Wave Force on the Crown Wall of Rubble Mound Breakwaters at Intermediate Depths

Rubble mound breakwaters with a crown wall are a common coastal engineering structure.The wave force on crown walls is an important parameter for the practice engineering design.Particularly,the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depths has been studied through physical model tests and numerical simulations.In this study,a three-dimensional numerical wave flume was developed to investigate monochromatic wave interactions in a rubble mound breakwater with a crown wall.Armor blocks were modeled in detail.The Navier-Stokes equations for two-phase incompressible flows,combined with shear stress transport k-ωturbulence model and volume of fluid method for tracking the free surface,were solved.A set of laboratory experiments were performed to validate the adopted model.Subsequently,a series of numerical simulations were implemented to examine the impacts of different hydrodynamic parameters(including wave height,incident wave period,and water depth)and the berm width on the wave force of the crown wall.Finally,a comparison of the experimental results and Martin method shows that the latter method is not suitable for this experimental scope.New empirical formulas are proposed to predict the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depth.The results can provide a basis for the design of crown wall of rubble mound breakwaters at intermediate depths.

The theoretical study on diagonal wave interaction with perforated-wall breakwater with rock fill

The interaction of diagonal waves with perforated-wall breakwater partially filled with rock fill is studied using the linear potential theory. By means of the matched eigenfunction expansion method, an analytical method is presented to calculate the reflection coefficient and the wave force coefficient of the breakwater. The calculated results of the reflection coefficient for limiting cases are the same to the existing results. The main effect factors of the reflection coefficient and the wave force coefficient are analyzed by numerical examples. With the increasing of thickness of rock fill, the wave force coefficient on the perforated wall generally decreases, while the reflection coefficient increases. With the increasing of the incident angle of the wave, the reflection coefficient of the breakwater first decreases, reaches its minimum, and then increases monotonously.

Laboratory Study on the Interaction Between Regular Obliquely Incident Waves and Vertical Walls

The characteristics of wave forces are studied based on physical model tests with regular waves. The ratio of obliquely incident wave forces to normally incident wave forces on unit length of a vertical wall is related with various factors. A linear reduction of the mean force of obliquely incident waves is confirmed with an increase in the relative caisson length. Also the characteristics of reflection coefficient of diagonal waves are discussed.

Wave Forces Acting on Vertical Walls

Regular and irregular wave forces acting on vertical walls are studied by a previously developed numerical model. The computed wave forces are compared with the available experimental data to verify the numerical model, and satisfactory agreements are obtained. The variation of wave forces with incident angles and the shape of simultaneous pressure distribution are investigated, and the comparisons between numerical results and Goda＇ s predictions are also carried out. It is concluded that the maximum wave forces acting on the unit length of vertical wall is often induced by the obliquely incident waves instead of normally incident waves, while Goda＇ s formula may be inapplicable for oblique wave incidence. The shape of simultaneous pressure distribution is not significantly influenced by incident angles, and it can be favorably predicted by Goda＇ s formula. When regular wave heights are taken as the same as irregular wave height H1%, the irregular wave forces Ph. 1% are slightly larger than regular wave forces in most cases.

Analytical Study on Wave Diffraction from a Vertical Circular Cylinder in Front of Orthogonal Vertical Walls

In this paper, the principle of mirror image is used to transform the problem of wave diffraction from a circular cylinder in front of orthogonal vertical walls into the problem of diffraction of four symmetric incident waves from four symmetrically arranged circular cylinders, and then the eigenfunction expansion of velocity potential and Grafs addition theorem are used to give the analytical solution to the wave diffraction problem. The relation of the total wave force on cylinder to the distance between the cylinder and orthogonal vertical walls and the incidence angle of wave is also studied by numerical computation.

部分反射直墙前二维物体的绕射和辐射问题

基于映像理论将部分反射直墙前物体的散射问题,等效于开敞水域中原物体的散射和关于直墙映像体散射的线性叠加进行求解。采用高阶边界元方法建立了部分反射直墙前二维任意形状物体波浪绕射和辐射问题的数值分析模型,通过与已发表的海底方箱和淹没圆柱结果的对比验证了数值模型的准确性。应用该模型研究了直墙反射系数幅值及相位、方箱与墙间距离等参数对水面方箱上波浪激振力、附加质量和辐射阻尼的影响。结果表明:直墙反射系数幅值越大,波浪激振力、附加质量和辐射阻尼的波动越大,附加质量在一些频率下出现负值;相位角的变化会改变波浪激振力、附加质量和辐射阻尼曲线的偏移,在低频区对升沉附加质量有显著影响;方箱距离直墙越远,方箱上的波浪激振力、附加质量和辐射阻尼随波数振荡的频率越快,峰值频率向低频侧移动。

