A note on the numerical simulations of flow past a wavy square-section cylinder

The flow past a square-section cylinder with a geometric disturbance is investigated by numerical simulations. The extra terms, due to the introduction of mapping transformation simulating the effect of disturbance into the transformed Navier-Stokes equations, are correctly derived, and the incorrect ones in the previous literature are pointed out and analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship between the vorticity, especially on the cylinder surface, and the disturbance is derived and explained theoretically. The computations are performed at two Reynolds numbers of 100 and 180 and three amplitudes of waviness of 0.006, 0.025 and 0.167 with another aim to explore the effects of different Reynolds numbers and disturbance on the vortex dynamics in the wake and forces on the body. Numerical results have shown that, at the mild waviness of 0.025, the Kairmain vortex shedding is suppressed completely for Re = 100, while the forced vortex dislocation is appeared in the near wake at the Reynolds number of 180. The drag reduction is up to 21.6% at Re = 100 and 25.7% at Re = 180 for the high waviness of 0.167 compared with the non-wavy cylinder. The lift and the Strouhal number varied with different Reynolds numbers and the wave steepness are also obtained.

Scale-adaptive simulation of flow past wavy cylinders at a subcritical Reynolds number

The Xu ＆ Yan scale-adaptive simulation （XYSAS） model is employed to simulate the flows past wavy cylinders at Reynolds number 8 × 10 3.This approach yields results in good agreement with experimental measurements.The mean flow field and near wake vortex structure are replicated and compared with that of a corresponding circular cylinder.The effects of wavelength ratios λ/D m from 3 to 7,together with the amplitude ratios a /D m of 0.091 and 0.25,are fully investigated.Owing to the wavy configuration,a maximum reduction of Strouhal number and root-meansquare （r.m.s） fluctuating lift coefficients are up to 50% and 92%,respectively,which means the vortex induced vibration （VIV） could be effectively alleviated at certain larger values of λ/D m and a /D m.Also,the drag coefficients can be reduced by 30%.It is found that the flow field presents contrary patterns with the increase of λ/D m.The free shear layer becomes much more stable and rolls up into mature vortex only further downstream when λ/D m falls in the range of 5-7.The amplitude ratio a /D m greatly changes the separation line,and subsequently influences the wake structures.

三角形排列波浪锥柱绕流流动特性数值分析

采用大涡模拟方法,分析了亚临界雷诺数为3 900时三角形排列波浪锥柱的横流向间距比和顺流向间距比对其升阻力特性、尾流干涉效应及三维流动结构等的影响.结果表明,上游2个波浪锥柱的升阻力特性受下游波浪锥柱影响较小,下游波浪锥柱处于上游双波浪锥柱尾流中,其升阻力特性受横流向间距比和顺流向间距比影响更为显著.3个波浪锥柱间的流动状态可分为邻近干扰、漩涡撞击和涡相互作用状态.在漩涡撞击状态下,上游波浪锥柱尾涡得以发展充分,周期性撞击在下游波浪锥柱表面,从而产生较大的脉动升力.横流向间距比、顺流向间距比分别为3和6时,下游波浪锥柱脉动升力系数较单直圆柱提升了20.93倍.

亚临界雷诺数下串列双波浪锥柱绕流数值模拟

针对风力俘能结构布局问题,基于大涡模拟(LES)方法,在亚临界雷诺数下(Re=3900)研究有限长串列双波浪锥柱的升阻力特性及其流动结构随间距比的变化规律。结果表明:由于上游波浪锥柱的影响,下游波浪锥柱的脉动升力系数大幅增大,当间距比为3时,表面时均压力系数分布形式呈反向分布;随间距比增加,上游波浪锥柱尾流充分发展,并产生大量肋状涡撞击在下游波浪锥柱表面,下游波浪锥柱产生大的脉动升力,相较于单直圆柱提升约15.3倍,阻力系数降低约0.172。所得结果可为风力俘能结构布局提供有益参考。

Experimental investigation of the flow-induced motion of a square-section cylinder

The flow-induced motion(FIM)of an elastically mounted square-section cylinder is experimentally investigated over a wide range of Reynolds numbers(1.5×10^(4)<Re<7.0×10^(4)).A 14 mlong towing tank water channel and a carrier are designed to facilitate the investigation of FIM at high velocities.The cylinder is limited to a transverse oscillation and is carried inside the water channel.The effect of cylinder orientation on FIM is studied by performing experiments for two angles of attack(45°and 0°).The experiments are performed for two different spring stiffness to consider the influence of the natural frequency on the response of the system.Since the water has been allowed to stay calm between the tests,experiments are conducted with zero disturbance of the fluid flow around the cylinder.The experimental setup has shown promising results for a circular cylinder in our previous studies.The results for the diamond cylinder(square-section cylinder with a 45°angle of attack)indicate that FIM only consists of vortex-induced vibration(VIV)and the oscillation in the upper branch occurs in a wider range of reduced velocities compared with the circular cylinder.It can be concluded that a diamond cylinder is a better option for having synchronization in a wider range of water velocities for the purpose of energy extraction in VIV-based ocean energy conversion devices.

