Structural Design of Roadbed and Pavement in Transition Section of Roads and Bridges

As the lifeline of social development,road and bridge projects are the main channel to realize resource transportation and economic circulation.Ensuring the quality of road and bridge project construction is crucial for the development of society,the economy,and people’s livelihoods.This paper studies the design of roadbed pavement structures in road and bridge transition sections.It aims to provide technical references and significance for China’s road and bridge engineering design and construction units,promoting scientific and standardized design in these actions.This will contribute to the safety and stable operation of road and bridge projects,offering effective technical support.Furthermore,it seeks to foster the sustainable and healthy development of China’s road and bridge engineering on a macro level.

Bridge plating in the setting of radiocarpal instability:Does distal fixation to the second or third metacarpal matter?A cadaveric study

BACKGROUND Radiocarpal dislocations are rare but potentially devastating injuries.Poorer outcomes are associated with inadequate or lost reduction,such as ulnar translocation,but no consensus exists on the ideal fixation technique.Dorsal bridge plate fixation has been described for various settings in the treatment of complex distal radius fractures and can be fixed distally to the second or third metacarpal,but its application for radiocarpal dislocations has not been established.AIM To determine whether distal fixation to the second or third metacarpal matters.METHODS Using a cadaveric radiocarpal dislocation model,the effect of distal fixation was studied in two stages:(1)A pilot study that investigated the effect of distal fixation alone;and(2)a more refined study that investigated the effect of described techniques for distal and proximal fixation.Radiographs were measured in various parameters to determine the quality of the reduction achieved.RESULTS The pilot study found that focusing on distal fixation alone without changing proximal fixation results in ulnar translocation and volar subluxation when fixing distally to the second metacarpal compared with the third.The second iteration demonstrated that anatomic alignment in coronal and sagittal planes could be achieved with each technique.CONCLUSION In a cadaveric radiocarpal dislocation model,anatomic alignment can be maintained with bridge plate fixation to the second metacarpal or the third metacarpal if the described technique is followed.When considering dorsal bridge plate fixation for radiocarpal dislocations,the surgeon is encouraged to understand the nuances of different fixation techniques and how implant design features may influence proximal placement.

Penetration of the Stiffener Web to Deck Plate Weld in Orthotropic Plated Bridge Decks

This paper reports the results of experimental research the longitudinal stiffeners in an orthotropic plated bridge deck on concerning the connection between the deck plate and the web of a microscopic scale. An important number of test specimens of a weld are studied with the help of a video microscope, to detect the efficiency of the root of the weld. The second part of the paper is concerned with parametric analysis of the lack of weld penetration by using accurate finite element modelling. The results demonstrate that the weld quality often required can not always be assured, which surely has important consequence on the stresses in the weld and the fatigue resistance.

Analysis on cracking of deck pavement on Jiangyin Bridge

Based on four-year field inspection and investigation on deck pavement of mastic asphalt on Jiangyin Bridge, cracking causes of mastic asphalt are studied. Cracks of deck pavement are summarized on crack length and width to get a clear view of their propagations. Traffic surveys including traffic volume, axle load and vehicle speed were also conducted to assess their influences. Samples taken on-site were tested with pulling-out test and fatigue test to benchmark their properties. According to the inspection and tests results, it is concluded that the cracks are induced by rutting and fatigue. Lack of fatigue resistance, not well bonded to the steel deck and insufficient high temperature stability are supposed to be the main reasons as well as high density of low speed, excessively overloaded trucks.

Effects of bridge combined internal fixation system internal fixation on fracture healing and shoulder joint function in elderly patients with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures

Objective:To compare the clinical therapeutic effect of bridge combined internal fixation system and locking compression plate internal fixation in the treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures by emphatically observing fracture healing and shoulder joint function.Methods:Totally 44 elderly patients with Robinson type 2B displaced midshaft clavicle fractures were included from the Department of Orthopaedics,Shenyang Fourth People's Hospital during February 2016 and December 2018,including 23 males and 21 females,mean age(69.8±10.2)years old.The patients were divided into a bridge combined internal fixation system group(bridge group,n=22)and a locking compression plate internal fixation group(plate group,n=22)according to the internal fixation methods.The operation time,intraoperative blood loss,fracture healing time,and postoperative complications were recorded.At 12 months after surgery,the shoulder joint Constant-Murley score and DASH score were used to assess the recovery of joint function.The serum levels of bone turnover biochemical markers procollagen I N-terminal peptide(P1NP),cross-linked Carboxy-terminal telopeptide of typeⅠcollagen(CTX-I),and osteoblast specific factor(OSF)were measured before and 3 months after surgery.Results:The operation time,intraoperative blood loss and fracture healing time of the bridge group were significantly shorter than those of the plate group(P<0.05).Constant scores and DASH scores in the bridge group were significantly better than those of the plate group at 12 months after surgery(P<0.05).Serum levels of CTX-I was significantly decreased,while the P1NP and OSF were significantly increased compared with before surgery in the both groups(P<0.05),and the changes were more obvious in the bridge group(P<0.05).The incidence of complications was similar between the two groups(P<0.05).Conclusion:Compared with the locking plate system,the bridge combined internal fixation system can effectively improve the operation efficiency,have more benefits on fracture healing,better promote the recovery of patients'function,and reduce the failure rate of internal fixation,thus providing a better choice to treat displaced midshaft clavicle fractures by intraoperative internal fixation.

Reinforcement and numerical analysis on the corbel of a halfthrough arch bridge

Corbels support the crossbeams of half-through arch bridges. They are prone to cracking easily due to their characteristics and complicated loading conditions. Based on a practical diagnosis of a bridge crossbeam, we bonded steel plates onto bridge corbels to strengthen them. We carried out a numerical analysis on the effectiveness of the reinforcement by using the commercial sof^are ANSYS. The numerical analysis shows that the stresses near the section break increased slightly, but the variation amplitude was small and all the stresses were within an allowable range. The loading test indicates that it is feasible to strengthen the corbel with vertical bonded steel plates. Therefore, the reinforcement is effective and economical. This reinforcement method is suitable for this type of corbel and can be applied in similar cases.

Prediction of Skewed Bridge Behaviors with Arbitrary Boundary Conditions—— Theoretical Approach and Its Design Application

In this paper, we report on an analytical solution for beam-type skewed highway bridges subjected to truck loading. To confirm the analysis derivation and the solution obtained, the moment and shear responses to the design truck load are acquired using the analytical method for a number of typical US highway bridges and compared with those from numerical finite element method （FEM） analysis. In addition, the lateral distribution factors for moment and shear used in routine design are investigated based on comparison of the analytical approach and FEM. The analytical solution is shown in good agreement with the FEM result. Furthermore, the relevant provisions in the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials＇ （AASHTO＇s） LRFD Bridge Design Specifications are also discussed here for comparison, particularly with respect to design application. It is observed that the design code specified load distribution factor may not predict well, especially for shear and/or severe skew.

Realization of an 850V High Voltage Half Bridge Gate Drive IC with a New NFFP HVI Structure

A NFFP HVI structure which implements high breakdown voltage without using additional FFP and process steps is proposed in this paper. An 850 V high voltage half bridge gate drive IC with the NFFP HVI structure is experimentally realized using a thin epitaxial BCD process. Compared with the MFFP HVI structure, the proposed NFFP HVI structure shows simpler process and lower cost. The high side offset voltage in the half bridge gate drive IC with the NFFP HVI structure is almost as same as that with the self-shielding structure.

平钢板-UHPC组合桥面板纵向抗负弯性能试验研究

某大桥次边跨及中跨主梁为钢-UHPC组合梁,钢-UHPC组合梁的桥面板首次采用一种通过PBL剪力键将8 mm平钢板与15 cm的UHPC层连接起来的新型组合桥面体系。为了探究该桥新型钢-UHPC组合桥面板抗负弯矩性能与安全性,完成了2块足尺模型的静力性能试验,进行了桥梁整体受力和桥面板局部受力计算,以及桥面板抗负弯矩极限承载力构成分析。结果表明:UHPC名义开裂强度达8.90 MPa以上,其值远大于实桥荷载作用下UHPC层上缘的纵桥向最大拉应力,组合桥面板负弯矩抗裂性能良好,能满足工程需求;组合桥面板抗负弯承载力的计算,UHPC受拉本构宜采用三折线模型,抗负弯承载力简化计算的UHPC受拉区等效均布应力折减系数可取0.76,抗负弯承载力状态的受压钢板受力仍处于线弹性阶段,抗负弯破坏模式与抗正弯明显不同,为受拉钢筋拉断;PBL剪力键能保证了钢板与UHPC板整体共同受力;组合桥面板在负弯矩作用下的延性良好,裂宽增长缓慢,UHPC的名义极限强度达名义开裂强度的4.1倍以上,到达极限荷载后,组合板承载力没有明显下降。

