Analysis on Shock Wave Speed of Water Hammer of Lifting Pipes for Deep-Sea Mining

Water hammer occurs whenever the fluid velocity in vertical lifting pipe systems for deep-sea mining suddenly changes. In this work, the shock wave was proven to play an important role in changing pressures and periods, and mathematical and numerical modeling technology was presented for simulated transient pressure in the abnormal pump operation. As volume concentrations were taken into account of shock wave speed, the experiment results about the pressure-time history, discharge-time history and period for the lifting pipe system showed that： as its concentrations rose up, the maximum transient pressure went down, so did its discharges; when its volume concentrations increased gradually, the period numbers of pressure decay were getting less and less, and the corresponding shock wave speed decreased. These results have highly coincided with simulation results. The conclusions are important to design lifting transporting system to prevent water hammer in order to avoid potentially devastating consequences, such as damage to components and equipment and risks to personnel.

Shear Wave Speed Dispersion Characteristics of Seafloor Sediments in the Northern South China Sea

To accurately characterize the shear wave speed dispersion of seafloor sediments in the northern South China Sea,five types of sediments including silty clay,clayey silt,sandy silt,silty sand,and clayey sand were selected,on which the measurements of the shear wave speed at 0.5-2.0 kHz and related physical properties were performed.Results reveal that the shear wave speed of sediments increases as the frequency increases,and the dispersion enhanced in the sediments in the order of silty clay,clayey silt,sandy silt,silty sand,and clayey sand,at a linear change rate of 0.727,0.787,3.32,4.893,and 6.967 m s−1 kHz−1,respectively.Through regression analysis,linear and logarithmic regression equations for the correlation between shear wave speed and frequency were established for each sediment type and the determination coefficients of regression equations indicate that the correlation is closer to a logarithmic relationship.The Grain-Shearing(GS)and Biot-Stoll models were used to calculate the shear wave speed dispersion of the five sediment types,and the comparison between theoretical prediction and measured results of shear wave speeds shows that the GS model can more accurately describe the shear wave speed dispersion characteristics of these sediments in the frequency band of 0.5-2.0 kHz.In the same band,the predictions obtained by using the Biot-Stoll model are significantly different from the measured data.

Determination of the Minimum Wave Speed for the Modelling of Ventilated Cavitation

Ventilated cavitation plays an important role on the drag reduction of underwater vehicles and surface ships. For the modelling of ventilated cavitation, the minimum speed of the pressure wave is a crucial parameter for the closure of the pressure-density coupling relationship. In this study, the minimum wave speed is determined based on a theoretical model coupling the wave equation and the bubble interface motion equation. The influences of several paramount parameters （e.g., frequency, bubble radius and void fraction） on the minimum wave speed are quantitatively demonstrated and discussed. Compared with the minimum wave speed in the traditional cavitation, values for the ventilated cavitation are much higher. The physical mechanisms for the above difference are briefly discussed with the suggestions on the usage of the present findings.

An experimental and numerical study of the freak wave speed

The propagation speed is one of the most important characteristics for describing freak waves. The research of freak wave speed is not only helpful for understanding the generation mechanism and evolution process of freak waves, but also applicable to the prediction. A stable and accurate method is proposed for the cal- culation of the freak wave speed, in which physical model tests are carried out to measure the motion of the largest wave crest along the wave tank. The linear regression relationship between the spatial position of the largest wave crest and instantaneous moment is established to calculate the speed of totally 248 cases of experimental freak waves and 312 supplementary cases of numerical freak waves. Based on the calculate results, a semitheoretical and semiempirical formula is proposed by using a regression analysis method to predict the speed of the freak wave, and the nonlinear characteristic of the freak wave speed is also investi- gated.

ON THE MINIMAL WAVE SPEED OF WAVE FRONTS FOR REACTION-DIFFUSION EQUATIONS

In this paper, a variational description of the minimal wave speed c(m, f) of wave fronts forthe reaction diffusion equations u_t=u_(xx)+u^mf(u) is given, where m>1 and f(u)～1-u.The continuity of c(m, f) in m and f is also proved. Especially, for f(u)=1-u, the estimateof the minimal wave speed c(m, f) is obtained.

On the Existence of a Minimum Universal Speed of Physical Transmissions Associated with Matter Wave in Special Relativity

In this work, we show that it is possible to establish coordinate transformations between inertial reference frames in the theory of special relativity with a minimum universal speed of physical transmissions. The established coordinate transformations, referred to as modified Lorentz transformations because they have almost identical form to the Lorentz transformations, also comply with the requirement of invariance of the Minkowski line element. Particularly, the minimum universal speed can be associated with the phase speed of de Broglie matter wave. As application, we also discuss the possibility to formulate relativistic classical and quantum mechanics for the special relativity associated with the modified Lorentz transformations, which describes physical processes that represent an expansion or a collapsing of massive quantum particles.

