Analysis of Lifetime of Large Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Multiple Battery Levels

Due to the limited transmission range, data sensed by each sensor has to be forwarded in a multi-hop fashion before being delivered to the sink. The sensors closer to the sink have to forward comparatively more messages than sensors at the periphery of the network,and will deplete their batteries earlier. Besides the loss of the sensing capabilities of the nodes close to the sink, a more serious consequence of the death of the first tier of sensor nodes is the loss of connectivity between the nodes at the periphery of the network and the sink;it makes the wireless networks expire. To alleviate this undesired effect and maximize the useful lifetime of the network, we investigate the energy consumption of different tiers and the effect of multiple battery levels, and demonstrate an attractively simple scheme to redistribute the total energy budget in multiple battery levels by data traffic load. We show by theoretical analysis, as well as simulation, that this substantially improves the network lifetime.

Energy levels and transition data of 3p^(6)3d^(8)and 3p^(5)3d^(9)configurations in Fe-like ions(Z=57,60,62,64,65)

Atomic data of highly charged ions(HCIs)offer an attractive means for plasma diagnostic and stars identification,and the investigations on atomic data are highly desirable.Herein,based on the fully relativistic multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock(MCDHF)method,we have performed calculations of the fine-structure energy levels,wavelengths,transition rates,oscillator strengths,and line strengths for the lowest 21 states of 3p^(6)3d^(8)–3p^(5)3d^(9)electric dipole(E1)transitions configurations in Fe-like ions(Z=57,60,62,64,65).The correlation effects of valence–valence(VV)and core–valence(CV)electrons were systematically considered.In addition,we have taken into account transverse-photon(Breit)interaction and quantum electrodynamics(QED)corrections to treat accurately the atomic state wave functions in the final relativistic configuration interaction(RCI)calculations.Our calculated energy levels and transition wavelengths are in excellent agreement with the available experimental and theoretical results.Most importantly,we predicted some new transition parameters that have not yet been reported.These data would further provide critical insights into better analyzing the physical processes of various astrophysical plasmas.

Semi-Empirical Oscillator Strengths and Lifetimes for the P IV Spectrum

In this work numerical codes carried out in a multiconfiguration Har-tree-Fock relativistic (HFR) approach for the P IV ion are used to obtain the oscillator strengths of each transition as well as the lifetimes of each energy level. With the existing data from several authors that contributed to the spectrum using different light sources, and optimizing the electrostatic parameters by a least-squares procedure when replacing the theoretical values by the experimental ones in the energy matrices, one obtains closer values and according to the observations for the intensities, and also of the lifetimes closer to those that would be obtained experimentally.

Oscillator Strengths and Lifetimes for the P XIII Spectrum

The P XIII spectrum has been analyzed by several authors using different light sources. The semi-empirical oscillator strengths (gf) and the lifetimes presented in this work for all known P XIII spectral lines and energy levels were carried out in a multi-configuration Hartree-Fock relativistic (HFR) approach. In this calculation, the electrostatic parameters were optimized by a least-squares procedure in order to improve the adjustment of theoretical to experimental energy levels. The method produces gf-values that are in agreement with intensity observations and lifetime values closer to the experimental ones.

Energy levels and radiative lifetimes of 3pns ~3p_0 and 3pnd ~3P_0 series of SiⅠ

The energy levels and lifetimes of 3pns ^3po （n = 7 - 35） and 3pnd ^3p0 （n = 6 - 17） series of neutral silicon are calculated and predicted by means of multichannel quantum defect theory （MQDT）. In addition, the perturbation caused by core-excited state 3s3p^3 is discussed. The 3pnd ^3p0 series, especially 3p4d ^3p0, 3p5d ^3P0, and 3p6d ^3P0 are perturbed strongly by the core-excited state 3s3p3 ^3P0. These cause the lifetime of 3pnd ^3P0 （n = 5 - 7） to be less than that of 3p4d 3Po. The lifetimes of 3p14d ^3P0 （65479.14 cm^-1） and 3p16d ^3p0 （65608.77 cm^-1） are less than that of their frontal states respectively, because these states are perturbed by 3p22s ^3p0 （65476.48 cm-1） and 3p30s ^3p0 （65608.99 cm^-1） respectively.

GaInAs/GaAs应变量子阱能带结构的计算

讨论了GaInAs/GaAs应变量子阱结构的应变效应 ,给出了量子阱层的临界厚度随In组份的变化关系。由克龙尼克 -潘纳模型计算了GaInAs/GaAs应变量子阱的量子化能级 ,给出了cl -hhl跃迁对应的发射波长随阱宽和In组份的变化关系曲线 ,并与实验测量的GaInAs/GaAs量子阱的发射波长进行了比较 ,基本一致。与此同时 ,对GaInAs/GaAs应变量子阱向长波长方向的发展也进行了计算分析 。

Eu^(3+),Tb^(3+)混配配合物的激光诱导荧光

利用激光诱导荧光技术研究了两种三价稀土金属离子（EU3＋，Tb3＋）的μ－二酮与有机配体混配络合物中金属离子的寿命及其能级结构，得到了Eu3＋的能级常数．

用局域寿命控制技术改善功率快恢复二极管性能的仿真研究

针对局域低寿命区的参数对快恢复硅功率二极管性能的影响进行了系统的仿真研究 ,得到了全面系统的研究结果 ,其中包括局域低寿命区在二极管中的位置不同和局域低寿命区中复合中心能级在禁带中的位置不同对快恢复二极管的反向恢复时间 ( trr)、反向恢复软度因子 ( S)、正向压降 ( VF)、漏电流 ( IR)等各个单项性能的影响 ,以及对 trr- S、trr- VF 和 trr- IR 等各项性能综合折衷的影响 .这些结果对高速功率器件寿命工程研究和器件制造工程都有重要的参考价值 .

