Evaluations of wavefront aberrations and corneal surface regularity in dry eye patients measured with OPD Scan Ⅲ

AIM: To compare the wavefront aberrations and corneal surface regularity between dry eye(DE) patients and normal subjects and assess its diagnostic performance for DE measured with OPD Scan-Ⅲ.METHODS: Fifty right eyes of 50 DE patients and 31 right eyes of normal subjects were included.The examinations for ocular surface including logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected distance visual acuity(logMAR BCVA) the ocular surface disease index(OSDI), tear film break-up time(TBUT) and corneal fluorescein staining(CFS).OPD Scan-Ⅲ was used to measure anterior corneal aberrations including total corneal aberrations, high order aberration(HOA), coma, trefoil, spherical aberration(SA), standard deviation of corneal power(SDP), surface regularity index(SRI) and surface asymmetry index(SAI).Statistical analysis were assessed with nonparametric tests and Spearman’s correlations.All parameters were also analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristics(ROC) curves.RESULTS: Wavefront aberrations parameters including total corneal aberrations, HOA, coma, trefoil, and SA in DE group were significantly higher than those in normal group(P<0.001).Corneal surface regularity parameters including SRI and SAI in DE group were significantly higher than both in normal group(P<0.05).All the wavefront aberrations parameters had significant correlations with ocular surface parameters(P<0.05).The logMAR BCVA had positive correlations with SAI and SRI(all P<0.001).CFS scores had positive correlations with SAI and SRI(all P<0.001).All the wavefront aberrations parameters showed good diagnosis sensitivity and specificity, however, the corneal regularity parameters showed only good specificity but poor sensitivity.The cut-off value selected for trefoil in diagnosis DE showed the highest area under the curve(AUC, 0.921) values as compared to the other parameters with sensitivity of 0.955 and specificity of 0.867.CONCLUSION: Wavefront aberrations and corneal surface regularity are increased in DE patients and also correlated with ocular surface parameters.Wavefront aberrations parameters have potential to be indicators to diagnosis and monitor DE.

Statistical virtual eye model based on wavefront aberration

Wavefront aberration affects the quality of retinal image directly. This paper reviews the representation and reconstruction of wavefront aberration, as well as the construction of virtual eye model based on Zernike polynomial coefficients. In addition, the promising prospect of virtual eye model is emphasized.

Study of the wavefront aberrations in children with amblyopia

Background Amblyopia is a common ophthalmological condition and the wavefront aberrometer is a relatively new diagnostic tool used globally to measure optical characteristics of human eyes as well as to study refractive errors in amblyopic eyes. We studied the wavefront aberration of the amblyopic children＇s eyes and analyzed the mechanism of the wavefront aberration in the formation of the amblyopia, try to investigate the new evidence of the treatment of the amblyopia, especially in the refractory amblyopia. Methods The WaveScan Wavefront System （VISX, USA） aberrometer was used to investigate four groups of children under dark accommodation and cilliary muscle paralysis. There were 45 cases in the metropic group, 87 in the amblyopic group, 92 in the corrected-amblyopic group and 38 in the refractory amblyopic group. One-way analysis of variance （ANOVA）, t-test and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze all the data. Results Third order to 6th order aberrations showed a decreasing trend whereas in the higher order aberrations the main ones were 3rd order coma （Z3LZ31）, trefoil （Z33-Z33） and 4th order aberration （Z4^0）; and 3rd order coma represented the highest percentage of all three main aberrations. Within 3rd order coma, vertical coma （Z3-1） accounted for a greater percentage than horizontal coma （Z3-1）. Significant differences of vertical coma were found among all clinical groups of children： vertical coma in the amblyopic group （0.17±0.15） was significantly higher than in the metropic group （0.11±0.13, P 〈0.05）. In addition, the vertical coma in the refractory amblyopic group （0.19±0.15） was higher compared with the metropic group （P 〈0.05）, the 5th order aberration （0.11±0.08） was also significantly higher than in the metropic group （0.07±0.04, P 〈0.05）. No significant difference was found in vertical coma and 5th order aberration between the corrected-amblyopic group （0.13±0.11） and metropic group （0.07±0.04） （P 〉0.05）. Conclusions Although lower order aberrations such as defocus （myopia and hyperopia） and astigmatism are major factors determining the quality of the retinal image, higher order aberrations also need to be considered in amblyopic eyes as their effects are significant.