REMARK ON CRITICAL SPEED OF TRAVELING WAVEFRONTS FOR NICHOLSON'S BLOWFLIES EQUATION WITH DIFFUSION

This note is devoted to the son＇s blowflies equation with diffusion, a critical speed of traveling waves, we give behavior with respect to the mature age study on the traveling wavefronts to the Nicholtime-delayed reaction-diffusion equation. For the a detailed analysis on its location and asymptotic

The comparison of altimeter retrieval algorithms of the wind speed and the wave period

With the launch of altimeter,much effort has been made to develop algorithms on the wind speed and the wave period.By using a large data set of collocated altimeter and buoy measurements,the typical wind speed and wave period algorithms are validated.Based on theoretical argument and the concept of wave age,a semi-empirical algorithm for the wave period is also proposed,which has the wave-period dimension,and explicitly demonstrates the relationships between the wave period and the other variables.It is found that Ku and C band data should be applied simultaneously in order to improve either wind speed or wave period algorithms.The dual-band algorithms proposed by Chen et al.(2002) for the wind speed and Quilfen et al.(2004) for the wave period perform best in terms of a root mean square error in the practical applications.

Long-Term Characterization of Sea Conditions in the East China Sea Using Significant Wave Height and Wind Speed

In this study, the statistical characterization of sea conditions in the East China Sea(ECS) is investigated by analyzing a significant wave height and wind speed data at a 6-hour interval for 30 years(1980–2009), which was simulated and computed using the WAVEWATCH Ⅲ(WW3) model. The monthly variations of these parameters showed that the significant wave height and wind speed have minimum values of 0.73 m and 5.15 ms^(-1) and 1.73 m and 8.24 ms^(-1) in the month of May and December, respectively. The annual, seasonal, and monthly mean sea state characterizations showed that the slight sea generally prevailed in the ECS and had nearly the highest occurrence in all seasons and months. Additionally, the moderate sea prevailed in the winter months of December and January, while the smooth(wavelets) sea prevailed in May. Furthermore, the spatial variation of sea states showed that the calm and smooth sea had the largest occurrences in the northern ECS. The slight sea occurred mostly(above 30%) in parts of the ECS and the surrounding locations, while higher occurrences of the rough and very rough seas were distributed in waters between the southwest ECS and the northeast South China Sea(SCS). The occurrences of the phenomenal sea conditions are insignificant and are distributed in the northwest Pacific and its upper region, which includes the Southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge and Ryukyu Trench.

Joint Occurrence Period of Wind Speed and Wave Height Based on Both Service Term and Risk Probability

Return periods calculated for different environmental conditions are key parameters for ocean platform design.Many codes for offshore structure design give no consideration about the correlativity among multi-loads and over-estimate design values.This frequently leads to not only higher investment but also distortion of structural reliability analysis.The definition of design return period in existing codes and industry criteria in China are summarized.Then joint return periods of different ocean environmental parameters are determined from the view of service term and danger risk.Based on a bivariate equivalent maximum entropy distribution,joint design parameters are estimated for the concomitant wave height and wind speed at a site in the Bohai Sea.The calculated results show that even if the return period of each environmental factor,such as wave height or wind speed,is small,their combinations can lead to larger joint return periods.Proper design criteria for joint return period associated with concomitant environmental conditions will reduce structural size and lead to lower investment of ocean platforms for the exploitation of marginal oil field.

The seasonal variations in the significant wave height and sea surface wind speed of the China's seas

Long-term variations in a sea surface wind speed （WS） and a significant wave height （SWH） are associated with the global climate change, the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters, and an ocean resource exploitation, and other activities. The seasonal characteristics of the long-term trends in China＇s seas WS and SWH are determined based on 24 a （1988-2011） cross-calibrated, multi-platform （CCMP） wind data and 24 a hindcast wave data obtained with the WAVEWATCH-III （WW3） wave model forced by CCMP wind data. The results show the following. （1） For the past 24 a, the China＇s WS and SWH exhibit a significant increasing trend as a whole, of 3.38 cm/（s.a） in the WS, 1.3 cm/a in the SWH. （2） As a whole, the increasing trend of the China＇s seas WS and SWH is strongest in March-April-May （MAM） and December-January-February （DJF）, followed by June-July-August （JJA）, and smallest in September-October-November （SON）. （3） The areal extent of significant increases in the WS was largest in MAM, while the area decreased in JJA and DJF; the smallest area was apparent in SON. In contrast to the WS, almost all of China＇s seas exhibited a significant increase in SWH in MAM and DJF; the range was slightly smaller in JJA and SON. The WS and SWH in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, the Tsushima Strait, the Taiwan Strait, the northern South China Sea, the Beibu Gull and the Gulf of Thailand exhibited a significant increase in all seasons. （4） The variations in China＇s seas SWH and WS depended on the season. The areas with a strong increase usually appeared in DJF.

