Study on Measurement Methods of Multi-Directional Waves—Wave Gauge Array Method

Measuring multi-directional waves with the wave gauge array is one of the fundamental and easily realised methods. In this paper, the wave gauge array is described and the effects of the gauge spacing, the array orientations, etc. of the three array arrangements, i. e., linear array, T-type array and pentagon array, on the resolution of the directional spreading of waves, are investigated experimentally. This study can be used as a reference in the experimental study and the field measurement of directional waves.

A laboratory study of directional spectra with maximum likelihood method─I Developing wind wave

From measurements by a circular array consisting of 18 wave gauges in a large wave tank, directional spectra of wind-generated waves in deep water are systematically determined by using maximum likehood method.The investigations reveal that the angular spreading of the wave energy is consistent with cos2s(θ/2) proposed by Longuet-Higgins et al. (1963, Ocean Wad Spectra,11~136), if the bimodal distributions of wave energy are not taken into account. Bimodality occurring on higher frequency than peak frequency is too rare to affect our whole results. Surprisingly, a much broader directional spreading than that of the field, which is interpreted by the strongly nonlinear energy transfer because of the very young waves in laboratory, is found. The parameter s depends on frequency in the same way as observed by Mitsuyasu et al. (1975, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 5, 750~760)and Hasselmann et al. (1980, Journal of physical Oceanography, 10, 1264~1280) in the field, and the relationship between the four nondimensional parameters sm, fo, b1 and b2, determining the directional width, and (corresponding to the inverse of wave age) are given respectively. The observed distributions are found to agree well with the suggestion of Donelan et al. (1985, Philosophical Transaction of Royal Society of London, A315, 509~562) when applied to field waves.

A method of determining dominant wave direction from multipara-meter hydrological gauge measurements and its application

Multi-parameter hydrological gauge is an instrument developed by the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences to make simultaneous observation of current, wave, tide, water temperature and conductivity. By using the well-known ＂PUV method＂, the directional wave spectrum can be calculated and the dominant wave direction is then obtained. The comparison of the dominant wave directions derived from the measurements using both the multi-parameter hydrological gauge and the MARK Ⅱ ＂Wave-Rider＂ directional buoy shows that the dominant wave directions derived from the two kinds of measurements are in good agreement.

3-D simulations of freak waves based on high-order spectral method

Three-dimensional ( 3-D) directional wave focusing is one of the mechanisms that contribute to the generation of freak waves. To simulate and analyze this phenomenon,a 3-D wave focusing model is proposed based on the enhanced high-order spectral method,which solves the fully nonlinear potential flow equations with a free surface within periodic unbounded 3-D domains. The numerical model is validated against a fifth-order Stokes solution for regular waves. Laboratory-scale freak waves are observed with wave components having equal amplitudes. Investigations of the appearance and propagation of freak-wave events in a 3-D open wavefield defined by a directional wave spectrum are then realized.

QUADRATIC CORRECTION TO THE LINEAR WAVE SPECTRUM OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM WAVES

A perturbation expansion method’s first three order solutions of two-dimensional random gravity waves in finite uniform depth were used as bases to derive the quadratic correction to the linear wave spectrum (ie., the quadratic spectrum ). For infinite water depth, the expression of the quadratic spectrum given in this paper is much simpler then that of Sclavounos (1992) and Olemz and Milgram (1995).

10 MW级海上风电新型浮式基础结构强度分析

针对应用于50 m水深海域的10 MW海上风力机,设计由三浮筒及三立柱组成的新型浮式基础,建立带有骨材结构的有限元分析模型。对于有关此新型浮式基础的设计波参数,一般选用随机性设计波的方法来确定,对波浪载荷工况下的整体结构。重点研究浮筒的骨材尺寸以及骨材间距对新型浮式基础强度的影响规律,并得到纵横骨材尺寸组合对新型浮式基础整体强度的影响规律。研究表明,新型浮式基础结构高应力区域位于3个浮筒连接处,浮筒板单元应力水平受骨材尺寸和骨材间距的共同影响,采用合适的尺寸间距组合可在应力水平相当的情况下显著降低用钢量。