Compensation of turbulence-induced wavefront aberration with convolutional neural networks for FSO systems

To reduce the atmospheric turbulence-induced power loss, an Alex Net-based convolutional neural network(CNN) for wave-front aberration compensation is experimentally investigated for free-space optical(FSO) communication systems with standard single mode fiber-pigtailed photodiodes. The wavefront aberration is statistically constructed to mimic the received light beams with the Zernike mode-based theory for the Kolmogorov turbulence. By analyzing impacts of CNN structures, quantization resolution/noise, and mode count on the power penalty, the Alex Net-based CNN with 8 bit resolution is identified for experimental study. Experimental results indicate that the average power penalty decreases to 1.8 d B from 12.4 d B in the strong turbulence.

Wavefront reconstruction algorithm for wavefront sensing based on binary aberration modes

We propose a new algorithm for wavefront sensing based on binary intensity modulation. The algorithm is based on the fact that a wavefront can be expended with a series of orthogonal and binary functions, the Walsh series. We use a spatial light modulator（SLM） to produce different binary-intensity-modulation patterns which are the simple linear transformation of the Walsh series. The optical fields under different binary-intensity-modulation patterns are detected with a photodiode.The relationships between the incident wavefront modulated with the patterns and their optical fields are built to determinate the coefficients of the Walsh series. More detailed and strict relationship equations are established with the algorithm by adding new modulation patterns according to the properties of the Walsh functions. An exact value can be acquired by solving the equations. Finally, with the help of phase unwrapping and smoothing, the wavefront can be reconstructed. The advantage of the algorithm is providing an analytical solution for the coefficients of the Walsh series to reconstruct the wavefront. The simulation experiments are presented and the effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated.

Glass homogeneity efect on wavefront aberration in lithography projection lens

Analysis of glass homogeneity using the attaching interferometric data model neglects body distribution.To improve analysis accuracy,we establish the three-dimensional gradient index(GRIN) model of glass index by analyzing fused silica homogeneity distribution in two perpendicular measurement directions.Using the GRIN model,a lithography projection lens with a numerical aperture of 0.75 is analyzed.Root mean square wavefront aberration deteriorates from 0.9 to 9.65 nm and then improves to 5.9 nm after clocking.

Changes in visual performance after implantation of different intraocular lenses

AIM:To evaluate the trending visual performance of different intraocular lenses(IOLs)over time after implantation.METHODS:Ninety-one patients received cataract surgery with implantations of monofocal(Mon)IOLs,segmental refractive(SegRef)IOLs,diffractive(Dif)IOLs,and extendeddepth-of-focus(EDoF)IOLs were included.The aberrations and optical quality collected with iTrace and OQAS within postoperative 6mo were followed and compared.RESULTS:Most of the visual parameters improved over the postoperative 6mo.The postoperative visual acuity(POVA)of the Mon IOL,SegRef IOL,and EDoF IOL groups achieved relative stability in earlier states compared with the Dif IOL group.Nevertheless,the overall visual performance of the 3 IOLs continued to upturn in small extents within the postoperative 6mo.The optical quality initially improved in the EDoF IOL group,then in the Mon IOL,SegRef IOL,and Dif IOL groups.POVA and objective visual performance of the Mon IOL and EDoF IOL groups,as well as POVA and visual quality of the Dif IOL group,improved in the postoperative 1mo and stabilized.Within the postoperative 6mo,gradual improvements were observed in the visual acuity and objective visual performance of the SegRef IOL group,as well as in the postoperative optical quality of the Dif IOL group.CONCLUSION:The visual performance is different among eyes implanted with different IOLs.The findings of the current study provide a potential reference for ophthalmologists to choose suitable IOLs for cataract patients in a personalized solution.