Effect of ambient wind on pressure wave generated by high-speed train entering a tunnel

Using three-dimensional, unsteady N-S equations and k-ε turbulence model, the effect of ambient wind on the pressure wave generated by a high-speed train entering a tunnel was studied via numerical simulation. Pressure changes of the train surface and tunnel wall were obtained as well as the flow field around the train. Results show that when the train runs downwind, the pressure change is smaller than that generated when there is no wind. When the train runs upwind, the pressure change is larger. The pressure change is more sensitive in the upwind condition than in the downwind condition. Compared with no wind condition, when the wind velocity is 10 m/s and 30 m/s, the pressure amplitude on the train head is reduced by 2.8% and 10.5%, respectively. The wall pressure amplitude at 400 m away from the tunnel entrance is reduced by 2.4% and 13.5%, respectively. When the wind velocity is-10 m/s and-30 m/s, the pressure amplitude on the train head increases by 3.0% and 17.7%, respectively. The wall pressure amplitude at 400 m away from the tunnel entrance increases by 3.6% and 18.6%, respectively. The pressure waveform slightly changes under ambient wind due to the influence of ambient wind on the pressure wave propagation speed.

The effect of current and wave on whitecap coverage via relative speed:the Atlantic Ocean case

Whitecapping plays an important role in many air-sea exchange and upper ocean processes.Traditionally,whitecap coverage is parameterized as a function of wind speed only.At present,the relative speed of ocean current to wind is considered to be important in the air-sea exchange parameterization which is the function of wind speed only.In this paper,the effects of ocean surface velocity (current velocity and wave induced velocity) and the wave parameters on whitecap coverage through relative speeds are investigated,by applying a 2-parameter whitecap coverage model to the Atlantic Ocean.It is found that the impacts of both current and wave on whitecap coverage are considerable in the most part of the Atlantic Ocean.It is interesting that the effect of wave is more significant than that of current.

Influence of the Domain Boundary on the Speeds of Traveling Waves

Let H > 0 be a constant, g ≥ 0 be a periodic function and Ω ={(x, y) ||x| H + g (y), y ∈R}. We consider a curvature flow equation V = κ + A in Ω, where for a simple curve γt Ω, V denotes its normal velocity, κ denotes its curvature and A > 0 is a constant. [1] proved that this equation has a periodic traveling wave U, and that the average speed c of U is increasing in A and H, decreasing in max g' when the scale of g is sufficiently small. In this paper we study the dependence of c on A, H, max g' and on the period of g when the scale of g is large. We show that similar results as [1] hold in certain weak sense.

Wave propagation speeds and source term influences in single and integral porosity shallow water equations

In urban flood modeling,so-called porosity shallow water equations(PSWEs),which conceptually account for unresolved structures, e.g.,buildings, are a promising approach to addressing high CPU times associated with state-of-the-art explicit numerical methods. The PSWE can be formulated with a single porosity term, referred to as the single porosity shallow water model(SP model), which accounts for both the reduced storage in the cell and the reduced conveyance, or with two porosity terms: one accounting for the reduced storage in the cell and another accounting for the reduced conveyance. The latter form is referred to as an integral or anisotropic porosity shallow water model(AP model). The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in wave propagation speeds of the SP model and the AP model and the implications of numerical model results. First, augmented Roe-type solutions were used to assess the influence of the source terms appearing in both models. It is shown that different source terms have different influences on the stability of the models. Second, four computational test cases were presented and the numerical models were compared. It is observed in the eigenvalue-based analysis as well as in the computational test cases that the models converge if the conveyance porosity in the AP model is close to the storage porosity. If the porosity values differ significantly, the AP model yields different wave propagation speeds and numerical fluxes from those of the BP model. In this study, the ratio between the conveyance and storage porosities was determined to be the most significant parameter.

