of the poloidal current standing wave affects significantly on the performance of the coupling. In this paper, a coupling calculation is carried out based on a practical model for the loop antenna. The ion cyclotron wave coupling performance depends greatly on the antenna current propagation constant and the phase of standing wave. For a small antenna-current-propagation constant, the antenna coupling performance is more sensitive to a π/2 change in the phase of standing wave.

Effect of Kinetic Alfvén Waves on Electron Transport in an Ion-Scale Flux Rope

At the Earth＇s magnetopause, the electron transport due to kinetic Alfvén waves（KAWs） is investigated in an ion-scale flux rope by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. Clear electron dropout around 90° pitch angle is observed throughout the flux rope, where intense KAWs are identified. The KAWs can effectively trap electrons by the wave parallel electric field and the magnetic mirror force, allowing electrons to undergo Landau resonance and be transported into more field-aligned directions. The pitch angle range for the trapped electrons is estimated from the wave analysis, which is in good agreement with direct pitch angle measurements of the electron distributions. The newly formed beam-like electron distribution is unstable and excites whistler waves,as revealed in the observations. We suggest that KAWs could be responsible for the plasma depletion inside a flux rope by this transport process, and thus be responsible for the formation of a typical flux rope.

Kinetic Flux Vector Splitting Method for the Shallow Water Wave Equations

Based on the analogy to gas dynamics, the kinetic flux vector splitting (KFVS) method is used to stimulate the shallow water wave equations. The flux vectors of the equations are split on the basis of the local equilibrium Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. One dimensional examples including a dam breaking wave and flows over a ridge are calculated. The solutions exhibit second-order accuracy with no spurious oscillation.

A Three-dimensional Wave Activity Flux of Inertia–Gravity Waves and Its Application to a Rainstorm Event

A three-dimensional transformed Eulerian-mean(3D TEM) equation under a non-hydrostatic and non-geostrophic assumption is deduced in this study. The vertical component of the 3D wave activity flux deduced here is the primary difference from previous studies, which is suitable to mesoscale systems. Using the 3D TEM equation, the energy propagation of the inertia–gravity waves and how the generation and dissipation of the inertia–gravity waves drive the mean flow can be examined. During the mature stage of a heavy precipitation event, the maximum of the Eliassen–Palm(EP) flux divergence is primarily concentrated at the height of 10–14 km, where the energy of the inertia–gravity waves propagates forward(eastward) and upward. Examining the contribution of each term of the 3D TEM equation shows that the EP flux divergence is the primary contributor to the mean flow tendency. The EP flux divergence decelerates the zonal wind above and below the high-level jet at the height of 10 km and 15 km, and accelerates the high-level jet at the height of 12–14 km. This structure enhances the vertical wind shear of the environment and promotes the development of the rainstorm.

Density Perturbation and Energy Flux of Internal Waves from Velocity Data

Internal waves play a crucial role in ocean mixing, and density perturbation and energy flux are essential quantities to investigate the generation and propagation of internal waves. This paper presents a methodology for calculating density perturbation and energy flux of internal waves only using a velocity field that is based on linearized equations for internal waves. The method was tested by numerical simulations of internal waves generated by tidal flowing over a Gaussian topography in a stratified fluid. The density perturbations and energy fluxes determined using our method that only used velocity data agreed with density perturbations and energy fluxes determined by the equation of state based on temperature data. The mean relative error(MRE) and root mean square error(RMSE) between the two methods were lower than 5% and 10% respectively. In addition, an experiment was performed to exam our method using the velocity field measured by Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV), and the setup of the experiment is consistent with the numerical model. The results of the experiments calculated by the methods using PIV data were also generally equal to those of the numerical model.

Interaction of elementary waves of scalar conservation laws with discontinuous flux function

In this paper, the Riemann solutions for scalar conservation laws with discontinuous flux function were constructed. The interactions of elementary waves of the conservation laws were concerned, and the numerical simulations were given.