Integrated Test System for Large-aperture Telescopes Based on Astrophotonics Interconnections

This study aims to improve the integrated testing of large-aperture telescopes to clarify the fundamental principles of an integrated testing system based on astrophotonics.Our demonstration and analyses focused on element-position sensing and modulation based on spatial near-geometric beams,high-throughput step-difference measurements based on channel spectroscopy,distributed broadband-transmittance testing,and standard spectral tests based on near-field energy regulation.Comprehensive analyses and experiments were conducted to confirm the feasibility of the proposed system in the integrated testing process of large-aperture telescopes.The results demonstrated that the angular resolution of the light rays exceeded 5arcsec,which satisfies the requirements for component-position detection in future large-aperture telescopes.The measurement resolution of the wavefront tilt was better than 0.45μrad.Based on the channel spectral method—which combined a high signal-to-noise ratio and high sensitivity,along with continuous-spectral digital segmentation and narrowband-spectral physical segmentation—a resolution of 0.050μm and a range of 50μm were obtained.After calibration,the measurement resolution of the pupil deviation improved to exceed 4%accuracy,and the transmission measurements achieved a consistency of over 2%accuracy.Regarding fringe-broadband interferometry measurements,the system maintained high stability,ensuring its operation within the coherence length,and robustly detected the energy without unwrapping the phase.The use of a projector for calibrating broadband-spectrum measurements led to a reduction in contrast from 0.8142 to 0.6038,which further validates the system's applicability in the integrated testing process of large-aperture telescopes.This study greatly enhanced the observational capabilities of large-aperture telescopes while reducing the integrated system's volume,weight,and power consumption.

Ocular higher-order aberrations and mesopic pupil size in individuals screened for refractive surgery

AIM: To study the distribution of ocular higher-order aberrations(HOAs) and mesopic pupil size in individuals screened for refractive surgery. · METHODS: Ocular HOAs and mesopic pupil size were studied in 2 458 eyes of 1 240 patients with myopia, myopic astigmatism and compound myopic astigmatism and 215 eyes of 110 patients with hyperopia, hyperopic astigmatism and compound hyperopic astigmatism using the Zywave aberrometer (Busch& Lomb). All patients had correctable refractive errors without a history of refractive surgery or underlying diseases. Root-mean-square values of HOAs, total spherical aberration, total coma and mesopic pupil size were analyzed. Ocular HOAs were measured across a ≥ 6.0 mm pupil, and pupil size measurements were performed under the mesopic condition. · RESULTS: The mean values of HOAs, total spherical aberration and total coma in the myopic group were 0.369 μm, ±0.233, 0.133±0.112μm and 0.330±0.188μm, respectively. In the hyperopic group the mean values of HOAs, total spherical aberration and total coma were 0.418μm±0.214, 0.202±0.209μm and 0.343±0.201μm, respectively. Hyperopes showed greater total HOAs (P <0.01) and total spherical aberration (P <0.01) compared to myopes. In age-matched analysis, only the amount of total spherical aberration was higher in the hyperopic group (P =0.05). Mesopic pupil size in the myopic group was larger (P ≤0.05). · CONCLUSION: The results suggested that significant levels of HOAs were found in both groups which are important for planning refractive surgeries on Iranians. There were significantly higher levels of total spherical aberration in hyperopes compared to myopes. Mesopic pupil size was larger in myopic group.

Visual differences in topography-guided versus wavefront-optimized LASIK in the treatment of myopia: a Meta-analysis

