Effect of Waxy Wheat Flour Blends on the Quality of Chinese Steamed Bread

Steamed bread is very popular in the East and Southeast Asian regions, and its quality is affected by some physicochemical properties. Chinese steamed bread was made by adding waxy flour into normal wheat flour in the present study. The results showed that specific volume was not affected by the proportions of waxy flour, whereas, adding waxy flour decreased the appearance, color, texture, elasticity, stickiness, and the total score of Chinese steamed bread. However, there were no significant differences in all values when the proportions of waxy flour were below 10%. All evaluations but specific volume of Chinese steamed bread were positively influenced by the peak viscosity, resistance, and maximum resistance. When the waxy flour proportions were below 25%, the firmness of Chinese steamed bread stored at -18℃ for 3 days gradually decreased with the increase of waxy flour. It was revealed that the qualities of Chinese steamed bread cannot be improved by waxy flour but it can be widely used in frozen storing food in the future.

Effect of Waxy Wheat Flour Blends on the Quality of Fresh and Stale Bread

Starch is the major component in the wheat kernel, which is mainly composed of amylose and amylopectin. The wheat without amylose in its endosperm was called ＂waxy wheat＂. Waxy wheat can be used to adjust the amylose content and improve the wheat-based food quality by adding to non-waxy wheat flour. In order to investigate the effect of waxy wheat flour on the quality of fresh and stale bread, waxy wheat flour was added into the flour of Canadian Spring Wheat 2 at 0.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, and 35.0% to make breads. The physicochemical properties were adjusted to suitability by adding Yangmai 158 flour, and breads were evaluated for sensory quality, crumb firmness, loaf volume and weight loss over a period of 0, 2, 4, and 6 days. The result showed that the best total score of fresh bread was 82.9 by adding waxy flour at 7.0%, though no significant difference was found among blends with 0.0-15.0% of waxy flour. Breads with the addition of 22.0% waxy flour had lower firmness, and decreasing loss of weight. Waxy wheat flour blend at 15.0% was optimal in retarding staling without significant decreasing fresh bread quality in comparison to the control.

Effects of Sourdough Addition on the Quality and Shelf Life of Chinese Steamed Bread

The effect of adding sourdough with lactic acid bacteria(Lactobacillus plantarum M616) on dough quality and the sensory scores, specific volume, crumb firmness, and spread ratio of resultant Chinese steamed bread were studied. The moisture content of crumb and texture characteristics of the Chinese steamed bread with sourdough during storage were analyzed. In this study, 10%,20%, 30%, and 40% of sourdough addition was investigated. The sourdough starter resulted in significant decrease in the water absorption, development time, stability, and farinograph quality number of the dough. The addition of sourdough improved the quality of Chinese steamed bread such as improving the sensory scores and specific volume, decreasing the crumb firmness, and a lower spread ratio was observed with an increase in the sourdough concentration up to 30%. Sourdough addition delayed a fast decrease in the moisture content of the Chinese steamed bread crumb during storage. The texture profile analysis of the bread crumb indicated that the addition of sourdough improved the quality and delayed the staling speed of Chinese steamed bread during storage.Moreover, inclusion of 30% sourdough produced the best protective effect on product staling.

Effect of Pectins on Dough Rheology and Chinese Steamed Bread Quality

Dough preparation and performance are two critical factors influencing the final quality of wheat products. The influence of high and low methoxyl pectins on empirical and dynamic rheological properties of dough and Chinese steamed bread(CSB)quality were investigated. Different concentrations of high methoxyl apple pectin(HMAP), low methoxyl apple pectin(LMAP),and amidation apple pectin(ALMAP) were tested. Results from dynamic and empirical rheological tests indicated that all concentrations of pectins tested(0.2%, 0.6%, and 1%) negatively affected the gluten network. The low methoxyl pectins, LMAP and ALMAP, which had higher anionic densities, resulted in a pronounced weakening of the dough. Meanwhile, dough fermentation properties improved in the presence of appropriate pectins concentrations, and higher maximum dough height, stability of dough pore space, and gas retention were recorded. HMAP was the pectin most effective in influencing dough fermentation properties at all tested concentrations. Regarding CSB quality, textural properties, specific volume, moisture content, and water-holding capacity were analyzed. Generally, the textural properties of CSB were improved, including improved springiness and decreased hardness and chewiness, when 0.2%–0.6% HMAP or LMAP was used. The specific volume of CSB was increased by adding 0.2%–1% HMAP,0.6%–1% LMAP, or 0.2%–0.6% ALMAP. Moreover, CSB moisture loss was progressively reduced in the presence of different pectins at all tested concentrations during storage. In conclusion, pectins, especially HMAP, are good additives for improving the fermentation properties of dough and overall quality of CSB.