Explicit Kinetic Flux Vector Splitting Scheme for the 2-D Shallow Water Wave Equations

Originally, the kinetic flux vector splitting (KFVS) scheme was developed as a numerical method to solve gas dynamic problems. The main idea in the approach is to construct the flux based on the microscopical description of the gas. In this paper, based on the analogy between the shallow water wave equations and the gas dynamic equations, we develop an explicit KFVS method for simulating the shallow water wave equations. A 1D steady flow and a 2D unsteady flow are presented to show the robust and accuracy of the KFVS scheme.

横向磁通永磁直线电机电磁振动特性分析

横向磁通永磁直线电机的电负荷与磁负荷相互解耦,且各相之间相互解耦,易于实现模块化和多相化,因此在石油开采领域有着良好的应用前景。首先,该文基于磁场调制原理,对横向磁通永磁直线电机的径向电磁力波进行了推导计算,得出对径向电磁力波影响最大的因素为轴向气隙磁通密度分量与径向气隙磁通密度分量,在此基础上对径向电磁力波的时空特性与频谱特性进行仿真计算,得出电枢磁通密度对电机径向电磁力波的频谱特性的影响;然后,考虑到电机实际运行中可能出现的次级偏心问题,揭示偏心度的大小对径向电磁力波幅值的影响,并对比不同偏心度下的电机径向磁拉力与轴向磁拉力,定量分析偏心度对不平衡磁拉力的影响;最后,为避免共振,利用有限元软件对电机的初级进行了模态分析与谐响应分析,结果表明低速状态下横向磁通永磁直线电机的额定运行频率较低,不会引起初级的共振,适合用作往复式潜油电泵的驱动电机。

地球磁尾磁通量绳中哨声波的统计研究

哨声波被认为与地球磁尾磁通量绳的动力学有着密切的联系.之前的关于磁通量绳中哨声波的研究都是基于少数几个事件开展分析,并没有给出不同运动方向磁通量绳中的不同频带哨声波的空间分布特征,以及磁场功率谱密度和激发机制等.本文基于磁层多尺度卫星在2017年5月至8月穿越磁尾期间的观测数据,对地球磁尾磁通量绳中的哨声波进行了统计研究.根据磁场变化特征,磁通量绳被分成三个部分:前边界区、核心区和后边界区.根据与当地电子回旋频率(f_(ce))的相对大小,哨声波被分为下带(0.1f_(ce)~0.5f_(ce))和上带(0.5f_(ce)~f_(ce))哨声波.本文分别研究了地球磁尾地向运动和尾向运动磁通量绳中的下带和上带哨声波的空间分布特征,以及磁场功率谱密度和激发机制等.本文研究发现:(1)地球磁尾磁通量绳中观测到的哨声波主要是下带哨声波;(2)下带和上带哨声波都更易在地向运动和尾向运动磁通量绳的后边界区被观测到,并且在该区域它们的磁场功率谱强度也高于其他区域;(3)地向运动磁通量绳核心区的中心区域的下带和上带哨声波和尾向运动磁通量绳核心区的中心区域的下带哨声波可能是由垂直电子温度各向异性激发的;(4)在排除掉具有垂直电子温度各向异性的哨声波后,地向运动和尾向运动磁通量绳后边界区的上带哨声波可能是由电子束激发.本文的研究结果有助于理解哨声波对地球磁尾磁通量绳演化的影响和哨声波在磁尾动力学中所起的作用.

