Accurate Distinction of Weak and Strong AC Grids for Emerging Hierarchical-Infeed LCC-UHVDC Systems

Distinction of weak and strong AC grids for emerging hierarchical-infeed LCC-UHVDC systems is important for planning and operation departments. However, accuracy of earlier distinction methods is limited as they were developed by empirical reasoning without rigorous theoretical analysis. Hence in this letter, hierarchical-infeed interactive effective short-circuit ratio (HIESCR) index is first used for strength evaluation of HIDC systems with complex inter-inverter interactions considered. Boundary HIESCR (BHIESCR) is also introduced in the proposed distinction method of weak and strong AC grids. That is, weak (or strong) AC grids are, respectively, identified when HIESCR is less (or greater) than BHIESCR. Second, it is shown BHIESCR remains almost unchanged as 3.0 versus various system parameters and rated operation variables based on rigorous theoretical analysis. This salient feature makes the proposed method more accurate than earlier methods. Finally, the proposed method is validated by simulations based on the PSCAD/EMTDC program.

Coordinated voltage control of renewable energy power plants in weak sending-end power grid

The utilization of renewable energy in sending-end power grids is increasing rapidly,which brings difficulties to voltage control.This paper proposes a coordinated voltage control strategy based on model predictive control(MPC)for the renewable energy power plants of wind and solar power connected to a weak sending-end power grid(WSPG).Wind turbine generators(WTGs),photovoltaic arrays(PVAs),and a static synchronous compensator are coordinated to maintain voltage within a feasible range during operation.This results in the full use of the reactive power capability of WTGs and PVAs.In addition,the impact of the active power outputs of WTGs and PVAs on voltage control are considered because of the high R/X ratio of a collector system.An analytical method is used for calculating sensitivity coefficients to improve computation efficiency.A renewable energy power plant with 80 WTGs and 20 PVAs connected to a WSPG is used to verify the proposed voltage control strategy.Case studies show that the coordinated voltage control strategy can achieve good voltage control performance,which improves the voltage quality of the entire power plant.

新能源并网逆变器的阻尼互济控制策略

光伏与风电换流站近区并网发电可在一定程度上实现新能源随机波动情况下的电能互补。然而,新能源密集汇入电网易触发宽频振荡风险。目前,常采用逆变器阻抗重塑法抑制电压源逆变器–电网耦合系统宽频振荡现象,但该方法对高频谐振抑制有限。对此,提出一种新能源逆变器的阻尼互济控制策略,利用光伏和风电在时间尺度上的互补特征,将光伏和风电逆变器在间歇阶段重塑为阻抗适配装置,在风光能量互补的同时,实现了阻尼互济,综合抑制新能源并网发电引发的宽频振荡现象。最后,基于RT-Box实验平台验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

计及锁相环动态的单相并网逆变器建模及稳定性研究综述

随着可再生能源渗透率的提高,电网呈现出高电网阻抗的弱电网甚至极弱电网特征,锁相环与电网阻抗交互作用将恶化跟网型逆变器低频稳定性。近年来,诸多文献针对单相跟网型逆变器中的低频振荡问题进行了研究,但缺乏对现有成果系统性地梳理和总结,难以明确进一步的研究重点。为此,该文首先梳理和评述现有计及锁相环影响的逆变器建模及稳定性分析方法,直观地阐述锁相环引起的负阻效应对系统低频稳定性的影响机制,并在此基础上,从改进电流控制环和锁相环角度,系统性地归纳和分析现有各种低频鲁棒性提高方法。最后,总结现有研究在稳定性分析及鲁棒性改进上的不足及研究关键点和难点,指出进一步的研究方向。

Dynamic Couplingand Cooperative Control for Multi-paralleled Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Farms during Symmetrical Low Voltage Ride-through in a Weak Grid

In multi-fed grid-connected systems,there are complex dynamic interactions between different pieces of equipment.Particularly in situations of weak-grid faults,the dynamic coupling between equipment becomes more pronounced.This may cause the system to experience small-signal instability during the fault steady-state.In this paper,multi-paralleled doubly fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind farms(WFs)are taken as an example to study the dynamic coupling within a multi-fed system during fault steady-state of symmetrical low voltage ride-through(LVRT)in a weak grid.The analysis reveals that the dynamic coupling between WFs will introduce a damping shift to each WF.This inevitably affects the system’s dynamic stability and brings the risk of small-signal instability during fault steady-state in LVRT scenarios.Increasing the distance to fault location and fault severity will exacerbate the dynamic coupling between WFs.Because of the dynamic coupling,adjusting the control state of one WF will affect the stability of the remaining WFs in the system.Hence,a cooperative control strategy for multi-paralleled DFIG WFs is proposed to improve dynamic stability during LVRT.The analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are verified by modal analysis and simu-lation.