RANSE Simulation of High-speed Planning Craft in Regular Waves

这份报纸在计划航行在常规波浪的手艺的数字模拟上论述研究。这允许保留高速度手艺的性能的海的精确估计。模拟集合在自由运动六度基于雷纳兹平均 Navier 司烧液体(RANSE VOF ) 的方程体积解答者。整修网孔技术和不可分的动态网孔方法被用来保证水动力学力量的好精确性和数字模拟的高效率。事件头波浪，倾斜的波浪和横梁波浪与三不同速度在模拟被产生(Fn =1.0， 1.5， 2.0 ) 。与波浪让计划手艺的性能来自不同方向的运动和海在流动解答者被显示。轮船设计者在驾驶在造高速度手艺的配置计划手艺的振幅和压力分发上把一个重音放在波浪的效果上。

Speed of Gravitation and Electromagnetic Waves through the Dark Energy of Intergalactic Space and Its Implications of a Unified Theory

The recent finding that gravitational waves (GW170817) traveled at the same speed as electromagnetic (EM) waves (GRB 170817A) from a binary neutron star merger does not necessarily mean that they traveled throughout their journey at speed c. Some recent works by the author (2015) Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370;(2016), 7, 1829-1844;(2017), 8, 622-635 show that the diminished brightness of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) can be explained by assuming that dark energy, instead of having a negative pressure, has an index of refraction n, causing the speed of light through intergalactic space (IGS) to be reduced to c/n, with? n≈1.5. It follows that GWs (not considered in the previous works) would also travel with speed c/n through IGS. However, speed of GWs and EMWs within galaxies themselves is c. A brief review of the model is given, together with other predictions, e.g., new values for the Hubble constant and age of the universe, and necessary absence of correlation of neutrinos with gamma ray bursts (GRBs), in agreement with numerous searches. In the previous works, there were implications of a unified theory. If the model holds, since GWs would experience the same speed reduction as EMWs, this would further support unification. An improved falsification methodology for a previously proposed astronomical test based on discordant redshifts is given.

风浪联合作用下深水半潜平台耐波性能的数值模拟

通过数值模拟方法,研究风浪联合作用下深水半潜平台的耐波性能。该方法通过建立风速与波浪相干函数模型,利用该模型获得当前深水半潜平台不同工况下风速与海浪的关系,再计算风浪联合作用下深水半潜平台的海浪作用力和风作用力,以2个数值为基础,构建深水半潜平台耐波性能数值模拟模型,在不同情况下模拟风浪联合作用下深水半潜平台耐波性能。实验结果表明:该方法可在不同波浪周期时,模拟风浪联合作用下深水半潜平台的横荡和垂荡数值,在波浪周期较小时,垂荡与横荡数值也较小,深水半潜平台的耐波能力较强;风浪角越大,在波浪周期相同时深水半潜平台的垂向弯矩数值越大,其耐波能力则较小。

地震和高铁共同作用下桩网复合地基振动特性

为研究地震和高铁列车荷载共同作用下桩网复合地基振动特性,通过建立轨道-路堤-桩网复合地基三维有限元计算模型,分别与实测数据和一维波动理论对比验证模型的正确性。通过对比不同荷载工况下地面位移和加速度时频振动曲线,分析地震和高铁两动载共同作用时不同车速下桩网复合地基时频振动特性,研究桩体模量对桩网复合地基减震效果的影响。研究表明,Hollister地震荷载和高铁荷载共同作用下,距轨道中心1 m处地面振动位移由地震荷载主导,地面振动加速度由列车荷载主导;20 Hz以下地面低频振动由高铁和地震荷载共同控制,地面高频振动主要由列车荷载控制。Lytle Creek地震荷载和高铁荷载共同作用下,桩网复合地基地面振动位移和加速度峰值均大于高铁荷载单独作用下的值;增加桩体模量对高铁荷载单独作用和两动载共同作用下桩网复合地基地面振动均有减振效果,但两动载共同作用下增加桩体模量对地面减振效果比高铁荷载单独作用下弱。

定形态隧道压力波激扰下车内压力迭代学习控制

同一列车重复通过同一隧道时所产生隧道压力波激扰具有形态相似、变尺度变幅值的特性.针对现有控制策略未考虑这一定形态特性的问题,提出一种基于高阶反馈遗忘迭代学习的控制方法.首先,建立高速列车车内外气压传递数学模型,并利用实测车内外压力数据进行修正与验证;其次,通过控制列车通风设备的阀门来减缓车内压力变化,提出阶反馈遗忘迭代学习控制算法,并设计变幅值和变尺度处理方法;最后,利用实测压力波生成一组定形态的随机压力波,并进行仿真分析.仿真结果表明:在重复定形态的隧道压力波激扰下,高阶反馈遗忘迭代学习控制算法能够使车内压力在第8个迭代周期后1 s变化率基本收敛到200 Pa/s以下,而且均方根误差也在第4个迭代周期后降低到15.0000%以下.