Zonal Coupling Analysis Method of Seismic Response of Offshore Monopile Wind Turbine

The seismic safety of offshore wind turbines is an important issue that needs to be solved urgently.Based on a unified computing framework,this paper develops a set of seawater-seabed-wind turbine zoning coupling analysis methods.A 5 MW wind turbine and a site analysis model are established,and a seismic wave is selected to analyze the changes in the seismic response of offshore monopile wind turbines under the change of seawater depth,seabed wave velocity and seismic wave incidence angle.The analysis results show that when the seawater increases to a certain depth,the seismic response of the wind turbine increases.The shear wave velocity of the seabed affects the bending moment and displacement at the bottom of the tower.When the angle of incidence increases,the vertical displacement and the acceleration of the top of the tower increase in varying degrees.

Distribution and engulfment behavior of TiB_2 particles or clusters in wedge-shaped copper casting ingot

Wedge-shaped copper casting experiment was conducted to study the engulfment behavior of TiB2 particle and the interaction between particle or cluster and the solid/liquid front in commercial pure aluminum matrix. The experimental results show that the particle size distribution obeys two separate systems in the whole wedge-cast sample. Furthermore, it is found that the big clusters are pushed to the center of the wedge shaped sample and the single particle or small clusters consisting of few particles are engulfed into the α-Al in the area of the sample edge. The cluster degree of particles varies in different areas, and its value is 0.2 and 0.6 for the cluster fraction in the edge and in the center of the wedge sample, respectively. The cluster diameter does not obey the normal distribution but approximately obeys lognormal distribution in the present work. More importantly, in the whole sample, the particle size obeys two separate log-normal distributions.

The interaction between a screw dislocation and a wedge-shaped crack in one-dimensional hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystals

Based on the fundamental equations of piezoelasticity of quasicrystal material,we investigated the interaction between a screw dislocation and a wedge-shaped crack in the piezoelectricity of one-dimensional hexagonal quasicrystals.Explicit analytical solutions are obtained for stress and electric displacement intensity factors of the crack,as well as the force on dislocation.The derivation is based on the conformal mapping method and the perturbation technique.The influences of the wedge angle and dislocation location on the image force are also discussed.The results obtained in this paper can be fully reduced to some special cases already available or deriving new ones.

Experimental Study on the Cyclic Behavior of Monopiles in Fine Sandy Beds Under Regular Waves

This paper presents an experimental study on the wave-induced behavior of monopiles. Laboratory experiments were conducted at the constant initial state of the sandy beds in a wave flume with a soil trench. The responses of the pile- head displacement, the pile strain and the pore water pressure on regular waves were investigated. The experimental results show that the monopiles lean along the direction of the wave progression and the inclination increases with the duration of wave actions. The pile-head displacement （consisting of the permanent displacement and cyclic displacement） increases as the wave height increases, especially more significantly for the permanent displacement. The head-fixed pile suffers from larger wave load than that on the head-free pile under the same wave condition. Increasing pile diameter or fixing fins on the monopile is effective in reducing the pore water pressure in the upper part of the bed and the permanent displacement.

Cyclic Lateral Responses of Monopiles Considering the Influence of Pile−Soil Relative Stiffness in Sand

The existing studies have primarily focused on the effect of cyclic load characteristics(namely,cyclic load ratio and amplitude ratio)on cyclic lateral response of monopiles in sand,with little attention paid to the effect of pile−soil relative stiffness(K_(R)).This paper presents a series of 1-g cyclic tests aimed at improving understanding of the cyclic lateral responses of monopiles under different pile−soil systems.These systems are arranged by two model piles with different stiffness,including four different slenderness ratios(pile embedded length,L,normalized by diameter,D)under medium dense sand.The K_(R)-values are calculated by a previously proposed method considering the real soil stress level.The test results show that the lateral accumulation displacement increases significantly with the increment of the K_(R)-value,while the cyclic secant stiffness performs inversely.The maximum pile bending moment increases with the cycle number for the rigid pile−soil system,but shows a decreasing trend in the flexible system.For an uppermost concern,an empirical model is proposed to predict the accumulated displacement of arbitrary pile−soil systems by combining the results from this study with those from previous experimental investigations.The validity of the proposed model is demonstrated by 1-g and centrifuge tests.