提升弱电网新能源集群送出能力的调相机优化配置方法

针对提升送端弱电网系统强度及新能源消纳能力的技术需求,分析了短路比指标与新能源集群送出能力之间的关联;分析了调相机接入对短路比指标的影响;建立了兼顾弱电网系统强度和集群新能源消纳的调相机配置双层优化模型,内层模型以各新能源场站出力最大为目标,确定短路比约束下各新能源场站最大出力限值,外层模型以调相机配置容量最小为目标,计算各新能源场站实际出力与该场站最大出力限值的差值,对调相机配置容量进行校核。通过实际典型电网仿真分析表明,调相机优化配置后系统强度大幅提升,同时,98%的新能源场站最大可消纳空间达到各新能源场站理论最大可消纳空间的95%。

弱电网下提高并网变流器稳定性的导纳重塑方法

并网变流器接入弱电网易发生振荡问题,基于无源性理论提出一种导纳重塑控制策略来提高系统稳定性能,使并网系统在中低频段不受电网等值阻抗的影响。首先,为了便于构造严格正实的变流器导纳矩阵,将变流器导纳模型分解为两个子系统进行分析,找出可重塑的控制环节;然后,基于正实方法设计了外环重塑矩阵M和内环重塑矩阵N,使并网系统在中低频段内渐进稳定。此外,导纳重塑后的系统是一个对称系统即单输入单输出系统,可方便求取系统的稳定裕度。仿真和实验均验证了所提导纳重塑方法在提高系统稳定性和简化系统稳定性分析的可行性和有效性。

大规模新能源接入弱同步支撑柔直系统的送端自适应VSG控制策略

新能源汇集经柔性直流输电(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)技术送出是促进新能源消纳的有效方式。但新能源渗透率的持续增加导致电网强度不断下降,采用传统跟网型(grid-following,GFL)换流技术已无法满足系统稳定运行需求。为提高系统弱电网适应性,满足大规模新能源接入弱同步支撑柔直系统应用场景需求,提出在柔直系统送端换流站采用VSG控制策略。首先,建立整流侧控制小信号数学模型,利用根轨迹法深入研究虚拟阻抗对系统稳定性的影响。其次,提出利用交流电压变化率及电压差值等电气量构建虚拟电抗自适应调整项的改进VSG控制算法,在保证系统等效阻抗呈感性的同时,可提高送端交流系统的等效短路比,达到改善系统整体性能的效果。最后,通过PSCAD/EMTDC电磁暂态仿真验证所提控制策略的有效性。

基于随机矩阵理论的电网薄弱环节辨识策略

随着电网规模不断扩大,新型电力系统的运行特性愈加复杂,准确辨识电网存在的薄弱环节对提高系统的监测能力和保障系统的可靠运行具有重要的实际意义。文中基于随机矩阵理论提出了一种电网薄弱环节辨识策略。该策略利用电网运行中的实测数据构造随机矩阵,基于随机矩阵理论构建薄弱环节的判断指标,并设计了薄弱节点和薄弱支路的判断方法。该方法从数据相关性的角度进行分析,不需要考虑实际电网复杂的网络结构和运行机理,因此没有复杂的建模过程。为了验证该方法的可行性,通过IEEE 39节点系统搭建了算例仿真,并与传统方法进行了对比。结果表明,所提策略在辨识薄弱节点和支路上具有较好效果,且准确性相较于传统方法有所提升。

Robust Dichotomy Solution-Based Model Predictive Control for the Grid-Connected Inverters with Disturbance Observer

This paper proposes a robust dichotomy-based model predictive control(DS-MPC)with a fixed switching frequency for the grid-connected inverter(GCI).The proposed fast dichotomy algorithm can select and deduce the optimal voltage vector dynamically through the space vector plane.Therefore,the proposed DS-MPC strategy could ensure dynamic performance and steady-state performance as well.Also,the current control robustness can be improved through DS-MPC with disturbance observer(DO)based on the extended Kalman filter(EKF).The novelty of this control is that the current control with fast dynamic response can be realized in the weak grid,even if the grid voltages are greatly distorted.Simulation and hardware experiments on the weak grid validate the effectiveness of the proposed DS-MPC with the EKF observer approach.

