Effect of Waxy Wheat Flour Blends on the Quality of Chinese Steamed Bread

Steamed bread is very popular in the East and Southeast Asian regions, and its quality is affected by some physicochemical properties. Chinese steamed bread was made by adding waxy flour into normal wheat flour in the present study. The results showed that specific volume was not affected by the proportions of waxy flour, whereas, adding waxy flour decreased the appearance, color, texture, elasticity, stickiness, and the total score of Chinese steamed bread. However, there were no significant differences in all values when the proportions of waxy flour were below 10%. All evaluations but specific volume of Chinese steamed bread were positively influenced by the peak viscosity, resistance, and maximum resistance. When the waxy flour proportions were below 25%, the firmness of Chinese steamed bread stored at -18℃ for 3 days gradually decreased with the increase of waxy flour. It was revealed that the qualities of Chinese steamed bread cannot be improved by waxy flour but it can be widely used in frozen storing food in the future.

Effect of Waxy Wheat Flour Blends on the Quality of Fresh and Stale Bread

Starch is the major component in the wheat kernel, which is mainly composed of amylose and amylopectin. The wheat without amylose in its endosperm was called ＂waxy wheat＂. Waxy wheat can be used to adjust the amylose content and improve the wheat-based food quality by adding to non-waxy wheat flour. In order to investigate the effect of waxy wheat flour on the quality of fresh and stale bread, waxy wheat flour was added into the flour of Canadian Spring Wheat 2 at 0.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, and 35.0% to make breads. The physicochemical properties were adjusted to suitability by adding Yangmai 158 flour, and breads were evaluated for sensory quality, crumb firmness, loaf volume and weight loss over a period of 0, 2, 4, and 6 days. The result showed that the best total score of fresh bread was 82.9 by adding waxy flour at 7.0%, though no significant difference was found among blends with 0.0-15.0% of waxy flour. Breads with the addition of 22.0% waxy flour had lower firmness, and decreasing loss of weight. Waxy wheat flour blend at 15.0% was optimal in retarding staling without significant decreasing fresh bread quality in comparison to the control.

Effects of Sourdough Addition on the Quality and Shelf Life of Chinese Steamed Bread

The effect of adding sourdough with lactic acid bacteria(Lactobacillus plantarum M616) on dough quality and the sensory scores, specific volume, crumb firmness, and spread ratio of resultant Chinese steamed bread were studied. The moisture content of crumb and texture characteristics of the Chinese steamed bread with sourdough during storage were analyzed. In this study, 10%,20%, 30%, and 40% of sourdough addition was investigated. The sourdough starter resulted in significant decrease in the water absorption, development time, stability, and farinograph quality number of the dough. The addition of sourdough improved the quality of Chinese steamed bread such as improving the sensory scores and specific volume, decreasing the crumb firmness, and a lower spread ratio was observed with an increase in the sourdough concentration up to 30%. Sourdough addition delayed a fast decrease in the moisture content of the Chinese steamed bread crumb during storage. The texture profile analysis of the bread crumb indicated that the addition of sourdough improved the quality and delayed the staling speed of Chinese steamed bread during storage.Moreover, inclusion of 30% sourdough produced the best protective effect on product staling.

Effect of Pectins on Dough Rheology and Chinese Steamed Bread Quality

Dough preparation and performance are two critical factors influencing the final quality of wheat products. The influence of high and low methoxyl pectins on empirical and dynamic rheological properties of dough and Chinese steamed bread(CSB)quality were investigated. Different concentrations of high methoxyl apple pectin(HMAP), low methoxyl apple pectin(LMAP),and amidation apple pectin(ALMAP) were tested. Results from dynamic and empirical rheological tests indicated that all concentrations of pectins tested(0.2%, 0.6%, and 1%) negatively affected the gluten network. The low methoxyl pectins, LMAP and ALMAP, which had higher anionic densities, resulted in a pronounced weakening of the dough. Meanwhile, dough fermentation properties improved in the presence of appropriate pectins concentrations, and higher maximum dough height, stability of dough pore space, and gas retention were recorded. HMAP was the pectin most effective in influencing dough fermentation properties at all tested concentrations. Regarding CSB quality, textural properties, specific volume, moisture content, and water-holding capacity were analyzed. Generally, the textural properties of CSB were improved, including improved springiness and decreased hardness and chewiness, when 0.2%–0.6% HMAP or LMAP was used. The specific volume of CSB was increased by adding 0.2%–1% HMAP,0.6%–1% LMAP, or 0.2%–0.6% ALMAP. Moreover, CSB moisture loss was progressively reduced in the presence of different pectins at all tested concentrations during storage. In conclusion, pectins, especially HMAP, are good additives for improving the fermentation properties of dough and overall quality of CSB.

Study on the Quality Evaluation of Steamed Bread and the Physical and Chemical Properties of Wheat

In this study,the different physical and chemical properties of wheat were studied,and on this basis,and the quality of steamed bread made was evaluated.We analyzed the correlation between the evaluation indexes of steamed bread and the basic physical and chemical indexes of wheat,and investigated important factors that affect the evaluation indexes of steamed bread,including flour extraction rate,protein content,amylose content,protein,added amount of yeast,fermentation time and other aspects.According to the study results,it was shown that different factors had different effect on steamed bread quality,with both positive correlation and negative correlation.

Relationship between physicochemical characteristics of Korean wheat flour and quality attributes of steamed bread

The purpose of this study is to identify major factors affecting the manufacture and quality of steamed bread,consumed in Southeast Asia including China,Japan,and Korea.Hence,flours of 11 Korean wheat cultivars were used to evaluate quality attributes of two different styles of steamed bread,Korean style steamed bread(KSSB)and northern-style Chinese steamed bread(NSCSB).KSSB prepared more ingredients and higher optimum water absorption of dough than NSCSB because Korean consumers prefer white and glossy surface and soft crumb.KSSB showed lower height,larger diameter and volume of steamed bread,higher stress relaxation,and softer texture of crumb than NSCSB.The correlation between flour characteristics and quality of steamed bread was different in KSSB and NSCSB.About 90%of variability in the height and volume of KSSB could be predicted from protein content,mixing tolerance of Mixograph,average particle size of flour,final viscosity and solvent retention capacity.Protein content and quality parameters also could explain the variation of steamed bread height in NSCSB.Korean wheat carrying Glu-A3c allele produced higher volume of steamed bread(704.7 mL)than Glu-A3d allele(645.8 mL)in KSSB,although there was no significant difference in volume of NSCSB by glutenin compositions.Glu-D1d and Glu-A3c alleles had softer texture of crumb than Glu-D1f and Glu-A3d alleles in KSSB,Glu-B3i allele also showed lower hardness of crumb than their counterpart allele in NSCSB.Hard wheat showed higher height and volume of steamed bread,and lower stress relaxation and hardness of crumb than soft wheat in KSSB.

Study on Quality Traits for Steamed Bread Made from 25 Representative Wheat Varieties in Shandong Province

In order to study steamed bread quality traits and explore good wheat cultivars, 25 wheat cultivars grown in Shandong province were used through one-process fermentation procedure to examine the variability of steamed bread quality traits and the correlation between quality and score. The results showed that all the steamed bread quality traits expressed large variable coefficient except volume, L* value, l* value and cohesiveness traits, which suggested that the genetic diversity made from wheat in Shandong province was large. The average comprehensive score of the steamed bread was 76.8 for the tested 25 varieties, and ten varieties reached the good steamed bread level, which were Liangxing 99, Luyuan 205, Jimai 22, Jinan 17, Tainong 19, Wennong 17, Huaiyin 84137, and Huaimai 8. The main quality factors affecting the steamed bread score were volume, L* value, A* value, hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness. Among these factors, the adhesiveness has a significantly positive correlation with the hardness and cohesive, and the volume has a significantly positive correlation with the A* value. The volume, L* value has a significantly positive correlation with score, A* value, hardness and chewiness, and gumminess has a significantly negative correlation with the score. There was no correlation between the score and other traits. The results will benefit the understanding of steamed bread quality in wheat cultivated in Shandong. l

Effect of Chinese steamed bun and bread processing on pesticide residues in wheat flour

The changes of five pesticides including imidacloprid, triadimefon, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and chlorpyrifos in wheat flour during Chinese steamed bun and bread processing were systematically investigated. The pesticide residues were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector. Dough mixing step in both Chinese steamed bun and bread processing reduced the concentration of five pesticide residues significantly by 33 to 46%. It was mainly attributed to the increase of moisture content in mixed dough during this step. The reduction of pesticides in fermenting step varied from 2 to 22% in Chinese steamed bun and bread processing. Resting step in both Chinese steamed bun and bread processing has little effect on the pesticide residues with the reduction from 2 to 8%. The five pesticides have different behaviours in steaming step of Chinese steamed bun processing and in baking step of bread processing. During the steaming step, only the concentrations of triadimefon and imidacloprid residues in crust were increased by 52 and 1%, the others in crust and in crumb of Chinese steamed bun were decreased by 4 to 38%. After the baking step, the concentrations of triadimefon and imidacloprid residues in crust, and the triadimefon residue in crumb of bread were increased by 65, 83, and 14%, respectively, the others were all reduced. The processing factors (PFs) for triadimefon and imidacloprid in crust in the steaming and baking steps, for triadimefon in crumb in the baking steps were greater than 1, and the others were all less than 1. Overall, this study provides important references for monitoring pesticide residues in the processing of wheat flour products. The PFs obtained could be helpful for the risk assessment of pesticides in wheat flour products.

不同分子量蛋白质对小麦品质及馒头加工品质的影响

为了解不同分子量蛋白质对小麦品质及馒头加工品质的影响,以石优17、石4366、石麦15等30个石麦系列小麦品种为材料,对不同分子量蛋白质相对含量、品质特性以及馒头加工品质进行了检测与分析。结果表明,UPP(SDS不溶性蛋白大聚体)、LPP(大分子量聚合体蛋白)、LMP(大分子量单体蛋白)的相对含量及LPP/LMP比值与小麦粉的大多数品质指标存在显著或极显著相关性;不同分子量蛋白质相对含量较蛋白质含量更能反映小麦品质;UPP相对含量可作为小麦粉品质性状及面筋特性的预测和评价指标。蛋白质含量显著影响馒头的粘着性,UPP、LPP、LMP相对含量及LPP/LMP比值主要影响馒头质构特性中的硬度、胶着性及咀嚼度。UPP相对含量可以作为评估小麦粉是否适宜馒头加工的重要指标。

干燥温度对高水分小麦加工和应用品质的影响

为探究不同干燥温度对高水分小麦品质的影响,采用不同热风干燥温度(65、85、105、125℃)对初始水质量分数26%的小麦进行干燥处理,以未烘干小麦为对照,分析干燥对小麦加工及应用品质的影响。结果表明:热风干燥温度对高水分小麦品质影响显著,随热风温度升高,干燥后的小麦容重显著下降,裂纹率显著上升。在相同条件下制得的小麦粉,出粉率和灰分含量变化不大,破损淀粉有所下降,白度上升,粒径减小,溶剂保持力、沉淀指数降低,其中125℃下出粉率影响较大,破损淀粉含量和白度影响较小。与对照样品相比,65、85℃干燥对面筋含量和质量影响不大,面团的加工特性有所改善,馒头比容变化不大,硬度、黏性显著降低。当干燥温度为105℃和125℃时,湿面筋含量、形成时间、稳定时间显著下降,面团的操作性能降低,馒头比容和感官得分下降。对于制作馒头而言,26%水质量分数的小麦可采用不高于85℃的干燥温度。

不同包装形式对大米-小麦混合粉馒头贮藏品质的影响

为探究大米-小麦混合粉馒头的最佳包装形式和贮藏方式,通过分析馒头中微生物含量、水分含量、质构特性及复蒸后感官特性,揭示透气包装、脱氧包装和密封包装在25℃和4℃贮藏条件下对大米-小麦混合粉馒头品质的影响。研究发现,透气包装馒头的水分含量、弹性的下降速率和硬度的上升速率最快,感官评分最低;整个贮藏中脱氧包装馒头的水分含量和硬度略小于密封包装馒头,弹性大于密封包装馒头。在25℃贮藏时透气包装、脱氧包装和密封包装馒头分别在1、6、3 d时菌落总数超过6 lg CFU/g;2、5、4 d时霉菌数超过标准GB/T 21118-2007200 CFU/g,1、3、5 d时出现感观品质劣变。在4℃贮藏时密封包装、脱氧包装和透气包装馒头分别在8、14、12 d时菌落总数超过6 lg CFU/g,10、12、10 d时霉菌数超过标准GB/T 21118-2007200 CFU/g,8、12、10 d时出现感观品质劣变。因此,采用脱氧包装的低温贮藏形式使馒头具有较好的贮藏品质。

粗糙脉孢菌发酵改性黑小麦麸皮馒头配方优化及其品质分析

以黑小麦粉、粗糙脉孢菌(Nc)发酵改性黑小麦麸皮(BWB)为主要原料,制备Nc-BWB馒头。以馒头感官评分、比体积及宽高比为综合评价指标,通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化馒头配方,并对其色度、质构和挥发性风味物质进行分析。结果表明:最佳配方为以Nc-BWB与黑小麦粉总质量计,Nc-BWB添加量8%、水添加量49%、酵母添加量1%,在此条件下制得的Nc-BWB馒头综合评分为87.25。与BWB馒头和纯黑小麦粉馒头相比,Nc-BWB馒头L^(*)值最低,a^(*)值最高。Nc-BWB馒头中醇类、萜烯类、杂环类挥发性物质相对含量最多;四氢薰衣草醇、苯乙醛、反式-2,4-癸二烯醛、丙位壬内酯、亚油酸乙酯、α-石竹烯是Nc-BWB馒头中独有的风味物质。质构分析表明,用Nc发酵改性后的BWB制备馒头对其品质起到了改善作用。

传统发酵制剂对全麦馒头食用品质的影响

全麦馒头食用品质不佳一直是限制全麦推广应用的首要限制性因素。本文以商用酵母发酵的全麦馒头为对照,选取不同地区的21种传统发酵制剂,探究其对全麦馒头色泽、质构特性、比容和感官评价等食用品质的影响。通过主成分分析方法优选出适合全麦馒头食用品质改良的传统发酵制剂。结果表明:与普通全麦馒头相比,15种发酵制剂均对全麦馒头食用品质起到改良作用。其中,全麦馒头质构特性中的硬度降低5.03%~40.76%,比容提高0.66%~41.72%,感官评价综合评分提高0.29%~9.08%。主成分分析中,主要与前3主成分因子呈正相关关系的指标是黏聚性、回复性、咀嚼性和弹性以及全麦馒头色泽和比容。综合食用品质排名前3的依次是编号为15号、6号、18号的传统发酵制剂全麦馒头。本研究结果为传统发酵制剂对全麦馒头食用品质改良提供数据支持,有助于全麦馒头的推广。

小麦品质性状与北方手工馒头品质指标关系的研究

以主要来自我国小麦主产区———黄淮麦区的114个品种为材料,对19个小麦品质性状与馒头品质之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明,要提高馒头的总分,必须协调好馒头体积、比容与外观、结构、弹韧性间的矛盾,并注重外观、结构、弹韧性以及粘性的改良。19个品质性状中17个与不同馒头指标相关显著。高蛋白质含量有利于增加馒头的体积和比容,但不利于馒头优良外观、结构和弹韧性的形成,最终明显降低馒头的总分;稳定时间长、延展性好的强筋面团加工馒头的结构、弹韧性和外观差,不适合制作优质手工馒头,但对总分影响不显著;膨胀势和RVA粘度参数高可以显著改善馒头的外观、结构和弹韧性,进而显著提高馒头的总分。回归和通径分析的结果与相关分析的趋势是一致的,进一步明确了影响馒头指标的主要小麦品质性状及其对馒头指标的直接和间接效应。提出了优质馒头的小麦品质指标的理想取值和参考取值范围以及定性指标。

贮藏蛋白组分对小麦面团流变学特性和食品加工品质的影响

【目的】贮藏蛋白组成与组分含量显著影响食品加工品质,研究贮藏蛋白组分含量对加工品质的影响,指导小麦品质改良。【方法】选用近几年北方冬麦区育成的优质品种和高代品系及山东省主栽品种为材料,采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)和凝胶色谱(SE-HPLC)方法对贮藏蛋白组分进行量化,并分析它们与面团流变学特性、面包、面条和馒头加工品质的关系。【结果】谷蛋白总量(Glu)、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)含量和低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)含量与反映面筋强度的和面时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积和最大抗延阻力呈1%显著正相关(r=0.61～0.83),与面包品质均呈显著正相关(r=0.34～0.85),而醇溶蛋白与谷蛋白含量比(Gli/Glu)与这些参数均呈显著负相关(r=-0.37～-0.85,P<0.05)。SDS不溶性谷蛋白聚合体百分含量(%UPP)与面团稳定时间和最大抗延阻力呈对数关系,决定系数分别达0.84和0.86;与面包总分呈显著正相关(r=0.76,P<0.001),决定系数为0.58。Glu、HMW-GS、LMW-GS和%UPP与面条的色泽、硬度、总分和馒头的光滑度呈5%显著负相关(r=-0.36～-0.63),而Gli/Glu与这些参数呈5%显著正相关(r=0.37～0.57)。醇溶蛋白总量及各组分含量与馒头的压缩张驰性呈1%显著正相关,与馒头的总评分呈显著负相关。【结论】贮藏蛋白组分含量对面团流变学特性和面包品质影响较大,当Glu和%UPP分别达到32.5AU和48.9%时,面筋强度(稳定时间大于10.0min)和面包品质较优,而对面条和馒头品质影响相对较小,且多为负向效应。

利用物性测试仪分析小麦粉馒头品质

以我国小麦主产区的201份小麦样品为材料,研究小麦粉馒头品尝评分与物性测试仪的TPA测试指标之间的关系,探讨TPA测试在评价小麦粉馒头加工品质中的应用。结果表明,TPA测试能够使品尝指标量化,便于数据处理和分析;其弹性、硬度和粘附性指标对馒头综合评分的作用较大,其回归方程能够解释馒头综合评分变异的61.4%;弹性、粘附性和回复性对品尝得分的作用显著,其回归方程能够解释品尝评分变异的50.6%。但是,在对TPA测试结果进行分析时也应注意,该测试结果中的咀嚼性指标与品尝试验中的韧性指标并不是同一个概念,不能表示样品韧性的高低。

法国小麦在中国馒头和面条中的应用初探

本文主要就 4种法国商用小麦的理化特性及其面粉的理化特性和面团的流变学特性等进行较为全面地分析 ,并初步探索了法国小麦粉在中国传统食品馒头、面条中的应用 ,旨在为合理利用法国小麦、面粉制作中国传统食品馒头。

糯小麦粉配粉理化特性及其对馒头品质的影响

糯小麦粉由于直链淀粉含量很低而被赋予其独特的理化性质。采用糯小麦品种（中糯一号）制粉并与非糯小麦粉（农大393）配粉,对糯小麦粉及配粉的理化特性及对馒头品质和延缓老化等影响进行了研究。结果表明,与常规小麦粉相比,糯小麦粉直链淀粉含量仅为1.45%,与非糯小麦粉配粉能显著地改变面团的流变学特性和糊化黏度特性：面团的吸水率提高;面筋强度降低;RVA黏度试验中,各项黏度参数除糊化温度外均显著地降低。添加15%的糯小麦粉能显著地改善馒头的表皮结构、内部结构、表皮色泽和综合评分,15%~20%的糯小麦粉添加比例能有效地延缓馒头的老化。此外,直链淀粉含量,直/支淀粉含量比值,面粉的RVA黏度特性各项参数（糊化温度和峰值时间除外）,面团的各项粉质仪参数（弱化度除外）,吹泡参数中吹泡韧性P和拉伸比值P/L和面筋指数均是影响馒头老化速率的重要的影响因子。

基因型和环境对小麦品种籽粒性状及馒头品质的影响

研究了 15个冬小麦品种的产量及 13个籽粒和馒头品质性状在 5个生态试验点的表现。结果表明 :(1)基因型方差在所有性状上达到极显著 ,环境方差在产量和 12个品质性状上达到显著或极显著 ,基因型×环境互作方差在 10个品质性状上达到显著或极显著。基因型变异在半数性状上大于环境变异 ,并在所有性状上大于基因型×环境互作变异 ;(2 )多数性状的稳定性因品种而异 ,一些重要品质性状具有较好的稳定性。

新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系

为了给优质面包、馒头、面条专用品种选育提供品质辅助选择指标,以30份新疆冬小麦品种(包括自育品种和引进品种)为材料,分析了新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系。回归分析结果表明,小麦籽粒性状、面粉品质、面团特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽对新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头和面条加工品质均有显著影响;面粉灰分、湿面筋、稀懈值、亮度和红度是影响面包、馒头和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;形成时间、稳定时间、延展度是影响面包和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;而籽粒性状仅对新疆冬小麦品种馒头加工品质有显著影响。相关分析结果表明,千粒重、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力、红度和黄度与面包总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.460、0.516、0.537、0.719、0.707、0.534和-0.403;籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白含量和湿面筋含量与馒头总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.397、-0.458和-0.552,面团延展度、稀懈值与面条总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.438和0.432。从以上结果可以看出,面包与面团流变学特性,馒头与蛋白质和面筋数量,面条与面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性的关系更为密切,这些品质性状可以作为新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头、面条加工品质改良时的辅助选择指标。