Wash Waves Generated by High Speed Displacement Ships

It is difficult to compute far-field waves in a relative large area by using one wave generation model when a large calculation domain is needed because of large dimensions of the waterway and long distance of the required computing points. Variation of waterway bathymetry and nonlinearity in the far field cannot be included in a ship fixed process either. A coupled method combining a wave generation model and wave propagation model is then used in this paper to simulate the wash waves generated by the passing ship. A NURBS-based higher order panel method is adopted as the stationary wave generation model; a wave spectrum method and Boussinesq-type equation wave model are used as the wave propagation model for the constant water depth condition and variable water depth condition, respectively. The waves calculated by the NURBS-based higher order panel method in the near field are used as the input for the wave spectrum method and the Boussinesq-type equation wave model to obtain the far-field waves. With this approach it is possible to simulate the ship wash waves including the effects of water depth and waterway bathymetry. Parts of the calculated results are validated experimentally, and the agreement is demonstrated. The effects of ship wash waves on the moored ship are discussed by using a diffraction theory method. The results indicate that the prediction of the ship induced waves by coupling models is feasible.

针对一次对流云降水反演大气垂直运动速度及雨滴谱

反演大气垂直速度和雨滴谱分布是研究云降水机制和云微物理信息的重要内容,对人工预报天气、干预天气都有重要意义。针对2021年8月29日安徽省内毫米波雷达探测到的一次对流云降水过程,处理毫米波雷达的功率谱数据并进行大气垂直速度和雨滴谱反演。在小粒子示踪法的基础上引入改进小粒子示踪法:选取有效云信号段中最小功率对应的谱点作为反演大气垂直速度的示踪物。首先,根据改进前后的小粒子示踪法分别从功率谱数据中反演大气垂直速度,并跟基数据反演大气速度的结果展开对比分析。进一步得到粒子在静止空气中的下落速度,根据现有粒子下落速度-粒子直径之间的经验公式计算反演粒子直径。研究表明:(1)采用改进后的小粒子示踪法反演大气垂直速度得到的结果比小粒子示踪法得到的结果更精确,在云层内部两者误差较大;(2)进一步得到粒子下落速度,结合探测时段的天气状况,得到的粒子速度与大气速度可很好地契合,跟对流云天气情况信息大致吻合;(3)粒子浓度是反演雨滴谱分布时需要注意的主要参数,云在快速发展过程中,内部粒子持续朝外部扩张,云内部的粒子浓度较小,云边界的粒子浓度反而较大。

不同混合浪表征方法下港内波况数值模拟

以一组波浪参数描述波浪的总体表征法在精确表征混合浪时具有局限性,通过将波浪频谱划分为独立波系并以参数化形式表征每个波系的多波系表征法,可以更精确地表征混合浪。通过数值模拟方法探讨混合浪的不同表征方法对港内水体扰动的影响,运用不同的表征方法对秘鲁钱凯湾的3个实测波浪谱进行重构,作为数值模拟的输入波谱,并且检验总体表征法在描述混合浪时引入的典型误差。结果表明,长涌浪波系对港内水体扰动有显著影响,对其能量水平的高估或低估会导致相应的误差;与多波系表征法相比,总体表征法得到的平均波向往往与实际情况不符,会导致对防波堤掩护效果的误判。

THE DIFFRACTION OF A SOLITARY WAVE BY A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

This paper contributes to the diffraction of a solitary Wave by a cylinder, governed by the Boussinesq eq. The Spectrum Method is used to transform 2-D eqs. into a set of 1-D eqs., which is solved by F. D. M. The example given in the paper shows that this method is both accurate and cost ef- fective.

Near-field characteristics of highly non-paraxial subwavelength optical fields with hybrid states of polarization

The vectorial structure of an optical field with hybrid states of polarization （SOP） in the near-field is studied by using the angular spectrum method of an electromagnetic beam. Physical images of the longitudinal components of evanescent waves are illustrated and compared with those of the transverse components from the vectorial structure. Our results indicate that the relative weight integrated over the transverse plane of the evanescent wave depends strongly on the number of the polarization topological charges. The shapes of the intensity profiles of the longitudinal components are different from those of the transverse components, and it can be manipulated by changing the initial SoP of the field cross-section. The longitudinal component of evanescent wave dominates the near-field region. In addition, it also leads to three-dimensional shape variations of the optical field and the optical spin angular momentum flux density distributions.