AIM: To investigate the potential differences between topography-guided(TG) and wavefront-optimized(WFO) laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) for the treatment of myopia.METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed to determine relevant trials comparing LASIK with TG and WFO from the time of library construction to August 2020, and The PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, EMBASE and Chinese databases(i.e. CNKI, CBM, WAN FANG and VIP) were accessed. The data on visual acuity, refractive status and wavefront aberration were retrieved and evaluated from three to six months after surgery. STATA(version 14.0) software was used for statistical analysis. A cumulative Meta-analysis was simultaneously performed.RESULTS: Eleven studies with a total of 1425 eyes were incorporated. No statistically significant differences were evident between TG and WFO ablation in the proportion of eyes achieving an uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCVA) of 20/20 or better(P=0.377), gaining one line or more(P=0.05), postoperative cylinder(P=0.40), vertical coma(P=0.593) and horizontal coma(P=0.957). After TG ablation, the proportion of the patients’ eyes of which postoperative refraction is within ±0.5 diopter of the target refraction was significantly higher than that undergoes WFO(P=0.003). As opposed to the WFO group, manifest refraction spherical equivalent(MRSE;P=0.000) was lower, and UCVA(P=0.005) was better in the TG group. The higher-order aberrations(HOAs;P=0.000), spherical aberration(P=0.000) and coma(P=0.000) were significantly lower in TG group. The cumulative Meta-analysis illustrated that the proportion of eyes achieving UCVA of 20/20 or better, postoperative refraction within ±0.5 diopter, and MRSE has steady between the two groups.CONCLUSION: Both TG-LASIK and WFO-LASIK are safe, effective, and predictable for correcting myopia. TG-LASIK may produce fewer aberration and is more precise than WFO-LASIK.

EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM SOFT CONTACT LENS WEAR ON HUMAN OCULAR ABERRATIONS

Objective To evaluate the effect of short-term soft contact lens （SCLs） wearing on human ocular aberrations （ HOA ）. Methods This prospective study included 50 eyes of 50 young volunteers wearing SCLs for 1 month. The ocular aberrations were measured by Allegretto Wavefront Analyzer. The root-mean-square （RMS） values of the general （RMSG） , higher-order （RMSH） , first to sixth order （ RMS1 to RMS6） and aberration coefficients were analyzed. Results There were no significant differences in the mean values of RMSG, RMSH, RMS1 to RMS6 （ P 〉 0. 05 ） and changes of absolute values of aberration coefficients between baseline and various visits after SCLs discontinuation. However, at d I after the discontinuation of SCLs, changes in coefficient values of the third-order aberrations （ C6 to C9 ） were slightly higher than others, and C7 was the highest. The increase factors of RMS values were higher at 1 week and lower at the 2 week visit after SCLs discontinuation. The uniformity of dominating type in HOA and the corneal topography form was both about 60% after discontinuation of SCLs. The corneal thickness increased after SCLs wear and gradually decreased to baseline until 1 month discontinuation of SCLs. Conclusion The effect of short-term SCLs wear on human ocular aberrations is slight but profound. A month or more wait should be allowed before the short-term SCLs wearers are scheduled for wavefronted-guided LASIK.

Clinical study of customized aspherical intraocular lens implants

AIM:To compare if there is an improvement in visual functions with age-related cataracts between patients receiving a aspherical intraocular lens(IOL) based on corneal wavefront aberration and patients randomly assigned lenses.METHODS:A total of 124 eyes of 124 patients with age-related cataracts were placed in experimental group and a group receiving randomly assigned(RA) lenses.The experimental group was undergone Pentacam corneal spherical aberration measurement before surgery; the targeted range for residual total spherical aberration after surgery was set to 0-0.3 μm. Patients with a corneal spherical aberration 【0.3 μm were implanted with a zero-spherical aberration advanced optics(AO) aspherical IOL and patients with an aberration ≥0.3 μm received a Tecnis Z9003 aspherical lens in experimental group. RA patients were randomly implanted with an AO lens or a Tecnis Z9003 lens. Three months after surgery total spherical aberration, photopic/mesopic contrast sensitivities, photopic/mesopic with glare contrast sensitivities, and logMAR vision were measured.RESULTS:Statistical analysis on logMAR vision showed no significant difference between two groups(P =0.413). The post-surgical total spherical aberration was 0.126 ±0.097 μm and 0.152 ±0.151 μm in the experimental and RA groups, respectively(P =0.12). The mesopic contrast sensitivities at spatial frequencies of 6,12 and 18 c/d in the experimental group were significantly higher than of the RA group(P =0.00; P =0.04;P =0.02). The mesopic with glare contrast sensitivity in the experimental group at a spatial frequency of 18 c/d was also significantly higher vs the RA group(P =0.01).CONCLUSION:Pre-surgical corneal spherical aberration measurement in cataract patients followed bycustomized selection of aspherical IOL implants improved mesopic contrast sensitivities at high spatial frequencies, and thus is a superior strategy compared to the random selection of aspherical intraocular lens implants.