预应力CFRP平板式锚具优化设计与应用

针对平板式锚具存在需在混凝土表面开槽、有效行程短、不可重复利用等问题,开展了平板式锚具优化设计与应用研究,提出了一种无须在结构基面设置扣槽,占用空间小、碳纤维增强材料(CFRP)板有效利用长度更长,轻质高强、可重复利用的预应力CFRP平板式锚具。有限元分析表明:在计算荷载作用下,锚具性能满足预应力CFRP加固需要,锚固支座、锚板和锚栓最大应力值分别为133、76、94 MPa,总体应力分布均匀,均小于其屈服强度,最大变形值为0.056、0.024、0.028 mm,保证锚具不先于结构破坏。随着锚栓直径与锚板厚度增大,锚具内部应力与变形均有所改善,其中锚栓直径变化对锚栓与锚板接触部分受力影响较大;锚板厚度对混凝土表面与锚栓接触部分受力影响较大,故建议锚栓直径为18 mm,锚板厚度为20 mm。实际工程应用表明该锚具使用效果良好。

新型桥梁“耗能-限位”一体化弧形板装置力学性能试验及参数敏感性分析

为解决强震作用下中小跨径简支梁桥的落梁问题,研发了一种经济高效、安装便捷的新型“耗能限位”梁一体化弧形板装置.首先采用拟静力试验研究了不同截面的弧形板装置滞回耗能行为和疲劳破坏机理,接着采用数值分析的手段探讨了参数对装置力位移骨架曲线及等效阻尼比的影响规律,并补充了弧形板装置的防落梁行为模式与极限承载能力.结果表明:提出的新型弧形板装置具有优异的耗能能力,T形截面的弧形板结构更加合理,等效阻尼比最大能达到近40%;弧形板装置可通过分离几何参数对耗能能力、滞回强度、刚度及位移能力进行设计,增大中间截面的腹板高度h2是提高弧形板耗能能力的最有效手段,增加50%的h2能提高50.1%的最大强度与约4.7%的等效阻尼比.所提出的新型防落梁装置为桥梁中小震消能和强震柔性防落梁提供一体化装置解决方案.

大跨度公铁合建斜拉桥钢混板-桁组合梁关键节点空间受力特性

针对大跨度公铁合建斜拉桥—主跨808 m洪奇沥特大桥新型钢混板-桁组合梁的关键节点—辅助墩顶钢混节点,采用ANSYS软件建立钢桁-混凝土板组合梁部分节段细化的全桥多尺度有限元模型,分析边跨组合梁节点在受力最不利工况下的受力规律及传力特性,并讨论下弦杆等杆件截面等结构参数变化对节点受力、传力的影响规律。结果表明:最不利组合工况下,边跨组合梁辅助墩顶钢混节点处钢结构最不利Mises应力为265.9 MPa,混凝土局部最大名义拉应力为9.2 MPa,导致局部开裂而受力转移至钢结构;在辅助墩顶局部负弯矩影响下,内外节点板处应力总体呈“倒V”形分布,混凝土顶面及底面分别呈“鞍形”及“倒鞍”形分布;节点处下弦杆(含管内混凝土)、竖杆分别传递77.86%和40.15%荷载,为纵向、竖向主要传力构件;混凝土桥面厚度变化对自身应力影响明显,其厚度和下弦杆截面面积对纵向传力比影响大,竖杆截面面积对自身竖向传力影响相对明显;混凝土厚度及下弦杆、斜腹杆、竖杆截面为节点受力、传力的主要影响因素,其系数在0.8~1.1时,组合梁关键节点各构件应力及传力比均较为合理。