Wave Pressure Acting on V-Shaped Floating Breakwater in Random Seas

Wave pressure on the wet surface of a V-shaped floating breakwater in random seas is investigated. Considering the diffraction effect, the unit velocity potential caused by the single regular waves around the breakwater is solved using the finite-depth Green function and boundary element method, in which the Green function is solved by integral method. The Response-Amplitude Operator(RAO) of wave pressure is acquired according to the Longuet-Higgins' wave model and the linear Bernoulli equation. Furthermore, the wave pressure's response spectrum is calculated according to the wave spectrum by discretizing the frequency domain. The wave pressure's characteristic value corresponding to certain cumulative probability is determined according to the Rayleigh distribution of wave heights. The numerical results and field test results are compared, which indicates that the wave pressure calculated in random seas agrees with that of field measurements. It is found that the bigger angle between legs will cause the bigger pressure response, while the increase in leg length does not influence the pressure significantly. The pressure at the side of head sea is larger than that of back waves. When the incident wave angle changes from 0? to 90?, the pressure at the side of back waves decreases clearly, while at the side of head sea, the situation is more complicated and there seems no obvious tendency. The concentration of wave energy around low frequency(long wavelength) will induce bigger wave pressure, and more attention should be paid to this situation for the structure safety.

有限周期微穿孔波纹板吸声体吸声性能研究

为了推动微穿孔吸声体(MPA)在工程中的实际应用,本文采用数值仿真方法,研究了有限尺寸的微穿孔波纹板吸声体的吸声性能.首先,基于微穿孔板阻抗理论,并将平面波谱法和有限元分析方法耦合起来,构造了微穿孔波纹板吸声体(CMPA)的三维仿真模型,给出了在声波垂直入射和斜入射工况下,吸声体声学性能的计算列式;然后,应用有限元软件COMSOL,模拟了有限周期CMPA的吸声性能,分析了波纹深度和波纹间距与吸声性能之间的关系,以及声波入射方向对吸声性能的影响;最后,为改善吸声体对声波方向的敏感性,设计了双向波纹状微穿孔板吸声体.结果表明,在声波垂直入射和斜入射的工况下,相对于传统的平直微穿孔板吸声体,波纹板吸声体具有更好的吸声性能,包括更高的吸声系数和更宽的有效吸声频带;双向波纹板吸声体能显著改善单向波纹板对声波入射方向的敏感性,实现在更大声波入射角范围内的有效吸声,如当入射声波方位角任意且入射角在0°~45°范围内时,双向波纹板吸声体,在500~2500 Hz范围内的吸声系数都大于0.7,表现出了优良的吸声性能.

可控深水破碎波的实验室生成方法研究

实验室一般采用波浪聚焦方法生成深水破碎波,通过各组分波浪的波幅叠加生成一个波高显著增大的大波,使其波陡超过极限波陡发生破碎。利用该方法生成深水破碎波浪的破碎次数通常并不唯一,导致波浪破碎后的流场特征不明显;造波参数不易于选取导致研究工况的设置难度大,直接影响深水破碎精细化实验的效果和效率。本文采用聚焦波理论计算波面,并利用上跨零点法定义的波高和波长计算理论波陡,结合物理模型实验统计波浪沿程破碎次数与剧烈程度,研究以JONSWAP谱为造波输入谱型时,聚焦波幅、谱峰频率、频宽等造波输入参数对于波浪破碎情况的影响,从而建立深水波浪破碎次数与造波输入参数之间的近似定量关系,为实验造波参数的选取提供参考,提高实验效率。

基于自适应波谱斜率的海面风速反演算法研究

对于波浪谱风速反演研究,虽然已经建立了波谱平衡范围斜率为-4幂律的初步反演模型,然而对于复杂多变的实测波谱,单一斜率模型的反演效果不佳。针对可变波谱斜率的问题,通过量化波谱函数对应的谱系数,提出一种自适应波谱斜率的风速反演算法。为了验证该算法估算风的准确性,本文通过对NDBC浮标观测的大量风浪数据进行海面风速反演研究,结果显示自适应波谱斜率算法反演风速与实测风速相关系数R=0.83,呈显著相关,且平均偏差BIAS和均方根误差RMSE分别为0.75 m/s和2.48 m/s。通过近海海试实验验证表明该算法依然有效具有普适性。总的来看,自适应波谱斜率反演风速算法与实测风速之间误差相对较小,反演精度较好,为风浪观测和风浪研究提供了一种新思路,且该算法能够融合应用于海洋观测应用平台,使理论研究和工程实际相结合。