Oscillation Characteristics Analysis and Equivalent Modeling of Multiple CIGs Connected to Weak Grid

The stability problem of weak grid connected converter interfaced generation(CIG)cannot be ignored.For multiple weak grid connected CIGs with different parameters,the system oscillation characteristics and equivalence methods still need to be further studied.This paper first discusses the oscillation characteristics when CIGs are perfectly coupled,perfectly decoupled and their general conditions respectively.Based on the Monte Caro simulation,the number of critical eigenvalues,the participation of each CIG to critical eigenvalues and the correlative parameters to participation are analyzed.Then the single-CIG and multi-CIG equivalence methods are proposed for stations containing nonidentical CIGs.The CIG parameters of a single-CIG equivalent model are identified based on the consistency of the output admittance characteristics.According to the different participations of CIGs with critical eigenvalues,the station is equivalent to a multi-CIG model.Results of large simulation samples show that the two equivalent models can both preserve the critical eigenvalues very well,and can be used for stability analysis.Furthermore,the multi-CIG equivalent model can also very well reflect the participation of CIGs in detailed models,and can be used for damping control study.

高海拔山区铁路牵引供电系统——问题、挑战与对策思考

我国西部高海拔山区铁路部分区段面临沿线缺乏有力电网支撑,外部电源系统极端薄弱,途径复杂大坡道高原山区,建设难度大。高海拔山区铁路对牵引供电系统的技术要求非常特殊,对外部电网接入方案、牵引变电所供电能力、电源备用方式、长大坡道电分相处理方案等诸多方面提出了极为特殊的要求。该文从输电网–牵引变电所协同规划、长大坡道对牵引供电系统电压抬升影响、客货混跑下牵引供电系统谐波稳定性问题3个方面,分别剖析高海拔山区铁路牵引供电系统安全运行所面临的难题。然后,通过梳理总结已有文献研究,依次从考虑列车负荷和风光新能源不确定性的输电网随机规划方法、长大坡道下牵引负荷准确模拟与电压抬升机理分析、电力机车–牵引网系统宽频带谐波稳定性分析与振荡抑制措施3个角度对上述问题进行初步分析,同时给出了可能的解决方案,为高海拔山区铁路安全运行研究提供了借鉴。

柔性直流输电系统的构网型控制关键技术与挑战

随着大规模非同步电源替代传统电网部分同步电机,电源结构和电网骨架发生变化,电力系统将面临弱系统、惯量低和电压支撑弱的问题。采用构网型控制的柔性直流输电系统可模拟同步电机运行特性,在实现功率传输的同时发挥电网支撑作用。文中对构网型控制柔直应用场景和技术框架进行了介绍,从并网性能评价、宽频谐振稳定和暂态稳定性3个角度分析了构网型控制应用于柔直领域的关键技术,归纳分析了在控制参数设计、一次设备过流能力以及能量来源3个方面的挑战以及若干技术方向。

弱电网下改进LADRC抑制直驱风机次同步振荡研究

针对在弱电网下直驱风电机组引起的次同步振荡(subsynchronousoscillation,SSO)现象,提出基于一阶总扰动偏差控制的微分前馈线性自抗扰控制器(linear active disturbance rejection control,LADRC),采用全改进LADRC控制策略抑制SSO现象(“全”是指电压外环、电流内环以及PLL锁相环3个环节都采用相应的控制)。首先,建立直驱风电机组并网数学模型;其次,结合风电机组并网系统对改进LADRC控制器进行设计并对其进行特性分析,该控制器相较于传统LADRC,不仅减小系统的跟踪误差且抗干扰性能更强;最后,通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件将本文策略与全PI、全传统LADRC进行仿真对比。结果表明:相较于全传统LADRC,本文方法在降低1.62%超调量的同时,缩短0.129 s系统调节时间,有效抑制SSO现象并且具有较好的适应性。

Improved Fractional-order Damping Method for Voltage-controlled DFIG System Under Weak Grid

When a doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)is connected to a weak grid,the coupling between the grid and the DFIG itself will increase,which will cause stability problems.It is difficult to maintain the tracking accuracy and robustness of the phase-locked loop(PLL)in the weak grid,and the risk of instability of the current-controlled DFIG(CC-DFIG)system will increase.In this paper,a new type of voltage-controlled DFIG(VC-DFIG)mode is adopted,which is a grid-forming structure that can independently support the voltage and frequency with a certain adaptability in the weak grid.A small-signal impedance model of the VC-DFIG system is also established.The impedance of DFIG inevitably generates coupling with the grid impedance in the weak grid,especially in parallel compensation grids,and results in resonance.On the basis of the VC-DFIG,impedance stability analysis is performed to study the influences of the control structure and short-circuit ratio.Then,a feedforward damping method is proposed to modify the impedance of the VC-DFIG system at resonance frequencies.The proposed fractional order damping is utilized,which can enhance the robustness and rapidity of resonance suppression under parameter fluctuations.Finally,the experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Small-signal Stability Analysis and Improvement with Phase-shift Phase-locked Loop Based on Back Electromotive Force Observer for VSC-HVDC in Weak Grids

Voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)transmission technology has been extensively employed in power systems with a high penetration of renewable energy resources.However,connecting a voltage source converter(VSC)to an AC weak grid may cause the converter system to become unstable.In this paper,a phase-shift phaselocked loop(PS-PLL)is proposed wherein a back electromotive force(BEMF)observer is added to the conventional phaselocked loop(PLL).The BEMF observer is used to observe the voltage of the infinite grid in the stationaryαβframe,which avoids the problem of inaccurate observations of the grid voltage in the dq frame that are caused by the output phase angle errors of the PLL.The VSC using the PS-PLL can operate as if it is facing a strong grid,thus enhancing the stability of the VSC-HVDC system.The proposed PS-PLL only needs to be properly modified on the basis of a traditional PLL,which makes it easy to implement.In addition,because it is difficult to obtain the exact impedance of the grid,the influence of shortcircuit ratio(SCR)estimation errors on the performance of the PS-PLL is also studied.The effectiveness of the proposed PSPLL is verified by the small-signal stability analysis and timedomain simulation.

Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control and Stability Analysis for Modular Multilevel Converters Under Weak Grid

The modular multilevel converters(MMCs) are popularly used in high-voltage direct current(HVDC) transmission systems. However, for the direct modulation based MMC, its complex internal dynamics and the interaction with the grid impedance would induce the frequency coupling effect, which may lead to instability issues, especially in the case of weak grid. To effectively suppress the sub-and super-synchronous oscillations, this paper proposes a linear active disturbance rejection control(LADRC) based MMC control strategy. The LADRC mainly consists of the linear extended state observer(LESO) and the linear state error feedback(LSEF). And it is a potential method to enhance the system stability margin, attributing to its high anti-interference capability and good tracking performance. Thereupon, the system small-signal impedance model considering frequency coupling is established. And the effect of the introduction of the LADRC on the system stability is further investigated using the Nyquist criterion. Particularly, the influences of key control parameters on the stability are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the impact of LADRC on the transient performance is explored through closed-loop zero poles. Finally, the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are verified via electromagnetic simulations.

基于数据多重模糊过滤的电网信号弱区域通信系统设计

当前的通信系统在电网信号弱区域对干扰信号的过滤能力较差,通信稳定性较差。针对上述问题,设计基于数据多重模糊过滤的电网信号弱区域通信系统。硬件设计以激励器为核心,通过COFDM编码单元建立多径干扰。选用I/Q调制器和模数转换实现信息校正,通过时钟同步模块内部的时钟频率信号保证信号同步。系统的软件利用数据多重模糊过滤技术,分析通信信号属性关联度,判断信号关联度,得到弱电区域性质阈值,分析信号关联,与阈值比较,完成模糊过滤,过滤掉干扰信息。实验结果表明,所设计系统能够有效提高干扰信息和冗余信息的过滤效率,提高通信过程的稳定性。

弱连接条件下并网VSC系统稳定性分析研究综述

弱连接条件下并网电压源型换流器（voltage source converter,VSC）系统的稳定性是目前电力电子化电力系统稳定性研究中最受关注、最具有实际应用意义的重要问题之一。该文从并网VSC系统模型、稳定性分析方法、稳定性机理分析3个方面梳理和回顾十几年来国内外对该问题的相关研究成果。特别是针对弱连接条件下并网VSC系统稳定性的机理研究,从锁相环（phase locked loop,PLL）动态影响、PLL与VSC控制系统间交互作用的影响、以及不考虑PLL动态影响3个方面,详细综述迄今获得的研究进展;最后,从分析方法、主要结论以及遗留问题3方面进行总结和展望。

区域电网内弱联机群摆动对互联系统功角稳定性的影响

基于三机等值系统,从区域内部发电机群摆动对等值电势的影响入手,探讨研究大互联电网暂态稳定新特征。分析表明,扰动后区域内部机群会相互摆动,导致等效电势幅值变动,使互联系统功率特性产生变化,从而影响到系统暂态稳定能力。其中,当区域内功角超前机群受扰严重时,互联系统更容易发生功角稳定问题。因此在研究大互联系统暂态稳定性问题时,并不能简单地用故障期间冲击能量衡量系统暂态稳定受扰严重程度,还需分析区域机群相互摆动给系统暂态稳定所带来的影响。