1961-2020年华北地区7-8月份极端降水频次趋势转折及可能原因分析

区域性极端降水(Regional extreme precipitation,REP)破坏性强,会造成地质灾害和经济损失。本文利用逐日降水资料,研究了1961-2020年华北地区7-8月份REP频次趋势转折,并探讨其变化的可能原因。结果表明,华北地区7-8月REP天数存在1986、1995和2003年三个趋势突变点,在1961-1985年(P1)和1995-2002年(P3)时段有减少趋势,1986-1994年(P2)和2003-2020年(P4)时段呈现增多趋势。华北地区REP事件发生时有水汽通量辐合,并且中国东北部至朝鲜半岛对流层高层有异常高压(东北高压)存在。P2、P4时期较P1、P3时期东北高压位置偏南,38°N以南的华北地区水汽通量辐合增强,REP天数增多。P1、P2时期异常水汽通量来自印度洋和西北太平洋,而后两个时期只来自西北太平洋,这是东亚夏季风减弱、西太平洋副热带高压(西太副高)增强的结果。东北高压的发展在P1、P3时期与沿中纬度西风急流(急流)传输的波活动通量有关,在P2、P4时期高纬度活动中心发挥作用并且在季节背景上该高压较强,P2时期促使东北高压发展的波活动通量来自急流和高纬度活动中心两支路径,而P4时期波活动通量主要沿高纬度传播。REP天数减少在P1时期主要是东亚夏季风显著减弱不利于水汽向华北地区输送的结果,而P3时期是东亚夏季风减小和急流减弱共同作用所导致的;REP天数增多在P2时期是因为急流的显著增强,有利于东北高压的发展,而在P4时期西太副高的增强保证了东亚夏季风减弱之后向华北地区的水汽输送,并且北极海冰范围减少可能通过影响高纬度活动中心,在急流减弱之后建立了由高纬度向华北地区传输的波活动通量新路径,两者共同作用使得REP天数增多。

楮岛沙滩不同时间尺度变化特征与波能流密度相关性探讨

在波浪和水流的作用下,泥沙在不同时间尺度下的运动会引起沙滩的冲淤演变,对海岸资源有重要的影响。因此,了解沙滩季节性演变规律,并采取针对性的防护措施,是近岸沙滩亟须解决的问题。目前,现场观测是研究沙滩剖面冲淤演变的重要方法,通过沉积物组成、岸滩坡度及波浪动力的时空变化,了解沙滩剖面的变化特性,对于沙滩管理和海岸保护具有十分重要的意义。基于2017年9月—2019年11月在荣成楮岛南岸沙滩每个月采集一次的剖面数据,以及波浪动力数据,分别探究了沙滩在不同时间尺度下的变化特征,并对沙滩变化特征与波浪动力因素的相关性进行了探讨。研究发现:楮岛南岸沙滩形态变化具有较强的季节性特征,春季沙滩比较稳定;夏季沙滩受台风影响侵蚀严重,但在风暴过后的短时间内,沙滩泥沙恢复较快;冬季沙滩恢复速度逐渐减缓并趋于稳定。在夏季和冬季期间,波能流密度的向岸分量对楮岛南沙滩的演变产生重要作用,而且波能流密度向岸分量的均值(选取数据采集前15d的波浪条件参与计算)与沙滩体积的相关性最好,并给出了两者的线性拟合公式。

源于宇宙弦的引力波暴及其电磁共振效应

引力波为宇宙学模型的检验提供了新方法,宇宙弦环震荡会激发较强的尖端引力辐射,甚高频波段的引力波可以通过电磁共振效应来探测.文章基于修正的宇宙弦模型,以p和?为自由参数,主要研究了宇宙弦环震荡产生的甚高频引力波特性h,以及在电磁共振方案中产生的物理效应.通过数值计算保守估计引力波暴的量纲为1的振幅强度可以达到10^(-28)~10^(-25).在电磁共振效应下产生的信号光子流强度N_(x)^(1)达到10^(4)~10^(8)s^(-1),信噪比强度S为10^(-20)~10^(-14).与其它类型的此频段引力波相比较,此类引力波更可能在未来被探测器探测到.