ZERNIKE ASTIGMATISM AND VISUAL PERFORMANCE IN MYOPIC EYES BY RIGID GAS PERMEABLE CONTACT LENSES WEAR

To investigate the effects of rigid-gas-permeable contact lens(RGP-CL)wear on Zernike astigmatism and visual performance in myopic eyes.Methods:A wavefront sensor was used to evaluate Zernike astigmatism for 21 eyes with minimum astigmatism and 18 eyes with moderate astigmatism under three different modes of refractive correction:the RGP-CL,spectacle lens correcting spherical equivalent(SL)and spectacle lens fully correcting spherical error and astigmatism(fSL).Contrast visual acuity was assessed with a VA tester at four contrast levels and two luminance backgrounds.Results:Compared to the SL wear,RGP-CL wear changed the main axis astigmatism(Z_(2)^(2))from
0:09-0:34 to 0.34-0.22 for the minimum astigmatism group,while the contrast VA was improved about 0.05 LogMAR(F=8:06,p<0:01).For the group with moderate astigmatism,significant reduction in Z_(2)^(2)was found for both fSL wear(t=4:78,p<0:001)and RGP-CL wear(t=6:29,p<0:0001).The changes in astigmatism were significantly correlated between the fSL and RGP-CL wears(r=0:897,p<0:0001 for Z_(2)^(-2);and r=0:643,p=0:004 for Z_(2)^(2)).Contrast VA was significantly improved for both fSL and RGP-CL wears and the improvements were significantly correlated between each other for all four contrast levels and two backgrounds.Conclusion:RGP-CL wear induces astigmatism for the eyes with minor astigmatism probably due to a correction of corneal astigmatism and thus a manifesting of the lens astigmatism.For the astigmatic eyes,RGP-CL wear has similar effect on correcting astigmatism as the spectacle lens wear with spherical-cylinder correction and also produces similar visual improvement.

Rendering algorithms for aberrated human vision simulation

Vision-simulated imagery―the process of generating images that mimic the human visual system―is a valuable tool with a wide spectrum of possible applications, including visual acuity measurements, personalized planning of corrective lenses and surgeries, vision-correcting displays, vision-related hardware development, and extended reality discomfort reduction. A critical property of human vision is that it is imperfect because of the highly influential wavefront aberrations that vary from person to person. This study provides an overview of the existing computational image generation techniques that properly simulate human vision in the presence of wavefront aberrations. These algorithms typically apply ray tracing with a detailed description of the simulated eye or utilize the point-spread func-tion of the eye to perform convolution on the input image. Based on the description of the vision simulation tech-niques, several of their characteristic features have been evaluated and some potential application areas and research directions have been outlined.

A method to design aspheric spectacles for correction of high-order aberrations of human eye

Aiming at the correction of high-order aberrations of human eye with spectacles, a design method of aspheric spectacles is proposed based on the eye's wavefront aberrations data. Regarding the eyeball and the spectacles as a whole system-the lens-eye system-the surface profiles of the spectacles are achieved by optimization procedure of lens design. Different from the conventional optometry, in which the refraction prescription is acquired with a visual chart, the design takes into account the two aspects of actual human viewing, eyeball rolling and certain distinct viewing field. The rotation angle of eyeball is set to be ±20° as wearing spectacles, and the field of view is set to be ±7° which is especially important as watching screen display. The individual eye model is constructed as the main part of the lens-eye system. The Liou eye model is modified by sticking a thin meniscus lens to the crystalline lens. Then the defocus of the individual eye is transferred to the front surface of the meniscus lens, and the astigmatism and high-order aberrations are transferred to the front surface of the cornea. 50 eyes are involved in this research, among which 36 eyes have good enough visual performance already after sphero-cylindrical correction. 10 eyes have distinct improvement in vision and 4 eyes have no visual improvement by further aspheric correction. 6 typical subject eyes are selected for the aberrations analysis and the spectacles design in this paper. It is shown that the validity of visual correction of aspheric lens depends on the characteristics of the eye's wavefront aberrations, and it is effective for the eye with larger astigmatism or spherical aberration. Compared with sphero-cylindrical correction only, the superiority taken by the aspheric correction is mainly on the improvement of MTF at a larger field of view. For the best aspheric correction, the MTF values increase by 18.87%, 38.34%, 44.36%, 51.29% and 57.32% at the spatial frequencies of 40, 80, 100, 125 and 150 cycles/mm, respectively.