有斜坡棱体掩护的防波堤直立墙波浪力试验研究

抛石防波堤内部存在透浪和透流的现象,有斜坡棱体掩护的防波堤直立墙受到外海波浪力作用,但波浪力大小尚无成熟的计算方法。通过防波堤断面物理模型试验,研究斜坡棱体掩护对直立墙波浪力的影响规律,分析试验结果得出结论:直立墙在斜坡棱体掩护下受到的波浪力作用明显减小。斜坡结构顶宽加大,直立墙波浪力减小,折减系数减小,但宽度超过一定值后,波浪力减小的幅度变缓,建议设计阶段结合模型试验论证最经济方案。合田公式波浪力折减系数偏大,在前期方案研究阶段,不具备开展模型试验条件时,建议有掩护直立墙折减系数取0.5。

THE STATISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRREGULAR BREAKING WAVE FORCES ON VERTICAL WALLS

When irregular waves attack a vertical wall, standing waves and breaking (or broken) waves will occur in front of the wall. The statistic characteristics of standing wave forces on vertical wall are the same as that of incident waves. But for breaking or broken waves, only large waves break, so the statistic characteristics of breaking wave forces are different to that of standing waves or incident waves. Following a series model test of irregular breaking waves on vertical wall the statistic characterisitics of breaking wave fo.rces were analyzed in this paper. It is found by authors that Weibul distribution may be used to express the statistic distribution of breaking wave forces acting on vertical wall. msed on the analysis of model test data, it is indicated in this paper that the shape parameter m in Weibul distribution is a function of and , in which H is the wave height, d1 is the water depth at the toe of vertical wall and d is the water depth in front of the whole structure; and the theoretical value of scale parameter a can be determined from shape parameter m.

中长周期波作用下的斜坡堤胸墙波浪力试验研究

在印度洋、大西洋沿岸,海岸工程设计波浪周期多在14 s以上,具有显著的中长周期波特征。通过以往工程项目的试验结果发现中长周期波下,规范计算的斜坡堤胸墙波浪力明显小于试验结果。因此,通过系列物理模型试验研究了中长周期波下的斜坡堤胸墙波浪力。分析斜坡坡度、肩台宽度和波浪条件对胸墙波浪力的影响。通过将试验结果与我国现有规范中的经验公式计算所得结果进行对比,发现规范更适用于胸墙底淹没的情况,而对于肩台出水情况,规范计算结果小于试验结果。由此提出了一种新的波浪力计算方法,计算准确度得到明显提高。

国内外斜坡堤挡浪墙水平波浪力计算研究

本文通过研究国内外5种斜坡堤挡浪墙水平波浪力计算公式,从波浪要素、墙底高程、肩宽大小、掩护情况、斜坡堤坡度和适用范围6个方面进行对比分析,并辅以设置不同工况进行实例对比计算。结果表明国标公式因采用波浪参数较小使得波浪力计算结果偏小,且其采用固定折减系数考虑墙前掩护结构影响,对挡浪墙结构设计指导性不足;BS6349-7公式和Jensen&Bradbury公式简单,其计算结果的经验性较强;改进的Pedersen公式和Martin公式参数考虑因素较为全面,且Martin公式适用范围较广。本文研究对斜坡堤挡浪墙设计有理论指导意义。

孤立波低顶海堤越浪的数值模拟研究

灾害性波浪是中国沿海地区最具破坏性的自然灾害之一。采用开源程序OpenFOAM中interFoam求解器,对低顶海堤(在风暴潮和海平面上升情况下所面临的不利工况)的孤立波越浪特性开展数值模拟研究。通过孤立波冲击海堤的基准算例,验证模型在模拟波浪爬升和越浪过程中大变形波面以及剧烈波浪力方面的精度。基于验证的数值模型,对孤立波在低顶海堤上的越浪特征以及防浪墙高度对越浪的影响开展参数化研究。结果表明堤顶超高减小导致更为剧烈的越浪。针对尚无低顶海堤孤立波越浪量经验公式的问题,提出新的适用于堤顶超高小或为0的孤立波越浪量经验公式。此外,研究发现增加防浪墙高度可有效减少越浪,但防浪墙所受的波浪力也增大。综合考虑防浪墙减少越浪以及自身所受波浪力,针对文中研究采用的海堤截面和波浪条件,建议无量纲防浪墙高度取为1.00。

斜向波对斜坡堤胸墙波浪力的折减效应研究

总结对比了国内外现有斜向波作用下直立堤和斜坡堤胸墙波浪力折减计算方法。以北非某港口新建斜坡堤为例进行计算,并与二维、三维物理模型试验结果对比验证。结果表明:波向角呈30°作用于斜坡堤时,van Gent公式计算的单位堤长波浪力折减系数与实测值最接近,各直立堤单位堤长波浪力折减公式对斜坡堤胸墙计算整体偏保守;Mares-Nasarre公式计算的总波浪力纵向折减系数与实测值整体吻合较好,但未考虑水平力与浮托力的折减效应差异,与试验结果仍存在一定偏差;李玉成等的直立堤总波浪力纵向折减公式不适用本斜坡堤胸墙算例。研究成果可为类似港口工程提供参考。