Study on the Quality Evaluation of Steamed Bread and the Physical and Chemical Properties of Wheat

In this study,the different physical and chemical properties of wheat were studied,and on this basis,and the quality of steamed bread made was evaluated.We analyzed the correlation between the evaluation indexes of steamed bread and the basic physical and chemical indexes of wheat,and investigated important factors that affect the evaluation indexes of steamed bread,including flour extraction rate,protein content,amylose content,protein,added amount of yeast,fermentation time and other aspects.According to the study results,it was shown that different factors had different effect on steamed bread quality,with both positive correlation and negative correlation.

Relationship between physicochemical characteristics of Korean wheat flour and quality attributes of steamed bread

The purpose of this study is to identify major factors affecting the manufacture and quality of steamed bread,consumed in Southeast Asia including China,Japan,and Korea.Hence,flours of 11 Korean wheat cultivars were used to evaluate quality attributes of two different styles of steamed bread,Korean style steamed bread(KSSB)and northern-style Chinese steamed bread(NSCSB).KSSB prepared more ingredients and higher optimum water absorption of dough than NSCSB because Korean consumers prefer white and glossy surface and soft crumb.KSSB showed lower height,larger diameter and volume of steamed bread,higher stress relaxation,and softer texture of crumb than NSCSB.The correlation between flour characteristics and quality of steamed bread was different in KSSB and NSCSB.About 90%of variability in the height and volume of KSSB could be predicted from protein content,mixing tolerance of Mixograph,average particle size of flour,final viscosity and solvent retention capacity.Protein content and quality parameters also could explain the variation of steamed bread height in NSCSB.Korean wheat carrying Glu-A3c allele produced higher volume of steamed bread(704.7 mL)than Glu-A3d allele(645.8 mL)in KSSB,although there was no significant difference in volume of NSCSB by glutenin compositions.Glu-D1d and Glu-A3c alleles had softer texture of crumb than Glu-D1f and Glu-A3d alleles in KSSB,Glu-B3i allele also showed lower hardness of crumb than their counterpart allele in NSCSB.Hard wheat showed higher height and volume of steamed bread,and lower stress relaxation and hardness of crumb than soft wheat in KSSB.

Study on Quality Traits for Steamed Bread Made from 25 Representative Wheat Varieties in Shandong Province

In order to study steamed bread quality traits and explore good wheat cultivars, 25 wheat cultivars grown in Shandong province were used through one-process fermentation procedure to examine the variability of steamed bread quality traits and the correlation between quality and score. The results showed that all the steamed bread quality traits expressed large variable coefficient except volume, L* value, l* value and cohesiveness traits, which suggested that the genetic diversity made from wheat in Shandong province was large. The average comprehensive score of the steamed bread was 76.8 for the tested 25 varieties, and ten varieties reached the good steamed bread level, which were Liangxing 99, Luyuan 205, Jimai 22, Jinan 17, Tainong 19, Wennong 17, Huaiyin 84137, and Huaimai 8. The main quality factors affecting the steamed bread score were volume, L* value, A* value, hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness. Among these factors, the adhesiveness has a significantly positive correlation with the hardness and cohesive, and the volume has a significantly positive correlation with the A* value. The volume, L* value has a significantly positive correlation with score, A* value, hardness and chewiness, and gumminess has a significantly negative correlation with the score. There was no correlation between the score and other traits. The results will benefit the understanding of steamed bread quality in wheat cultivated in Shandong. l

Effect of Chinese steamed bun and bread processing on pesticide residues in wheat flour

The changes of five pesticides including imidacloprid, triadimefon, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and chlorpyrifos in wheat flour during Chinese steamed bun and bread processing were systematically investigated. The pesticide residues were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector. Dough mixing step in both Chinese steamed bun and bread processing reduced the concentration of five pesticide residues significantly by 33 to 46%. It was mainly attributed to the increase of moisture content in mixed dough during this step. The reduction of pesticides in fermenting step varied from 2 to 22% in Chinese steamed bun and bread processing. Resting step in both Chinese steamed bun and bread processing has little effect on the pesticide residues with the reduction from 2 to 8%. The five pesticides have different behaviours in steaming step of Chinese steamed bun processing and in baking step of bread processing. During the steaming step, only the concentrations of triadimefon and imidacloprid residues in crust were increased by 52 and 1%, the others in crust and in crumb of Chinese steamed bun were decreased by 4 to 38%. After the baking step, the concentrations of triadimefon and imidacloprid residues in crust, and the triadimefon residue in crumb of bread were increased by 65, 83, and 14%, respectively, the others were all reduced. The processing factors (PFs) for triadimefon and imidacloprid in crust in the steaming and baking steps, for triadimefon in crumb in the baking steps were greater than 1, and the others were all less than 1. Overall, this study provides important references for monitoring pesticide residues in the processing of wheat flour products. The PFs obtained could be helpful for the risk assessment of pesticides in wheat flour products.