分离谱处理方法在L(0,2)模式超声导波管道检测中的应用

超声导波无损检测技术在管道检测过程中,由于超声导波存在频散和多模式特征,其遇到管道边界和不规则缺陷通常会发生模式转换,导致检测信号分辨率降低。为了将L(0,2)模式导波与其他模式导波分离,提升检测信号分辨率,提出使用分离谱处理方法处理L(0,2)模式超声导波检测信号。在分析该方法工作原理的基础上,优化了其滤波器参数,处理管道不同周向缺陷的检测信号,以信噪比和缺陷杂波比为标准,选择了具有最佳分离效果的SSP信号重组方法。研究结果表明:SSP可以将L(0,2)模式导波与其他模式导波分离,并只保留L(0,2)模式导波;与处理前信号相比,分离谱处理方法信号的分辨率得到了提升,信噪比和缺陷杂波比分别提高了约1.08倍和4.39倍。

多向不规则波浪模拟的降维方法

基于多向不规则波的3种传统Monte Carlo模拟方法,提出了相应的时空随机场源谱表达,通过引入随机函数的降维思想,推导了3种多向不规则波模拟的降维方法,实现了仅用2个~4个基本随机变量即可精确表达多向不规则波随机场。数值算例表明,采用三种降维方法模拟所得代表性样本集的有效波高均符合规范要求。同时,代表性样本集的二阶统计量(模拟值)与目标值拟合一致,且总体上比传统Monte Carlo方法精度更高,验证了降维方法的有效性。此外,通过对比分析三种降维方法的模拟精度和效率,建议了最适用于工程应用的多向不规则波模拟方法,这为结合概率密度演化理论进行海洋工程结构在随机海浪作用下的动力可靠度精细化分析提供了有效途径。

水煤浆浓度测量技术综述

水煤浆浓度参数直接影响气化装置的整体负荷、能耗指标以及装置的经济运行。在水煤浆气化的业主单位,水煤浆浓度的测定工作基本还处于实验室中手动化验、离线分析的阶段,需要一种在线测定水煤浆浓度的测量方案,既能实时,又能稳定、精确地测量水煤浆浓度。本文对比分析了水煤浆浓度测量技术路线,明确了配煤、制浆水变化、温度、压力等工况参数对水煤浆浓度测量的影响。对电磁波波谱分析法的基本原理进行了分析,该技术能够有效解决水煤浆浓度测量的干扰因素,具有良好的应用前景。

考虑土-结构动力相互作用的小型核反应堆楼层反应谱

小型核反应堆因其广泛的应用前景而成为研发热点。然而,小型核反应堆通常部分或完全埋入地下,这使得土-结构相互作用对其地震响应产生深远的影响。考虑土-结构动力相互作用可更为真实反映非基岩场地核电厂房在地震作用下的响应特性,进而有助于评估核电设备在地震作用下的安全性,对确保核电站系统的可靠性和安全性至关重要。采用数值模拟方法,选取了3个典型场地和1个代表性的小型核反应堆结构作为研究对象,探讨在不同结构埋深和不同楼层高度等条件下小型核反应堆的楼层反应谱特性。研究结果表明,考虑土-结构动力相互作用后,小型核反应堆楼层反应谱的峰值频率会向低频偏移。研究还发现场地土层的刚度对结构楼层反应谱的影响显著。考虑土-结构相互作用后,楼层反应谱随结构楼面高度减小,幅值在低频段有减小的趋势,在中高频段有先减小后增大的趋势。

减压渣油族组成分析

阐述了近10年来超临界流体萃取分馏法(SFEF)、色谱法、波谱法、光谱法在减压渣油(VR)族组成分析中的应用。色谱法包括经典液相色谱法、高效液相色谱法等;波谱法包括质谱法、核磁共振波谱法;光谱法包括红外光谱法、紫外光谱法、同步荧光光谱法等。对这些方法的分析原理、特长与不足、以及它们在减压渣油分析中的应用领域作综述。得出只有几种技术的综合应用才能完成对渣油的分析。超临界流体萃取分馏法、色谱法、波谱法、光谱法提供的数据与化学计量学相结合能对减压渣油的组成、结构进行科学的测定。同时还指出在渣油族组成分析领域,新研究方法的开发,以及现有方法的有机组合和进一步完善是其发展的方向。