FORCE REDUCTION OF FLOW AROUND A SINUSOIDAL WAVY CYLINDER

A large eddy simulation of cross-flow around a sinusoidal wavy cylinder at Re = 3000 was performed and the load cell measurement was introduced for the validation test. The mean flow field and the near wake flow structures were presented and compared with those for a circular cylinder at the same Reynolds number. The mean drag coefficient for the wavy cylinder is smaller than that for a corresponding circular cylinder due to the formation of a longer wake vortex generated by the wavy cylinder. The fluctuating lift coefficient of the wavy cylinder is also greatly reduced. This kind of wavy surface leads to the formation of 3-D free shear layers which are more stable than purely 2-D free shear layers. Such free shear layers only roll up into mature vortices at further downstream position and significantly modify the near wake structures and the pressure distributions around the wavy cylinder. Moreover, the simulations in laminar flow condition were also performed to investigate the effect of Reynolds number on force reduction control.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FLOW STRUCTURE BEHIND A CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITH WAVY SURFACE BY PIV

The wake behind a circular cylinder with wavy surface was investigated using single-frame PIV technique at Re=5200. The mean flow field and spatial distribution of turbulence statistics in the nodal, saddle and middle planes were presentcd and compared with those of a smooth cylinder. The near wake behind the wavy cylinder shows pronounced spanwise periodicity of flow structures. Compated with a smooth cylinder, the vortex formation region considerably expands in the streamwise direction, particularly reaching maxi mum in the saddle plane of the wavy cylinder. However, the longitudinal vortices in the nodal plane were noticeably suppressed in the transverse direction. In addition, the wake in the nodal plane contains the peak value of turbulent kinetic en ergy and the Reynolds shearing stress due to the intensive entrainment of free flow and the momentum exchange in the spanwise direction.

Flow characteristics of the two tandem wavy cylinders and drag reduction phenomenon

This paper presents an extensive numerical study of 3-D laminar flow around two wavy cylinders in the tandem arrangement for spacing ratios （L/Dm） ranging from 1.5 to 5.5 at a low Reynolds number of 100. The investigation focuses on the effects of spacing ratio （L / D,,） and wavy surface on the 3-D near wake flow patterns, the force and pressure coefficients and the vortex shedding frequency for the two tandem wavy cylinders. Flows arotmd the two tandem circular cylinders are also obtained for comparison. With the spacing ratio in the range of L/Dm = 1.5 - 5.5, unlike two tandem circular cylinders, the wavy cylinders in the tandem arrangement do not have the wake interference behaviour of three basic types. The vortex shedding behind the upstream wavy cylinder occurs at a further downstream position as compared with that of the upstream circular cylinder. This leads to the weakening of the effect of the vibration of the cylinders as well as a distinct drag reduction. The effects of the drag reduction and the control of the vibration of the two wavy cylinders in tandem become more and more evident when L/Dm ≥ 4.0, with a distinct vortex shedding in the upstream cylinder regime for the two circular cylinders in tandem.

细长柔性波浪柱流致振动高保真数值模拟研究

波浪柱具有良好的减阻减振效果,在海洋工程和桥梁工程中应用广泛。为了研究低雷诺数均匀流下细长柔性波浪柱的流致振动特性,选取了3种不同波高的截面直径呈正弦变化的波浪柱,分别给予其驻波和行波的初始激励,对其动力特性和尾流特征进行分析,并与同等条件下的光滑直圆柱进行了对比。研究结果表明,柔性波浪柱在驻波和行波初始激励下的流致振动特性有很大差别:在驻波激励下,当波高≥0.2 D时,波浪柱振动得到了很好的控制,这主要归功于波浪柱的特殊结构防止了剪切层与强度较高的涡结构发生掺混,增大了漩涡生成长度;而在行波初始激励下,波浪柱的控制效果有限,局部雷诺数主导了结构响应、尾流模式和展向变化特征。

波状圆柱绕流减阻的实验研究

为了寻找一种减阻、减振而又不受流动方向限制的方法,提出了一种可降低绕流阻力的波状圆柱,并对波状圆柱的平均阻力系数以及表面压力分布进行了实验研究.实验在某低速风洞进行,工作段的横截面尺寸为0.6 m×0.6 m,湍流度小于0.2%.实验中的Re在2.0×104到5.0×104范围内.实验结果表明:3种不同倾斜度的波状圆柱平均阻力系数小于普通圆柱的平均阻力系数,最大减阻效果可达20%以上;流体在波状圆柱的最小横截面上分离得早,表面压力下降快;波状圆柱表面倾斜度是影响流场的重要参数,其取值大小直接影响波状圆柱的减阻效果.

亚临界雷诺数下波浪型圆柱绕流的数值模拟及减阻研究

采用大涡模拟数值方法对亚临界雷诺数Re=3000下波浪型圆柱的绕流现象进行研究分析。研究结果表明,波浪型圆柱的三维尾迹涡结构能得到很好的控制,它在轴向方向呈现周期性正负涡的交替分布特性。随着幅值的增大,波浪型圆柱表面的自由剪切层得以延展,使得旋涡的脱落发生在波浪型圆柱下游较远处,从而达到减阻的目的。波浪型圆柱与普通直圆柱相比,其幅值对平均阻力系数及脉动升力系数的减少及尾迹控制有着更重要的影响,最大减阻可达16%。

流体横掠波状圆柱的动特性研究

提出了一种可减小流体诱导振动的波状圆柱,并对3种不同表面倾斜度的波状圆柱进行了实验研究.实验在一低速风洞进行,工作段的横截面尺寸为0.6 m×0.6 m,湍流度小于0.2%,雷诺数在2.0×104到5.0×104范围内.实验结果表明:波状圆柱与普通圆柱相比其脉动升力系数较小,具有减小流体诱导振动的作用;流体绕波状圆柱流动的斯德鲁哈尔数等于绕普通圆柱流动的斯德鲁哈尔数,说明波状圆柱的减振并不是通过改变其斯德鲁哈尔周期来实现的.

展向具有谐波型扰动的方柱旋涡分离流数值研究

基于Fourier谱方法和有限差分的混合方法，对方型截面柱体的分离流及非定常涡动力学进行数值研究，特别是展向具有谐波型几何扰动对流动演化及受力变化的影响。结果表明，当Re=100-150，在未引入扰动的柱体上／下表面处（而非前缘）流动发生局部分离，并形成分离泡。流动分离点随Re数增加是逐渐从后缘前移到前缘附近。沿展向引入扰动后，当Re=100时，在柱体表面产生流向与垂向涡量，甚至抑制了展向涡的发展。当波陡度（波高／波长）为0．167时，产生了类似于发夹涡的结构，此时柱体平均阻力系数和升力系数幅值分别减小了9％和98％。并讨论了相关的机制。

基于定常吹吸气的波浪型圆柱主动控制研究

基于定常吹吸气对波浪型圆柱近尾迹流动进行控制以增强柱体振动,采用大涡模拟研究了亚临界雷诺数(Re=3000)下前吹后吸和前后吸气控制方式在不同吹吸气工况对波浪型圆柱升阻力特性、时均压力系数、环量、湍动能及近尾迹流动结构的影响.研究发现:前吹后吸和前后吸气控制下波浪型圆柱在不同吹吸气动量系数工况脉动升力系数均显著提高,最大较未受控直圆柱和波浪型圆柱分别提升高达636%和391%,这主要可能归因于吹吸气控制使波浪型圆柱回流区变短,高强度涡集中向钝体后方靠拢,旋涡形成长度缩短,展向涡流与顺流向涡流相互作用在波浪型圆柱下游形成的“肋状涡”变大变长,近尾迹环量显著增大,从而导致脉动升力系数增大,这可能将诱导柱体产生更强的振动;同时两种控制方式均改变了波浪型圆柱表面的压力分布,由于在波浪型圆柱前驻点吹气使前端趋于流线型,前吹后吸在不同吹吸气动量系数下波浪型圆柱的高压区减小,但在后驻点吸气使得低压区增大,而前后吸气在不同吹吸气动量系数下波浪型圆柱的高压区基本不变,低压区增大.研究结果可为低风速地区分布式风力俘能结构俘能效率提升提供基础理论支持.

三维错列双波浪锥柱绕流流动特性数值仿真

利用大涡模拟分析了雷诺数Re=3900下间距比为L/Dm=4和5、交错角为α=0~15°的错列双波浪锥柱升阻力特性、流场结构及尾迹干涉效应。研究发现:对于特定间距比L/Dm=4、5,下游波浪锥柱脉动升力系数得到显著提高,在α=10°时较单直圆柱分别提升20.1倍和21.4倍,这主要是由上游波浪锥柱尾涡卷起撞击在下游波浪锥柱的一侧,下游波浪锥柱表面产生周期性的耦合力导致;受上游波浪锥柱两个自由端及其侧面来流与下游波浪柱作用产生的回流区的影响,下游波浪锥柱时均阻力系数显著降低。随着交错角增加,对于间距比L/Dm=4、5,下游波浪锥柱时均阻力系数逐渐接近上游柱,且在α=10°时,时均阻力系数较单圆柱分别降低34.9%和18.8%。涡量图展示了错列双波浪锥柱之间的完全撞击状态,侧面撞击状态和尾流干扰状态;且由于波浪锥柱表面形状的影响,使得流经波浪锥柱后方的尾涡存在明显分层现象,侧面撞击状态相对于其他两种状态能提供更大的脉动升力系数。本文研究结果可为风力俘能结构列阵的布局提供理论支持。

定常流作用于波浪形边界附近的圆柱上的水动力

本文介绍在水洞中做的作用于波浪形边界附近的水动力特性的实验研究。在基于圆柱模型直径的 R_c=10~4～1.9×10~4 范围内,测量了圆柱在波谷、波峰和不同距离上的阻力、升力脉动变化的频率。流谱显示实验揭示了尾流结构随距离-直径比 G/D 的变化情况及圆柱与边界相互作用的机制。

外形变化对圆柱体结构绕流特性的影响

基于CFD流体计算平台Fluent计算软件,对雷诺数Re=3900下波浪型圆柱体结构三维绕流问题进行了研究,主要分析波长比(λ/D_(m)=1.8~5.0)与波幅比(a/D_(m)=0.05~0.2)两个关键参数对波浪型圆柱体的绕流特性及其尾流场分布特性的影响且引入了光滑圆柱(UC)计算结果作对比,并进一步揭示其内在的尾流控制机理。研究表明:波浪型圆柱体尾流特性存在强烈的三维效应,节点处与鞍形处流场特性分布存在明显差异;波浪型圆柱尾流区的顺流向时均速度分布呈现出半对称U型,而轴向方向的时均速度分布则呈现出强烈的三维效应;波浪型柱体沿径向方向压力分布也呈现出强烈的三维效应,一般在节点处的压力达到最小值,在中间截面处压力值达到最大;随波幅比增大,阻力系数平均值与脉动性升力系数大致呈现出衰减趋势,并在a/D_(m)=0.2处达到最小值。波浪型柱体结构压差阻力的减少为结构流动控制提供相关支撑。

低雷诺数下直圆柱和波型圆柱受迫振动的数值研究

对低雷诺数下(Re=150)的直圆柱和波型圆柱在均匀来流中横向受迫振动问题进行了数值模拟研究。通过改变运动圆柱的振动频率和振幅,对比分析直圆柱和波型圆柱所受的升阻力,确定各自的锁定区间并分析在锁定状态下升力及尾涡的变化特性。数值结果表明:虽然波型圆柱在静止情况下能够完全抑制卡门涡街,但在受迫振动下其升阻力随振动频率的变化趋势与直圆柱相似;波型圆柱对升力和阻力的抑制分别体现在低频和高频段;升力曲线在锁定和非锁定状态下表现不同;锁定状态下,直圆柱尾流区的泻涡模式由振动频率控制,观察到2S和C(2S)两种模式;波型圆柱尾流区观察到唯一一种泻涡模式。

动波壁对圆柱体涡激振动的抑制作用研究

文章基于有限体积法,通过控制壁面的波动方式,考察了动波浪壁面对低雷诺数下两自由度弹性支撑圆柱体涡激振动的抑制作用。结果表明:由圆柱两侧向下游行进的壁面波能抑制漩涡的脱落;适当的壁面波动频率能大幅降低圆柱的横向振动;当雷诺数Re=500时,随着约化速度的增大,动波壁圆柱的横向位移值相对标准圆柱体始终维持在较低值区间内(0～0.05D),动波壁圆柱流向位移值相对标准圆柱体的减小幅度逐渐增加。

动波浪壁圆柱绕流三维数值模拟

利用计算流体力学软件 Fluent 开展了三维动波浪壁圆柱绕流的数值模拟，建立了三维运动波浪壁圆柱模型，通过 C语言自编程序实现波浪壁面的运动控制，并保证壁面变形时网格的高质量。在来流速度 u ＝0.125 m/ s、雷诺数 Re ＝12500的情况下，开展了动波浪壁波动速度 w＝0、0.0625、0.125、0.1875 m/ s 四个工况的计算分析，并比较了不同波动速度对流场结构、升力、阻力特性的影响。结果表明：动波浪壁圆柱能有效抑制流动的分离，消除交替脱落的尾涡，从而消除周期振荡的升力；在消除卡门涡街的同时，圆柱后驻点处的涡量值随波动速度增加而增加，其原因在于波形移动加大了壁面流体的速度，从而减小了圆柱前后的压力差，减小了阻力；随着波动速度的增大，平均阻力系数呈明显下降趋势，当波动速度为来流速度的1.5倍时，平均阻力系数相对于光滑圆柱下降了53.76％。