安徽麦区软质小麦籽粒品质和终端制品品质评价

为明确安徽大田生产环境下软质小麦籽粒和终端产品品质表现,评价优质软麦品种的加工适用性,本研究选取该区当前推广种植的24个软质小麦品种,对其籽粒和面粉的主要品质性状及其制品南方馒头和曲奇饼干的品质进行差异性、相关性分析,并以美国软白麦近五年的主要品质性状平均值为理想指标进行灰色关联度比较。结果表明,供试材料的硬度、面粉色泽b^(*)、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间等籽粒品质性状变异系数较大,而容重、面粉L^(*)值和吸水率变异系数较小。南方馒头品质性状中,白度差异最小,比容差异最大;曲奇饼干品质性状中,感官评分变异系数较大,饼干直径均值和变异系数都较小。蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间均符合弱筋标准(GB/T 17320-2013)的样品数为0。相关分析表明,容重、降落值、面粉L^(*)、b^(*)、白度与大部分性状间相关性不显著;籽粒硬度与水SRC和乳酸SRC均呈显著正相关,与湿面筋含量和面粉a^(*)值均呈显著负相关。蛋白质含量与面粉a^(*)值等7个指标均呈显著正相关,与面粉b^(*)、碳酸钠SRC和面团稳定时间均呈显著负相关;4种溶剂保持力均与吸水率均呈显著正相关;面筋性能指数GPI与蛋白质含量等6个性状均呈显著正相关。南方馒头比容与籽粒硬度、面团形成时间和稳定时间均呈显著负相关,与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面粉a^(*)值均呈显著正相关性;曲奇饼干直径、直/厚比与湿面筋含量、水SRC间均呈显著负相关。灰色关联度结果显示,紫麦19、百农201、豫麦158、隆平麦968、荃麦725共5个品种与美国软白麦关联度均超过0.900,其总体品质表现与美国软白麦较接近,是较好的饼干和南方馒头小麦品种。

小麦淀粉对面团微观结构及冷冻面团馒头品质的影响

淀粉作为小麦粉的主要成分在决定面团特性以及冷冻面团馒头品质中发挥着重要的作用。采用分离重组的方法,探究淀粉添加比例分别为0%(对照组)、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%时,混合粉糊化特性、面团微观结构、游离巯基含量和冷冻面团馒头品质的变化。结果表明:不同比例淀粉的添加量改变了混合粉的糊化特性和粉质特性,分别与淀粉添加比例呈线性相关关系。随着淀粉添加比例的增加,混合粉面团弱化度和面团中游离巯基含量逐渐增加,从微观结构的变化发现面团中面筋蛋白网络的连续性逐渐降低。当淀粉添加比例达到20%时,冷冻面团馒头的硬度和咀嚼性达到最小值,分别为2833 g和2567 g。适当增加小麦粉中的淀粉含量改善面团的加工适应性,更利于冷冻面团馒头的制备。

小麦颗粒粉特性及馒头制作品质研究

该研究通过选用国内大型小麦粉加工企业生产的,且目前销售较为广泛的8种小麦颗粒粉,与一种普通小麦粉进行比较,对小麦颗粒粉的粒度、基本理化特性、糊化特性、面团发酵特性及馒头的制作品质进行研究。结果表明,与普通小麦粉相比,颗粒粉粒度大,灰分低、损伤淀粉含量低;发酵特性较好;制作的馒头比容大、硬度小,比较绵软、不黏口。综上所述,同普通小麦粉相比,颗粒小麦粉馒头加工品质较优。因此,在馒头用小麦粉制粉时可以适当改变磨粉工艺,控制磨粉强度,减少研磨次数,减少损伤淀粉含量,提高小麦粉的使用价值,可以将颗粒粉应用到新型馒头粉的开发上。