2021年北极典型平流层爆发性增温事件研究与预报

本文选取了对我国2021年冬季寒潮事件可能有重要影响的2021年1月北半球平流层爆发性增温(SSW)事件为例,利用观测资料、再分析资料和预报模式,探讨了2021年1月的SSW事件的特征和机制并对其进行了预报研究。此次SSW事件(简称为“事件”)发生期间,北极平流层温度几天内上升近30°C,绕极西风环流减弱甚至在此次事件中出现了三次逆转为东风环流的现象。事件发生前期,太平洋海温和巴伦支—喀拉海(BK)海冰的出现异常的降低和减少现象;使用Eliassen-Palm通量(E-P通量)研究发现,这导致更多的对流层异常行星波活动上传到平流层;海温和海冰所导致的行星波活动的异常增多可能是导致此次SSW事件的主要因素。除此之外还发现,事件期间平流层位势高度正异常下传到对流层,与2021年1月中旬亚欧大陆出现的极端低温事件,存在显著的联系。最后,本文使用基于WACCM6模式和DART同化工具建立的平流层预报模型对此次事件进行了回报研究。该模型成功的预报了2021年1月发生的这次SSW事件,预报的温度大小和纬向风强度基本和观测结果一致。对回报试验的进一步研究发现,同化平流层温度、臭氧和水汽,减少预报初始场中平流层环流和温度误差,对准确预报这次SSW事件有重要的作用。初始场中没有同化平流层温度、臭氧和水汽的预报试验结果,与观测结果之间存在很大差异,甚至结果完全相反。

复杂固-液介质的速度应力方程三角形单元间断伽辽金地震波模拟算法

间断伽辽金法可用于存在复杂边界条件的模型,同时具有高阶精度和易于并行计算的优点,因此近年来在地震波传播模拟研究中得到了快速发展.数值通量是间断伽辽金法的关键组成部分之一.相比于其他通量,基于Rankine-Hugoniot跳跃条件的通量(RH-condition通量)在固体和液体介质边界具有更宽的稳定性,可以使用更大的时间步长,尤其是液体和固体之间的波阻抗差异较大时.它已被用于基于四边形网格和速度-应变方程的间断伽辽金地震波固液介质模拟.本文为了模拟陆地自然水体等存在复杂固-液界面形状的地震波传播,并在未来与其他数值方法耦合,发展了基于三角形网格的RH-condition通量间断伽辽金方法,使用一阶速度-压力声波和一阶速度-应力弹性波方程模拟复杂固-液介质中地震波的传播.通过水平层状和sin型起伏固-液模型,验证了该方法模拟结果的准确性.通过数值模拟展示了所提出的间断伽辽金法在不同网格大小和阶数下的准确性和效率.最后通过一个复杂模型的例子表明存在复杂固-液界面时该方法可以准确施加固-液边界条件.

Evaluation of the simulation capability of the Wavewatch Ⅲ model for Pacific Ocean wave

Wave climate analysis and other applications for the Pacific Ocean require a reliable wave hindcast. Five source and sink term packages in the Wavewatch III model （v3.14 and v4.18） are compared and assessed in this study through comprehensive observations, including altimeter significant wave height, advanced synthetic aperture radar swell, and buoy wave parameters and spectrum. In addition to the evaluation of typically used integral parameters, the spectra partitioning method contributes to the detailed wave system and wave maturity validation. The modified performance evaluation method （PS） effectively reduces attribute numbers and facilitates the overall assessment. To avoid possible misleading results in the root mean square error-based validations, another indicator called HH （indicating the two authors） is also calculated to guarantee the consistency of the results. The widely used Tolman and Chalikov （TC） package is still generally efficient in determining the integral properties of wave spectra but is physically deficient in explaining the dissipation processes. The ST4 package performs well in overall wave parameters and significantly improves the accuracy of wave systems in the open ocean. Meanwhile, the newly published ST6 package is slightly better in determining swell energy variations. The two packages （ACC350 and BIA） obtained from Wavewatch III v3.14 exhibit large scatters at different sea states. The three most ideal packages are further examined in terms of reproducing wave- induced momentum flux from the perspective of transport. Stokes transport analysis indicates that ST4 is the closest to the NDBC-buoy-spectrum-based transport values, and TC and ST6 tend to overestimate and underestimate the transport magnitude, respectively, in swell mixed areas. This difference must be considered, particularly in air-wave-current coupling research and upper ocean analysis. The assessment results provide guidance for the selection of ST4 for use in a background Pacific Ocean hindcast for high wave climate research and China Sea swell type analysis.