类铍铝离子的K_α跃迁特性研究

我们报道了类Be的Al X最低40个能级的能级精细结构.利用基于多组态Dirac-Fock方程,我们给出了类Be的Al X的K_α跃迁的能级,波长,振子强度和能级寿命.研究表明,当前所得的理论计算结果与实验值以及其它理论值符合很好,同时对于分析已有的实验结果和指导拟开展的实验也有一定的意义.

38≤Z≤42类钴离子n =3、Δn=0跃迁的理论计算

用多组态自洽场方法,结合作者提出的半经验拟合公式,首先对38≤Z≤42类钴离子3p63d9,3p53d10,3p63d84p组态的能级进行计算,然后根据能级值算出相应的电偶极跃迁的谱线波长,并给出各谱线的HFR振子强度。

CCl_2(A^1B_1)被甲烷及氯代甲烷猝灭动力学

用放电 -LIF实验装置 ,对 CCl4 / Ar混合气体放电产生· CCl2 ,再用 541 .52 nm激光将电子基态·CCl2 激发到激发态 A1B1( 0 ,4 ,0 )模 p R1能级上 ,检测激发态· CCl2 时间分辨荧光信号 ,测得室温下· CCl2( A1B1)被甲烷及氯代甲烷分子猝灭的实验结果 ,用三能级模型分析处理实验数据获得态分辨速率常数 kq1,kq2 和 kq3 值和· CCl2 ( A1B1→ X1A1)及 ( a3 B1→ X1A1)自发辐射寿命分别为 ( 0 .83± 0 .0 3 )μs和 ( 3 .1 2± 0 .2 5)

铝等离子体的平均离化度研究

利用基于多组态Dirac-Fock方程的程序包GRASP2K,详细计算铝离子各电离度的能级和跃迁,并通过求解速率方程,确定铝等离子体密度和温度下等离子体中离子的分布,给出不同密度下平均离化度随电子温度的变化关系.理论计算结果与实验值以及其它理论值符合很好,有助于分析已有的实验结果和指导拟开展的实验.

类镓等电子序列ZrⅩ-RhⅩⅤ离子的4s^24p-4s^24d、4s^24p-4s4p^2、4s^24p-4s^25s、4p^3-4s^25s以及4s4p^2-4p^3跃迁谱线和振子强度的理论计算

本文对类镓等电子序列ＧａⅠ—ＸｅⅩⅩⅠⅤ离子４ｓ２４ｐ、４ｓ２４ｄ、４ｓ４ｐ２、４ｐ３和４ｓ２５ｓ组态能级结构和组态相互作用进行了理论分析，找出沿等电子序列的变化规律。用作者提出的半经验公式［１］，内插预测了ＴｃⅩⅢ离子的４ｓ２４ｐ、４ｓ４ｐ２和４ｓ２５ｓ组态能级，外推预测了ＴｃⅩⅢ—ＲｈⅩⅤ离子的４ｐ３和４ｓ２４ｄ组态能级，并给出了４ｓ２４ｐ４ｓ２４ｄ、４ｓ２４ｐ４ｓ４ｐ２、４ｓ２４ｐ４ｓ２５ｓ、４ｐ３４ｓ２５ｓ和４ｓ４ｐ２—４ｐ３谱线波长和ＨＸＲ方法理论计算振子强度。用作者提出的半经验公式对组态能级的预测值与实验值的最大偏差小于１００ｃｍ－１。

YAG：Er晶体中的自饱和跃迁和激光波长红移

用提拉法生长出ＹＡＧ：Ｅｒ晶体，测定和分析了晶体的晶胞参数。讨论了￣２Ｈ＿（１１／２），￣４Ｓ＿（３／２），￣４Ｆ＿（９／２）能级的发光与猝灭，￣４Ｉ＿（１１／２）→￣４Ｉ＿（１３／２）自饱和跃迁的变化规律及激光波长红移的有关因素。

基于多组态方法研究类铍镍离子的能级与Kα跃迁参数

研究了类Be的Ni XXV最低40个能级的能级精细结构。利用基于多组态Dirac-Hartree-Fock方程,给出了类Be的Ni XXV的Kα跃迁参数。研究表明,当前所得的理论计算结果其它理论值符合很好,对于将来辨识实验产生的谱线有重要意义。

GeⅩⅪ-SeⅩⅩⅢ离子n=3,Δn=0跃迁谱线和振子强度的计算

用HFR方法对CaⅨ-KrⅩⅩⅤ离子3s2,3s3p,3s3d,3p2组态能级结构进行了理论计算.在已有实验研究的基础上,通过分析离子能级沿等电子序列的变化规律,运用最小二乘拟合方法预言计算了GeⅩⅪ-SeⅩⅩⅢ离子3s2,3s3p,3s3d,3p2组态14条精细结构能级值.在此基础上,进一步计算了GeⅩⅪ-SeⅩⅩⅢ离子3s2-3s3p,3s3p-3s3d和3s3p-3p2跃迁的23条谱线波长和相应的振子强度.计算结果与已有的实验值十分吻合,波长的最大不确定度为0.008 nm.