马鞍山长江公铁大桥2100 MPa高强度钢绞线斜拉索及锚具研制

巢马铁路马鞍山长江公铁大桥副汊航道桥为(58+168+392+168+58)m双塔三索面钢桁梁斜拉桥,斜拉索设计采用抗拉强度2100 MPa、抗疲劳应力幅280 MPa的∅15.2 mm低松弛PE镀锌钢绞线拉索。为保证高强度钢绞线斜拉索的力学及锚固性能,根据其技术指标要求,在1860 MPa钢绞线基础上,研制2100 MPa钢绞线及配套锚具。通过提高钢绞线原材料盘条中C、Si、Mn元素含量及改进钢丝拉拔工艺,选择直径14.0 mm的PQS92Si-HT盘条为2100 MPa钢绞线原材料。为提高钢绞线的锚固性能,夹片选择20CrMnTi钢,夹片长度52 mm、牙高0.45 mm、锥角6°10′、表面粗糙度R a3.2以上且表面硬度不低于56 HRC。根据2100 MPa钢绞线锚具的载荷变化和现行锚具锚板的材料性能,锚板选择40Cr钢,并进行调质处理。对研制的2100 MPa钢绞线及配套锚具进行单孔锚及斜拉索锚具组件疲劳试验及疲劳后静载试验。结果表明:研制的2100 MPa钢绞线及其锚具组件均满足规范要求,可应用于马鞍山长江公铁大桥副汊航道桥。

中等跨径钢板组合梁截面布置优化

为了实现钢板组合梁的标准化设计,达到进一步推广应用的目的,以跨径30 m的先简支后桥面连续钢板组合梁桥为研究对象,结合目前中国钢-混组合梁桥的设计规范,以全桥造价及全桥钢材用量为目标函数,以钢板组合梁截面尺寸布置参数和主梁数量为设计变量,并以应力、变形、局部稳定和规范构造要求为约束条件,建立钢板组合梁截面参数的优化模型,并采用遗传算法展开优化分析.优化结果表明:所提算法稳定可靠、效率高,依托工程的结构截面布置有较大的优化空间.当桥宽和车道布置不变时,采用6梁式截面的全桥造价最少,相对原始设计截面可节省约13%的费用;采用4梁式截面的全桥钢材用量最少,为128.65 kg/m^(2),相对原始设计截面可节省约27%的钢材用量.优化结果可为中等跨径钢板组合梁桥的截面设计提供参考.通过经济性分析发现,当主梁间距分别取约2.3、3.2、4.8 m时,跨高比的经济取值分别为20~23、18~21、14~17.

基于Kriging模型与FORM的钢板组合梁桥结构优化设计

考虑材料参数的不确定性以及设计变量多重约束条件的影响,提出了基于可靠性分析的钢板组合梁桥结构优化设计方法。首先,利用拉丁超立方试验设计(Latin hypercube design,LHD)构建试验组合方案,并通过有限元分析获取试验设计组合下的最大挠度响应值。基于获取的训练样本,构建能够表征结构最大挠度值与随机输入之间映射关系的Kriging代理模型。基于建立的代理模型,以钢结构截面积最小化为目标函数,建立符合规范要求与可靠度约束的优化数学模型,并采用一阶可靠性方法(first order reliability method,FORM),实现设计变量优化。通过比较具有相同设计变量上限,但下限分别为初始值的80%和70%两种优化设计方案,评估了两者在相同阈值以及不同阈值下设计变量的优化结果。最后对方案二在阈值为17 mm下的优化结果进行极限状态验算。结果表明:两个优化设计方案在阈值为17 mm下的优化结果更具合理性,并且方案二在同一阈值下具有更高的优化程度。随着阈值增加,优化程度增加,且腹板高度在较大阈值下对结果影响更大,而翼缘宽度在较小阈值下影响更大。

基于遗传算法的斜拉桥基准模型参数修正方法

健康监测对于斜拉桥结构全寿命的安全使用十分重要,而使用传感器采集斜拉桥数据进行健康监测存在盲区.结合Benchmark模型对桥梁结构进行监测,能够在给定状态下,比较和评价不同的健康监测方法标准,对桥梁的设计、运营以及管养等方面有重要意义.本文基于背景工程,提出用于斜拉桥结构健康监测的基准模型.首先,使用Matlab建立斜拉桥的鱼骨梁简化有限元模型,并建立斜拉桥的板壳单元精细模型,作为简化补充模型和模态矫正模型;其次,采用正交试验设计,对建模过程中的待修正参数进行斜拉桥动力特性参数的显著性分析;最后,基于遗传算法对模型参数进行修正,提出了动态自适应技术和并列选择的方法优化遗传算法结构,干涉遗传选择过程,并赋予初始种群更高的离散性,与调用GA函数的方法对模型进行修正进行比较,验证了改进后的遗传算法具有更高的计算效率,模态参数误差较小.

预应力锚固体系锚垫板上灌浆孔的研究

在预应力锚固区及其锚垫板的结构设计研究中,为了提高模型分析运算速度,通常简化模型结构而忽略灌浆孔,进而忽略了灌浆孔对预应力锚固区应力分布的影响。本文以设置灌浆孔的锚垫板旋转角度为变量,对铸造型锚垫板上的灌浆孔展开研究,建立2 200 MPa级预应力锚固区模型进行有限元分析,确定锚垫板的最佳放置位置,然后进行锚固区传力试验。结果表明:锚垫板放置在45°位置,锚固区承载力相对较高,锚固区安全可靠。由于灌浆孔的存在,锚垫板应力集中出现在灌浆孔,因此建立拉压杆模型对锚垫板进行结构设计时需忽略灌浆孔。与未设置灌浆孔相比,设置灌浆孔的锚垫板主拉应力最大增加了34.27%,主压应力最大增加了4.81%。螺旋筋主拉应力最大减少了4.16%,Von-Mises应力最大减少了16.83%,锚下混凝土侧表面拉应力最大增加了1.99%。试验结果验证了锚垫板放置在45°位置时2 200 MPa级预应力锚固区结构安全。

基于宏应变的CFRP板桥梁加固效果快速评估试验研究

为实现在不中断正常交通情况下对既有公路桥梁加固效果进行快速量化评估,本文以预应力CFRP板加固空心板足尺梁为试验对象,基于长标距光纤光栅应变传感技术,推导了移动车辆荷载下简支梁桥长标距应变影响线计算公式;在此基础上,研究了预应力CFRP板加固桥梁前后长标距应变影响线的表现特征,提出了基于移动车辆荷载下长标距应变时程面积包络线的桥梁加固效果评估指标;开展了预应力CFRP板加固空心板梁足尺试验研究,并对其加固效果进行了快速评估与监测。试验结果表明:基于移动车辆荷载下的桥梁长标距应变影响线能够有效地评估预应力CFRP板桥梁加固效果,长标距应变时程面积随着CFRP板预应力水平的增加而减小,通过评估分析得到本次加固试验中桥梁加固效果分别为7.07%、6.90%。

车辆荷载作用下电解车间楼板配筋计算方法的探讨

电解车间操作楼板上作用有车辆荷载,其配筋计算可按以下两种方法设计:①将车轮的局部荷载按结构效应的等效原则,换算为等效均布荷载,再采用结构计算软件进行内力计算并配筋;②按行车桥板的计算方法进行内力计算并配筋。本文详细介绍了计算过程中应注意的问题,并列出分析结果。通过工程实例,提出了合理的结构计算原则,对类似工程具有参考和借鉴作用。

中小跨径简支钢板组合梁桥荷载横向分布研究

为评价经典荷载横向分布计算方法对中小跨径简支钢板组合梁桥的适用性,首先利用实桥荷载试验结果,验证了基于ABAQUS软件的三维有限元模拟方法;然后以计算跨径、主梁数量、主梁间距为研究参数,设计了108个分析模型,分别采用修正的刚性横梁法、刚接梁法、G-M法以及有限元法计算荷载横向分布影响线,进而得到单车道和多车道作用下各主梁的荷载横向分布系数;最后基于线性相关系数、横向分布影响线吻合程度指标及横向分布系数相对误差,进行横向分布线性判断及各理论计算方法的误差分析。结果表明:当钢板组合梁桥宽跨比B/L小于0.34时,各主梁在荷载作用下挠曲呈直线变形,即认为钢板组合梁桥B/L<0.34时为窄桥;利用理论计算方法计算横向分布系数时,单车道布载下,当B/L<0.2,宜采用修正刚性横梁法、刚接梁法、G-M法,当0.2<B/L<0.3,宜采用刚接梁法、G-M法,当0.3<B/L<0.75,宜采用G-M法;多车道布载下,当B/L<0.3,宜采用修正刚性横梁法、刚接梁法、G-M法,当0.3<B/L<0.45,宜采用刚接梁法、G-M法,当0.45<B/L<0.75,宜采用G-M法;提出了修正的刚性横梁法、刚接梁法、G-M法计算精度判定条件,控制理论计算结果与有限元计算结果相对误差在10%以内;研究成果可为中小跨径钢板组合梁桥的荷载横向分布计算方法选取提供依据。