不同改性麸皮回填全麦粉馒头品质特性的比较

为比较研究不同改性麸皮回填制备的全麦粉对其馒头品质的影响,本文采用常压蒸汽、过热蒸汽、微波、挤压、酶解(木聚糖酶)和发酵(酵母)六种方式对小麦麸皮进行改性处理。改性后的小麦麸皮回填至小麦粉中得到不同麸皮性质的全麦粉,制作全麦馒头,比较研究了不同改性麸皮回填全麦粉馒头的感官品质、质构特性和老化性质的差异性,并采用主成分分析法对六种改性麸皮回填全麦粉馒头品质进行综合分析。结果表明,六种改性麸皮对全麦馒头品质均有一定程度的改善作用,其中,挤压和发酵麸皮加深了全麦馒头表观颜色;改性全麦馒头的感官综合评分较对照组提升了7.3~16.8分,酶解麸皮全麦馒头得分最高;改性全麦馒头芯的弹性和粘聚性变化不显著,发酵和常压蒸汽麸皮能显著降低全麦馒头芯硬度(P<0.05),发酵麸皮能显著降低全麦馒头芯的咀嚼性(P<0.05),发酵改性麸皮全麦馒头质构品质最佳;−20℃储藏24h期间,相比于未改性麸皮,发酵、酶解、挤压和过热蒸汽改性麸皮组全麦馒头的焓值显著降低(P<0.05),这有利于延缓全麦馒头的老化,且在初始贮藏时,发酵麸皮全麦馒头焓值最低,表现出最好的延缓全麦馒头淀粉老化的效果。综合品质数据和主成分分析结果得出,发酵改性麸皮全麦馒头品质最好,麸皮的发酵改性是一种改良全麦粉品质的有效途径。

小麦粉理化特性与面条及馒头质量的关系

为了解小麦粉理化特性与面条、馒头质量特性的关系,通过对已发表的小麦粉理化特性与面条、馒头质量性状相关性研究结果的系统分析,了解小麦粉理化特性与面条、馒头质量性状的关系,进一步明确影响面条、馒头质量的面粉理化性状。结果认为,面条质量受小麦粉蛋白特性和淀粉特性的共同影响,与蛋白质含量、稳定时间、弱化度、最大拉伸阻力及支链淀粉含量、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度及回生值等指标存在显著相关关系。馒头质量受蛋白质和部分淀粉特性的影响,与蛋白质含量、面筋指数、沉淀值、稳定时间、最大拉伸阻力,以及峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度等指标存在显著相关关系。本结果对评估小麦粉的食品制作能力或潜力具有指导意义,可为专用面粉的开发和质量控制关键指标选择提供依据。

脱脂大豆粉对小麦粉品质及馒头增白效果的影响及应用稳定性研究

研究了脱脂大豆粉对小麦粉品质及馒头增白效果的影响。结果表明:添加脱脂大豆粉降低了小麦粉的白度,显著提高了小麦粉的脂肪氧化酶活性,增加了小麦粉的吸水率,延长了形成时间和稳定时间,增加了小麦粉的面筋指数,当脱脂大豆粉添加量为0.4%(以小麦粉质量为基准)、储藏时间为45 d时,对馒头的增白效果最好。

小麦品质性状与北方手工馒头品质指标关系的研究

以主要来自我国小麦主产区———黄淮麦区的114个品种为材料,对19个小麦品质性状与馒头品质之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明,要提高馒头的总分,必须协调好馒头体积、比容与外观、结构、弹韧性间的矛盾,并注重外观、结构、弹韧性以及粘性的改良。19个品质性状中17个与不同馒头指标相关显著。高蛋白质含量有利于增加馒头的体积和比容,但不利于馒头优良外观、结构和弹韧性的形成,最终明显降低馒头的总分;稳定时间长、延展性好的强筋面团加工馒头的结构、弹韧性和外观差,不适合制作优质手工馒头,但对总分影响不显著;膨胀势和RVA粘度参数高可以显著改善馒头的外观、结构和弹韧性,进而显著提高馒头的总分。回归和通径分析的结果与相关分析的趋势是一致的,进一步明确了影响馒头指标的主要小麦品质性状及其对馒头指标的直接和间接效应。提出了优质馒头的小麦品质指标的理想取值和参考取值范围以及定性指标。