DIAGNOSIS OF WAVE ACTIVITY OVER RAINBAND OF LANDFALL TYPHOON

A generalized wave-activity density,which is defined as an absolute value of production of three-dimensional vorticity vector perturbation and gradient of general potential temperature perturbation,is introduced and its wave-activity law is derived in Cartesian coordinates. Constructed in an agoestrophic and nonhydrostatic dynamical framework,the generalized wave-activity law may be applicable to diagnose mesoscale weather systems leading to heavy rainfall. The generalized wave-activity density and wave-activity flux divergence were calculated with the objective analysis data to investigate the character of wave activity over heavy-rainfall regions.The primary dynamical processes responsible for disturbance associated with heavy rainfall were also analyzed. It was shown that the generalized wave-activity density was closely correlated to the observed 6-h accumulative rainfall. This indicated that the wave activity or disturbance was evident over the frontal and landfall-typhoon heavy-rainfall regions in middle and lower troposphere. For the landfall-typhoon rainband,the portion of generalized wave-activity flux divergence,denoting the interaction between the basic-state cyclonic circulation of landfall typhoon and mesoscale waves,was the primary dynamic process responsible for the evolution of generalized wave-activity density.

Analysis of Pseudomomentum Wave-Activity Density in a Heavy Rainfall Event in East China

Taking into account moisture in virtue of general potential temperature,the author derive a three-dimensional(3D) pseudomomentum wave-activity relation for the moist atmosphere from the primitive equations in Cartesian coordinates using the Momentum-Casimir method.Since the wave-activity relation is constructed in an ageostrophic and non-hydrostatic dynamical framework,it may be applicable to diagnosing the evolution and propagation of mesoscale systems leading to heavy rainfall.The theoretical analysis shows that,besides the local change of wave-activity flux divergence and source or sink,the wave-activity relation includes two additional forcing terms.The first is the zonal gradient of difference between general potential temperature and potential temperature perturbations,and the second is the covariance of the solenoid and gradient of water vapor,denoting the direct influence of moisture on wave-activity density.The wave-activity density was applied to a heavy precipitation event occurring in the Jianghuai region of China.The calculation showed that the wave-activity density was consistent with 6-h accumulated precipitation observations,in terms of both spatial distribution and temporal tendency.This suggested that the disturbance represented by wave-activity density was closely related to the heavy precipitation.Although the wave-activity flux divergence and the covariance of the solenoid and gradient of water vapor made the primary contribution to the local change of wave-activity density,the covariance was more remarkable.The zonal gradient of difference between general potential temperature and potential temperature perturbations made a weaker contribution to the waveactivity density.

Stratospheric “wave hole” and interannual variations of the stratospheric circulation in late winter

Using the monthly mean NCEP dataset, the analysis of the upward and downward propagation of planetary waves was conducted by means of the three-dimensional Eliassen-Palm (EP) fluxes in the stratosphere. It is shown that the upward/downward EP fluxes are observed in different regions of the atmosphere: their well- known upward propagation takes place over North Eurasia, while the downward one revealed over North Atlantic and Canada in a region of the so-called stratospheric “wave hole”. Generation of the downward wave signal may be associated with a reflection of planetary waves in the upper stratosphere. It is shown that the downward EP flux responsible for the sink of eddy energy from the stratosphere to the troposphere is important in late winter (January-February) for an understanding of the stra- tosphere-troposphere coupling on the interannual and decadal timescales, in particular the 11-year solar cycle influence on the stratosphere. Results presented can explain the unusual behavior of a few winters in the Arctic stratosphere, which are outlier from the known Labitzke, van Loon’s correlations of stratospheric parameters with the 11-year solar cycle under separation in the west/east phases of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation.