Oscillation of Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction driven by weak electric fields

Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction(DMI) is under extensive investigation considering its crucial status in chiral magnetic orders, such as Néel-type domain wall(DW) and skyrmions. It has been reported that the interfacial DMI originating from Rashba spin–orbit coupling(SOC) can be linearly tuned with strong external electric fields. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate that the strength of DMI exhibits rapid fluctuations, ranging from 10% to 30% of its original value, as a function of applied electric fields in Pt/Co/MgO heterostructures within the small field regime(< 10-2V/nm). Brillouin light scattering(BLS) experiments have been performed to measure DMI, and first-principles calculations show agreement with this observation, which can be explained by the variation in orbital hybridization at the Co/MgO interface in response to the weak electric fields. Our results on voltage control of DMI(VCDMI) suggest that research related to the voltage control of magnetic anisotropy for spin–orbit torque or the motion control of skyrmions might also have to consider the role of the external electric field on DMI as small voltages are generally used for the magnetoresistance detection.

A 3-D Hybrid Framework {[(dafone)PbI_2](dafone)_2}_n Constructed from Weak Interactions by Introducing Aromatic H-bond Acceptors: Synthesis and Theoretical Study

A new 3-D hybrid framework {[（dafone）PbI2]（dafone）2}n 1 （dafone = 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one） has been prepared and structurally determined. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 24.109（8）, b = 16.596（8）, c = 7.983（3）A, β = 91.590（15）°, V = 3193（2）A^3, Z = 4, C33H18I2N6O3Pb, Mr = 1007.53, Dc = 2.096 g/cm^3, F（000） = 1880, μ（MoKα） = 7.262 mm^-1, the final R = 0.0352 and wR = 0.0951 for 3198 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. In the [（dafone）PbI2]n chain, the Pb center adopts a distorted octahedral coordination geometry and shares an edge to give a one-dimensional polymer. The 3-D arrangement of 1 constructs from H-bonds among dafone molecules and π-π stacking interactions among dissociative dafone molecules. These weak interactions contribute to the stability of the title compound. DFT calculation was carried out to reveal its electronic structure.

Interesting Weak Interactions in Three Silver Coordination Polymers Based on Tetrafluorobenzenedicarboxylate and Benzonitrile Ligands

The assembly reactions of o- （or m-, or p-） tetrafluorobenzenedicarboxylic acid （denoted as o-H2L, m-H2L and p-HzL, respectively）, benzonitrile and Ag＋ ion led to three compounds： [Ag2（PhCN）2（o-HL）2]n （1）, [Ag2（PhCN）2（m-HL）2]n （2） and [Ag2（PhCN）2（p-L）], （3）. 1 and 2 feature a 1D coordination chain, while 3 bears a 2D net structure. A variety of weak interactions are observed in the compounds. Strong nwrinteractions connect the 1D chains into a 3D supramolecular network in 1. Hydrogen bonds connect the chains into layers in 2. Three types of interesting π-π interactions also assemble the 2D layers into a 3D overall structure in 3.

The Weak Interaction on CO_2...CO van der Waals Complex: A Theoretical Study

The geometries of van der Waals complex CO 2...CO were optimized at DFT and second order Moller Plesset perturbation(MP2) levels with the large basis set, three stable structures were found. The most stable structure has a T shape geometry in which the CO lies along the C 2 axis of CO 2, with the two C atoms direct contact and R (C...C)=0 3227 nm. The corresponding energies of the most stable structure were calculated by means of MP2, MP4D, MP4DQ, MP4SDTQ, MP4SDQ, CCSD and CCSD(T) methods. The BSSE(basis set superposition error) was eliminated by the Boys Bernardi counterpoise correction(CP) method. According to thermodynamics data, van der Waals complex CO 2...CO can be found at a low temperature and/or a high pressure. There is a little charge transferred between the two interacted subunits. In the most stable structure, CO 2 is the acceptor and CO is the donor.

Characteristics of lateral vehicular interactions in heterogeneous traffic with weak lane discipline

Heterogeneous traffic conditions prevail in developing countries. Vehicles maintain weak lane discipline which increases lateral interactions of vehicles significantly. It is necessary to study these interactions in the form of maintained lateral gaps for modeling this traffic scenario. This paper aims at determining lateral clearances maintained by different vehicle types while moving in a heterogeneous traffic stream during overtaking. These data were collected using an instrumented vehicle which runs as a part of the stream. Variation of obtained clearance with average speed of interacting vehicles is studied and modeled. Different instrumented vehicles of various types are developed using （1） ultrasonic sensors fixed on both sides of vehicle, which provide inter-vehicular lateral distance and relative speed; and （2） GPS device with cameras, which provides vehicle type and speed of interacting vehicles. They are driven on different roads in six cities of India, to measure lateral gaps maintained with different interacting vehicles at different speeds. Relationships between lateral gaps and speed are modeled as regression lines with positive slopes and beta-distributed residuals. Nature of these graphs （i.e., slopes, intercepts, residuals） are also evaluated and compared for different interacting vehicle-type pairs. It is observed that similar vehicle pairs maintain less lateral clearance than dissimilar vehicle pairs. If a vehicle interacts with two vehicles （one on each side） simultaneously, lateral clearance is reduced and safety of the vehicles is compromised. The obtained relationships can be used for simulating lateral clearance maintaining behavior of vehicles in heterogeneous traffic.

Spin-Spin Interactions in Gauge Theory of Gravity, Violation of Weak Equivalence Principle and New Classical Test of General Relativity

For a long time, it has been generally believed that spin-spin interactions can only exist in a theory where Lorentz symmetry is gauged, and a theory with spin-spin interactions is not perturbatively renormalizable. But this is not true. By studying the motion of a spinning particle in gravitational field, it is found that there exist spin-spin interactions in gauge theory of gravity. Its mechanism is that a spinning particle will generate gravitomagnetic field in space-time, and this gravitomagnetic field will interact with the spin of another particle, which will cause spin-spin interactions. So, spin-spin interactions are transmitted by gravitational field. The form of spin-spin interactions in post Newtonian approximations is deduced. This result can also be deduced from the Papapetrou equation. This kind of interaction will not affect the renormalizability of the theory. The spin-spin interactions will violate the weak equivalence principle, and the violation effects are detectable. An experiment is proposed to detect the effects of the violation of the weak equivalence principle.

One-dimensional Chain Topology in [Ag(C_6H_6NCl)_2](ClO_4), Generated through Weak Interaction between Molecules

The mononuclear complex [Ag(C6H6NCl)2](ClO() has been prepared and structurally analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with unit cell parameters: a=15.5314(2), b=8.0247(8), c=15.3701(2)?.β=118.832(2)°, V=1678.2(3)?3, Z=4, Mr=462.46, Dc=1.830Mg/m3, F(000)=912, μ(MoKα) = 1.694cm-1. The final R and wR are 0.0472 and 0.1272 for 1484 observed reflections with I≥3σ(I). The Ag atom is coordinated by two nitrogen atoms of 4-chloromethyl-pyridine in a linear coordination geometry. Each molecule is further linked by the weak interaction between the Cl and Ag atoms to form a one-dimensional chain structure with Ag－Cl distance of 3.240?.

ON WEAK MINIMUM ABERRATION AND NUMBER OF CLEAR TWO-FACTOR INTERACTION COMPONENTS IN s_Ⅳ～(m-p) DESIGNS

This article obtains some theoretical results on the number of clear two-factor interaction components and weak minimum aberration in an sm-pIVdesign, by considering the number of not clear two-factor interaction components of the design.

Weak Interactions and 2D Layer Structure of a New Ion-pair Complex Bis(1-benzyl-4-methylquinolinium)-bis(maleonitriledithiolato)nickel(Ⅱ)

A new ion-pair complex, [BzMeQ1]2[Ni（nmt）2]1（[BzMeQ1]^＋ = 1-benzyl-4-ntethylquino- linium, mnta- -- maleonitriledithiolate） has been synthesized and structurally characterized by IR, ESI-MS and X-ray diffraction methods. Complex 1 is of triclinic, space group PI, with a = 9.079（2）, b = 10.154（2）, c = 11.243（2）A, α= 81.58（1）, β= 69.63（1）, γ = 68.02（1）°, V= 940.1（3）A3, Dc = 1.427 g/cm^3, Z = 1, F（000） = 418 and R = 0.0442. A 2D layer structure is formed via the cation-cation π…π and C-H…π interactions observed in the solid state of the complex.

WEAK SOLUTION TO THE INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLUID AND A THERMOELASTIC PLATE INTERACTION PROBLEM IN 3D

In this paper we deal with a nonlinear interaction problem between an incompressible viscous fluid and a nonlinear thermoelastic plate.The nonlinearity in the plate equation corresponds to nonlinear elastic force in various physically relevant semilinear and quasilinear plate models.We prove the existence of a weak solution for this problem by constructing a hybrid approximation scheme that,via operator splitting,decouples the system into two sub-problems,one piece-wise stationary for the fluid and one time-continuous and in a finite basis for the structure.To prove the convergence of the approximate quasilinear elastic force,we develop a compensated compactness method that relies on the maximal monotonicity property of this nonlinear function.

NMR STUDIES ON THE WEAK INTERACTION OF FOUR-MONONUCLEOTIDES WITH TRYPTAMIDE AND LEUCINAMIDE

NMR spectroscopy analysis was introduced to investigate the weak interaction of four 5'—mononucleotides with tryptamide and leucinamide. Assuming a 1∶1 complex formation, the association constants were determined by nonlinear regression analysis. The association affinity of 4 mononucleotides with tryptamide decreased in the order: G>A>C>U, indicating that purine bases stack more strongly with tryptamide than pyrimidine bases. But with leucinamide the affinity decreases in the order: G>C>A=U, suggesting an amino acid—anticodonic preferential interaction. The implication of the present data to the origin of genetic code was briefly discussed.

INTERACTION OF STRONG AND WEAK SINGULARITIES FOR HYPERBOLIC SYSTEM OF CONSERVATION LAWS IN MULTIDIMENSIONAL SPACE

In this paper we study the interaction of strong and weak singularities for hyperbolic system of conservation laws in multidimensional space. Under the assumption of transversal intersect of the shock front with the bicharacteristics bearing weak singularities we proved a theorem on regularity propagation across the shock front.

Selection Rules in Weak Interaction and Conservation of Fermion Quantum Number

Traditionally, in weak interaction, I3, Y and four flavour quantum numbers are not conserved but several empirical selection rules work well. Recently, it was found that, in weak interaction, there are three levels of conservation of additive quantum numbers, and fermion quantum number F is conserved in all kinds of interactions. It is known that weak interaction has three types: fermionic, pure hadronic and pure leptonic, corresponding to the first and the second level of conservation of additive quantum numbers respectively. It is demonstrated in this paper that the selection rules in all types of weak interaction can be interpreted by conservation of F, and the formula of relation between Q/e, F and F0 is more general than Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula. Description of weak interaction becomes simpler, If only we take Q, F0 and F, based on the conserved physical quantities.

Weak ENSO Asymmetry Due to Weak Nonlinear Air–Sea Interaction in CMIP5 Climate Models

State-of-the-art climate models have long-standing intrinsic biases that limit their simulation and projection capabilities. Significantly weak ENSO asymmetry and weakly nonlinear air-sea interaction over the tropical Pacific was found in CMIP5 （Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5） climate models compared with observation. The results suggest that a weak nonlinear air-sea interaction may play a role in the weak ENSO asymmetry. Moreover, a weak nonlinearity in air-sea interaction in the models may be associated with the biases in the mean climate--the cold biases in the equatorial central Pacific. The excessive cold tongue bias pushes the deep convection far west to the western Pacific warm pool region and suppresses its development in the central equatorial Pacific. The deep convection has difficulties in further moving to the eastern equatorial Pacific, especially during extreme El Nifio events, which confines the westerly wind anomaly to the western Pacific. This weakens the eastern Pacific El Nifio events, especially the extreme E1 Nifio events, and thus leads to the weakened ENSO asymmetry in climate models. An accurate mean state structure （especially a realistic cold tongue and deep convection） is critical to reproducing ENSO events in climate models. Our evaluation also revealed that ENSO statistics in CMIP5 climate models are slightly improved compared with those of CMIP3. The weak ENSO asymmetry in CMIP5 is closer to the observation. It is more evident in CMIP5 that strong ENSO activities are usually accompanied by strong ENSO asymmetry, and the diversity of ENSO amplitude is reduced.

Dinuclear Silver(Ⅰ) Complex Based on 1-Picolyl-3-propylbenzimidazolium Salt: Crystal Structure and Weak Interactions

1-Picolyl-3-propylbenzimidazolium bromide （LBr） was prepared from benzimida- zole by alkylation with 2-chloromethyl-pyridine in the presence of NaH, followed by quaternization with 1-bromopropane. Ligand LBr was treated with AgBr in CH2Cl2 to afford a dinuclear silver（I） complex L2Ag2Br4 （1）. In complex 1, a 2-D supramolecular layer is formed through two types of π-π stacking interactions. Fluorescent emission spectra of ligand LBr and complex 1 are described.

Weak Interaction and the Nature of Virtual Particles

The granular structure of space, the nature of virtual particles and the unity of physical interactions are under study. The mass of an elementary cell in the Universe is determined, as a whole, with the physical meaning of the renormalization procedure changing in this case.

Weak Intermolecular Interactions for Strengthening Organic Batteries

Organic batteries have attracted a lot of attention due to the advantages of flexibility,light weight,vast resources,low cost,recyclability,and ease to be functionalized through molecular design.The biggest difference between organic materials and inorganic materials is the relatively weak intermolecular interactions in organic materials but strong covalent or ionic bonds in inorganic materials,which is the inherent reason of their different physiochemical and electrochemical characteristics.Therefore,the relatively weak intermolecular interactions can indisputably affect the electrochemical performance of organic batteries significantly.Herein,the intermolecular interactions that are closely related to organic redox-active materials and unique in organic batteries are summarized into three parts:1)between neighbor active molecules,2)between active molecules and the conduction additives,and 3)between active molecules and the binders.We hope this short review can give a distinct viewpoint for better understanding the internal reasons of high-performance batteries and stimulate the deep studies of relatively weak intermolecular interactions for strengthening the performance of organic batteries.

INTERNAL WAVE EIGENMODES AND THEIR WEAK NONLINEAR RESONANT INTERACTION IN A NONLINEARLY STRATIFIED FLUID- A PRELIMINARY THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

A preliminary theoretical and experimental study was conducted on internal wave modes and their weak nonlinear resonant interaction in a nonlinearly stratified fluid . An asymptotical solution of the modes and a dispersion relation of internal waves in a stratified fluid with density profile similar to that in our experiment were obtained theoretically . The resonant-interaction mechanism to 2nd order approximation is also discussed . The resonant interaction of the 3rd and 4th mode internal waves excited by the unstable 1st mode wave is analyzed on the basis of data obtained by conductivity probes. The resonant-interaction condition, , is examined . It is shown that the resonant instability increases with pycnocline thickness and wave maker driving frequency .

Probing the weak interactions between amino acids and carbon monoxide

The relatively weak interactions between some non-charged amino acids with CO were investigated theoretically by using density functional theory （DFT） method. The stretching frequency of CO correlates well with its bond length followed the Badger＇s rule, and the correlation between binding energy and Mulliken charge partition of CO was also investigated for the first time. 2007 Ying Wu Lin. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Luminescent Property of a Novel Pt(Ⅱ) Complex with Weak Metal-metal Interaction

The title complex cis-bis（tetrahydrothiophene）-bis（nitrate） platinum（H）, （tht）2Pt（NO3）2, was the reducing product from potassium hexachloroplatinate（IV） K2PtC16 where the platinum is tetra-valenced. Crystal data for CsH16N206PtS2： monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 9.8833（5）, b = 8.6744（4）, c = 18.6407（9）A,β = 114.401（3）°, V = 1455.35（12）A3 Z = 4, Mr = 495.44, Dc = 2.261 g/cm3, F（000） = 944,μ = 9.950 mm-1, 2（MoKa） = 0.71073 A, T= 293（2） K, 2θmax = 54.96°, GOOF = 1.033, R = 0.0350 and wR = 0.0785 for 2572 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the title complex has interesting weak metal-metal interactions and two molecules linked by metal-metal interaction exist as a group. Luminescent spectrum illuminates red emission of the complex at room temperature.