贮藏蛋白组分对小麦面团流变学特性和食品加工品质的影响

【目的】贮藏蛋白组成与组分含量显著影响食品加工品质,研究贮藏蛋白组分含量对加工品质的影响,指导小麦品质改良。【方法】选用近几年北方冬麦区育成的优质品种和高代品系及山东省主栽品种为材料,采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)和凝胶色谱(SE-HPLC)方法对贮藏蛋白组分进行量化,并分析它们与面团流变学特性、面包、面条和馒头加工品质的关系。【结果】谷蛋白总量(Glu)、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)含量和低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)含量与反映面筋强度的和面时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积和最大抗延阻力呈1%显著正相关(r=0.61～0.83),与面包品质均呈显著正相关(r=0.34～0.85),而醇溶蛋白与谷蛋白含量比(Gli/Glu)与这些参数均呈显著负相关(r=-0.37～-0.85,P<0.05)。SDS不溶性谷蛋白聚合体百分含量(%UPP)与面团稳定时间和最大抗延阻力呈对数关系,决定系数分别达0.84和0.86;与面包总分呈显著正相关(r=0.76,P<0.001),决定系数为0.58。Glu、HMW-GS、LMW-GS和%UPP与面条的色泽、硬度、总分和馒头的光滑度呈5%显著负相关(r=-0.36～-0.63),而Gli/Glu与这些参数呈5%显著正相关(r=0.37～0.57)。醇溶蛋白总量及各组分含量与馒头的压缩张驰性呈1%显著正相关,与馒头的总评分呈显著负相关。【结论】贮藏蛋白组分含量对面团流变学特性和面包品质影响较大,当Glu和%UPP分别达到32.5AU和48.9%时,面筋强度(稳定时间大于10.0min)和面包品质较优,而对面条和馒头品质影响相对较小,且多为负向效应。

利用物性测试仪分析小麦粉馒头品质

以我国小麦主产区的201份小麦样品为材料,研究小麦粉馒头品尝评分与物性测试仪的TPA测试指标之间的关系,探讨TPA测试在评价小麦粉馒头加工品质中的应用。结果表明,TPA测试能够使品尝指标量化,便于数据处理和分析;其弹性、硬度和粘附性指标对馒头综合评分的作用较大,其回归方程能够解释馒头综合评分变异的61.4%;弹性、粘附性和回复性对品尝得分的作用显著,其回归方程能够解释品尝评分变异的50.6%。但是,在对TPA测试结果进行分析时也应注意,该测试结果中的咀嚼性指标与品尝试验中的韧性指标并不是同一个概念,不能表示样品韧性的高低。

法国小麦在中国馒头和面条中的应用初探

本文主要就 4种法国商用小麦的理化特性及其面粉的理化特性和面团的流变学特性等进行较为全面地分析 ,并初步探索了法国小麦粉在中国传统食品馒头、面条中的应用 ,旨在为合理利用法国小麦、面粉制作中国传统食品馒头。

糯小麦粉配粉理化特性及其对馒头品质的影响

糯小麦粉由于直链淀粉含量很低而被赋予其独特的理化性质。采用糯小麦品种（中糯一号）制粉并与非糯小麦粉（农大393）配粉,对糯小麦粉及配粉的理化特性及对馒头品质和延缓老化等影响进行了研究。结果表明,与常规小麦粉相比,糯小麦粉直链淀粉含量仅为1.45%,与非糯小麦粉配粉能显著地改变面团的流变学特性和糊化黏度特性：面团的吸水率提高;面筋强度降低;RVA黏度试验中,各项黏度参数除糊化温度外均显著地降低。添加15%的糯小麦粉能显著地改善馒头的表皮结构、内部结构、表皮色泽和综合评分,15%~20%的糯小麦粉添加比例能有效地延缓馒头的老化。此外,直链淀粉含量,直/支淀粉含量比值,面粉的RVA黏度特性各项参数（糊化温度和峰值时间除外）,面团的各项粉质仪参数（弱化度除外）,吹泡参数中吹泡韧性P和拉伸比值P/L和面筋指数均是影响馒头老化速率的重要的影响因子。

基因型和环境对小麦品种籽粒性状及馒头品质的影响

研究了 15个冬小麦品种的产量及 13个籽粒和馒头品质性状在 5个生态试验点的表现。结果表明 :(1)基因型方差在所有性状上达到极显著 ,环境方差在产量和 12个品质性状上达到显著或极显著 ,基因型×环境互作方差在 10个品质性状上达到显著或极显著。基因型变异在半数性状上大于环境变异 ,并在所有性状上大于基因型×环境互作变异 ;(2 )多数性状的稳定性因品种而异 ,一些重要品质性状具有较好的稳定性。