Magnetic fluid based deformable mirror for aberration correction of liquid telescope

A magnetic fluid based deformable mirror(MFDM) that could produce a large stroke more than 100 μm is designed and demonstrated experimentally with respect to the characteristics of the aberration of the liquid telescope. Its aberration correction performance is verified by the co-simulation using COMSOL and MATLAB. Furthermore, the stroke performance of the MFDM and the decentralized linear quadratic Gaussian(LQG) mirror surface control approach are experimentally evaluated with a prototype of MFDM in an adaptive optics system to show its potential application for the large aberration correction of liquid telescopes.

Comparison of ocular modulation transfer function determined by a ray-tracing aberrometer and a double-pass system in early cataract patients

Background The evaluation of retinal image quality in cataract eyes has gained importance and the clinical modulation transfer functions （MTF） can obtained by aberrometer and double pass （DP） system. This study aimed to compare MTF derived from a ray tracing aberrometer and a DP system in early cataractous and normal eyes. Methods There were 128 subjects with 61 control eyes and 67 eyes with early cataract defined according to the Lens Opacities Classification System II1. A laser ray-tracing wavefront aberrometer （iTrace） and a double pass （DP） system （OQAS） assessed ocular MTF for 6.0 mm pupil diameters following dilation. Areas under the MTF （AUMTF） and their correlations were analyzed. Stepwise multiple regression analysis assessed factors affecting the differences between iTrace- and OQAS-derived AUMTF for the early cataract group. Results For both early cataract and control groups, iTrace-derived MTFs were higher than OQAS-derived MTFs across a range of spatial frequencies （P 〈0.01）. No significant difference between the two groups occurred for iTrace-derived AUMTF, but the early cataract group had significantly smaller OQAS-derived AUMTF than did the control group （P 〈0.01）. AUMTF determined from both the techniques demonstrated significant correlations with nuclear opacities, higher-order aberrations （HOAs）, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity functions, while the OQAS-derived AUMTF also demonstrated significant correlations with age and cortical opacity grade. The factors significantly affecting the difference between iTrace and OQAS AUMTF were root-mean-squared HOAs （standardized beta coefficient=-0.63, P 〈0.01） and age （standardized beta coefficient=0.26, P 〈0.01）. Conclusions MTFs determined from a iTrace and a DP system （OQAS） differ significantly in early cataractous and normal subjects. Correlations with visual performance were higher for the DP system. OQAS-derived MTF may be useful as an indicator of visual performance in early cataract eyes.

Recognizing local artifacts in two-photon imaging of dendrites beneath blood vessels in vivo

Localized wavefront aberrations would introduce artifacts in biomedical imaging,which,however,are often neglected,as their compensations are at the cost of the field-of-view.Here,we show rarely reported local artifacts in two-photon imaging of dendrites beneath blood vessels in a mouse brain in vivo and interpret the phenomena via numerical simulations.The artifacts of divided parallel structures are found to be induced by coma and astigmatism,resulting from sample tilting and the cylinder shape of vasculatures,respectively.Different from that in single-photon microscopy,such artifacts in nonlinear microscopy show unique characteristics and should be recognized for proper interpretation of the images.

LD-pumped gas-cooled multislab Nd:glass laser amplification to joule level

We demonstrate a laser diode end-pumped helium gas-cooled multislab Nd:glass laser amplifier. The design and thermal management of the proposed laser amplifier are discussed. The thermally induced wavefront aberration of the slabs was also measured and compared with simulation results. A small-signal single-pass longitudinal gain of 1.8 was measured with a pump energy of 7.3 J. With an injected seed energy of 0.6 m J, the output energy from the amplifier reached 0.5 J at 0.2 Hz and 0.43 J at 0.5 Hz in a multipass extraction geometry, thus demonstrating the feasibility of diode-pumped,high-energy lasers with direct gas cooling.