斜向不规则波对直墙作用的实验研究

通过长峰不规则波和方向波谱对直墙作用的实验研究 ,分别给出了每延米斜向不规则波波浪力与正向力之比 ,方向波谱波浪力与斜向长峰不规则波波浪力之间的关系 ,通过与规则波实验结果的比较给出了斜向规则波与不规则波波浪力之间的相对关系 ;

斜坡堤胸墙波压力的试验与分析

通过断面物理模型试验 ,获得了斜坡堤堤顶胸墙在肩宽 B不同工况组合下 ,承受水平波浪力、底部浮托力的大量数据。对这些数据进行了分析 ,得出了斜坡堤堤顶胸墙波压力随肩宽

开孔沉箱在斜向入射波作用下受力研究

应用透空壁内流体速度与壁两侧的压力差成正比的线性模型,研究了斜向波与无限多个开孔沉箱的相互作用.依照结构物的几何形状,把整个流域分成无限多个子域,在每个子域内应用特征函数展开法对速度势进行展开.对于沉箱内的波浪运动,引入相位差概念;在构造反射波模型时,考虑了结构物的几何形状影响.列举出物理模型实验结果与数值实验结果的比较,可以看出两者吻合较好.进一步的数值计算验证表明,当孔隙系数无限大时,开孔墙前后的速度非常接近.在低频入射波作用下,垂直于沉箱的水平力随角度的变大而减小,平行于沉箱排列方向的力则变大.

扭王字块体护面斜坡堤胸墙受力试验研究

现行规范中未就扭王字块体护面斜波堤胸墙水平波浪力的计算方法做出具体规定,造成工程设计时使用不便。为解决上述问题,通过物模试验分析在波陡等六种因素的影响下,扭王字块体护面斜波堤胸墙水平波浪力的变化趋势。同时运用非线性拟合方法,遵循π定理,给出斜坡堤在扭王字块体条件下胸墙水平波浪力的计算公式。并对计算公式进行有效验证,该公式具有较好的精确性与适用性。研究成果丰富了规范内容,并为斜坡堤工程设计中胸墙水平波浪力折减系数的合理取值提供了参考依据。此研究成果对于斜坡堤科学研究领域和工程设计领域,都具有很大的参考价值。

弧形防浪墙波浪力的试验研究

在斜坡式防浪建筑物中,为满足越浪与稳定要求,减少工程投资,常在堤顶设置防浪墙。通过三分力天平对常用的直立式、不同墙底高程和墙高组合下的圆弧式防浪墙进行物理模型试验,直接测量作用其上的波浪力,分析不同形式下防浪墙的整体稳定性,讨论防浪墙形式引起的波浪力的变化关系。

斜坡式防波堤护面对胸墙波浪力的影响

在设有胸墙的斜坡式防波堤设计计算中,作用于胸墙上的波浪力取值对计算结果影响非常大。关于斜坡式建筑物顶部胸墙上波浪力的计算,在交通部颁布的现行行业标准JTJ 213—1998《海港水文规范》及JTJ 298—1998《防波堤设计与施工规范》中有所规定,但与一些工程的物模试验实测结果有较大差别。通过物模试验实测数据,总结分析了胸墙在有掩护条件下的波浪力折减情况,供设计参考。

带横隔板局部开孔沉箱在斜向波作用下的受力研究

基于线性势流假定,对斜向波作用下带横隔板局部开孔沉箱防波堤的水平波浪力进行了理论研究。给出了开孔沉箱法向水平力和横隔板受力的理论计算方法,在极限情况下波浪力的计算结果与文献中的已有结果一致。利用数值算例分析了开孔沉箱总水平力的主要影响因素。开孔沉箱法向总水平力的减小主要集中于结构上半部分波浪影响范围以内。增加单个开孔沉箱的长度有利于减小结构所受总水平波浪力。当波浪入射角或沉箱前开孔墙孔隙影响系数幅值较大时,开孔沉箱横隔板上总水平力的最大值要超过相应的沉箱法向总水平力,此时要注意横隔板的强度问题。

波浪对直墙前垂直圆柱的绕射

应用映像原理,将直墙前单个圆柱对波浪的绕射问题,变换为双柱对双向波浪的绕射问题,应用速度势的特征展开方法,建立了直墙前垂直圆柱对波浪绕射的解析解。通过数值计算研究了圆柱与直墙间距离大小、波浪入射角等因素对圆柱上总波浪作用力的影响。计算结果表明,直墙前圆柱上的波浪力将成倍地增加,且随着波数的变化而发生振荡。