Dy3+和Ce3+共掺Y3Al5O12荧光粉的制备及发光性质

用高温固相法制备了YAG:5%Dy^3+以及(Ce 0.01 Dy y Y 0.99-y)3A15O12(y=0%,1%,3%,5%,7%,9%)荧光粉。XRD结果表明,NH 4Cl、LiCl、H3BO3三种助熔剂比较,添加H3BO3可有效降低YAG晶体的结晶温度,有效阻止中间相YAlO 3的形成。H3BO3做助熔剂在1450℃煅烧6 h制备的Dy^3+和Ce^3+掺杂Y 3Al 5O 12荧光粉具有单一YAG立方相结构,且随Dy^3+掺杂浓度增加,(420)衍射峰逐渐向小角度偏移。在583 nm监测下;与单掺1%Ce^3+样品比较,Ce^3+与Dy^3+共掺样品在342 nm处的吸收均减弱;与单掺5%Dy^3+样品比较,Ce^3+与Dy^3+共掺样品在351 nm处的吸收明显增强。351 nm激发下,随Dy^3+掺杂浓度增加,Ce^3+与Dy^3+共掺样品中Ce^3+在526 nm处的发射强度逐渐减小,而在583 nm处的发射强度先增加后减弱,这说明351 nm激发下,Ce^3+与Dy^3+共掺样品中存在Ce^3+向Dy^3+的部分能量传递。465 nm激发下,Ce^3+与Dy^3+共掺杂样品中只出现Ce^3+的发射峰,且随Dy^3+浓度增加,Ce^3+发光减弱。当Dy^3+离子浓度为3%时,Ce^3+与Dy^3+共掺样品中Dy^3+相对光强达到最大,此时Ce^3+→Dy^3+能量传递效率为15.7%。405 nm激发下,随Dy^3+掺杂浓度增加,合成粉体中Ce^3+的寿命逐渐减小。经计算,Ce^3+→Dy^3+能量传递临界距离为3.464 nm,为电四极-电四极相互作用的共振能量传递。

Ad Hoc网络链路质量QoS多路径按需路由协议

传统的MANET路由协议是基于最小跳数的路由,没有考虑链路质量,不能适应网络拓扑的动态变化。针对这一问题,提出了一种Ad Hoc网络链路质量QoS多路径按需路由协议(QMORP)。QMORP采用移动预测来计算链路的生存时间,应用能量模型获得链路的剩余能量,综合链路生存时间和剩余能量两种因素来计算链路质量。选择链路质量大的路径转发分组。仿真实验表明,相比AOMDV协议,QMORP协议提高了网络的生命周期,降低了网络的平均端对端延迟、提高了网络的发包率和吞吐率。

铁离子Kα跃迁研究

本文研究了类Be的Fe XXIII最低40个能级的能级精细结构。利用基于多组态Dirac-Hartree-Fock方程,给出了类Be的Fe XXIII的Kα跃迁参数。研究表明,当前所得的理论计算结果与实验值以及其它理论值相符。

CaWO_4∶xEu^(3+),ySm^(3+),zLi^+红色荧光粉的制备及光学性能

采用微波固相法制备了CaWO_4∶xEu^(3+),ySm^(3+),zLi^+红色荧光粉。测量样品的XRD图、激发谱、发射谱及发光衰减曲线,研究并分析了Eu^(3+)、Sm^(3+)、Li^+的掺杂浓度,对样品微结构、光致发光特性、能量传递及能级寿命的影响。结果表明,Eu^(3+)、Sm^(3+)、Li^+掺杂并未引起合成粉体改变晶相,仍为CaWO_4单一四方晶系结构。Eu^(3+)、Sm^(3+)共掺样品中,Sm^(3+)掺杂为3%时,Sm^(3+)对Eu^(3+)的能量传递最有效。Li^+掺杂起到了助熔剂和敏化剂的作用,使样品发光更强。在394 nm激发下,与CaWO_4∶3%Eu^(3+)样品比较,3%Eu^(3+)、3%Sm^(3+)共掺CaWO_4及3%Eu^(3+)、3%Sm^(3+)、1%Li^+共掺CaWO_4样品的发光分别增强2倍及2.4倍。同一激发波长下,单掺Eu^(3+)样品寿命最短,Sm^(3+)、Eu^(3+)共掺样品随Sm^(3+)浓度增加,寿命先减小后增加,且掺杂了Li^+的样品比不掺Li^+的样品~5D_0能级寿命有所增加。