Comparison of Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction Modeling Techniques for A 10-MW Large-Scale Monopile Wind Turbine Model Under Wind and Wave Conditions

Considering the large diameter effect of piles,the influence of different pile-soil analysis methods on the design of monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines has become an urgent problem to be solved.Three different pile-soil models were used to study a large 10 MW monopile wind turbine.By modeling the three models in the SACS software,this paper analyzed the motion response of the overall structure under the conditions of wind and waves.According to the given working conditions,this paper concludes that under the condition of independent wind,the average value of the tower top x-displacement of the rigid connection method is the smalle st,and the standard deviation is the smallest under the condition of independent wave.The results obtained by the p-y curve method are the most conservative.

Numerical prediction of thermo-hydrodynamics on the gas-lubricated film in wedge-shaped microchannel

One wedge-shaped microchannel was established,and the hydrodynamic properties of the wedge-shaped gas film were comprehensively investigated.The Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the full energy equation were adopted to mainly analyze the lubrication hydrodynamics of the gas film,as the horizontal plate was viewed as the adiabatic wall or the horizontal plate temperature was equal to the tilt plate temperature.A higher gas film temperature strengthened the rarefaction effect,and the more rarefied gas weakened the squeeze.Meanwhile,the vertical flow across the gas film could indicate the relation between the velocity vector and the gas film squeeze and expansion.The adiabatic horizontal plate could resist the heat conduction and enhance the rarefaction effect,and thus the direction of motion of the gas molecules was easier to be changed.

Asymmetric and Single-Side Splitting of Dissipative Solitons in Complex Ginzburg–Landau Equations with an Asymmetric Wedge-Shaped Potential

We report some novel dynamical phenomena of dissipative solitons supported by introducing an asymmetric wedge-shaped potential(just as a sharp ‘razor') into the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with the cubicquintic nonlinearity. The potentials corresponding to a local refractive index modulation with breaking symmetry can be realized in an active optical medium with respective expanding antiwaveguiding structures. Using the razor potential acting on a central dissipative soliton, possible outcomes of asymmetric and single-side splitting of dissipative solitons are achieved with setting different strengths and steepness of the potentials. The results can potentially be used to design a multi-route splitter for light beams.

Design of a Wedge-Shaped Toroidal Field Winding for KTX Device

The KTX device is a reversed field pinch （RFP） device currently under construction. Its maximum plasma current is designed as 1 MA with a discharge time longer than 100 ms. Its major radius is 1.4 m and its minor radius is 0.55 m. One of the most important problems in the magnet system design is how to reduce the TF magnetic field ripple and error field. A new wedge- shaped TF coil is put forward for the KTX device and its electromagnetic properties are compared with those of rectangular-shaped TF coils. The error field B,I/Bt of wedge-shaped TF coils with 6.4 degrees is about 6% as compared with 8% in the case of a rectangular-shaped TF coil. Besides, the wedge-shaped TF coils have a lower magnetic field ripple at the edge of the plasma region, which is smaller than 7.5% at R=1.83 m and 2% at R=l.07 m. This means that the tokamak operation mode may be feasible for this device when the plasma area becomes smaller, because the maximum ripple in the plasma area of the tokamak model is always required to be smaller than 0.4%. Detailed analysis of the results shows that the structure of the wedged-shape TF coil is reliable. It can serve as a reference for TF coil design of small aspect ratio RFPs or similar torus devices.

Experimental Investigation of the Response of Monopiles in Silty Seabed to Regular Wave Action

Excessive displacement responses of monopiles affect the serviceability of offshore structures.Related to complicated pile−seabed−wave interactions,the actual behavior of monopiles in silty seabed under periodic wave action remains unclear,and relevant studies in the literature are limited.A series of experiments were conducted in a wave flume containing single piles in silty seabed with relative density of 0.77 subjected to regular waves.Two stages of wave loading were applied successively,accompanied by data recording which included pore water pressure,water surface elevation,pile head displacement,and pile strain.Development of pile-head displacement and pore pressure in silty seabed was the main focus,but the effects of pile diameter,pile type,and pile stiffness were also investigated.The experimental results indicate that,in silty seabed,piles of large diameter or with fins accelerate soil liquefaction,resulting in strengthened soil which allows a higher upper boundary of pore pressure.Using fins at deeper locations led to a quick failure of the piles,but the opposite result was observed with an increase in fin dimensions.Once pile-head displacement entered its rapid development period,the wave load calculated via the pile moment was an overestimation,especially for the piles of large diameter.

地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土单桩动力响应

为了探讨桥梁位于软弱土层时,地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土桩基的动力响应,以翔安大桥为工程背景,利用FLAC3D有限元软件建立地震作用下桩-岩土体-钢管耦合作用的数值模型,研究在不同强度的地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土单桩和变截面普通混凝土单桩桩身加速度、桩身位移、桩身弯矩的动力响应差异.结果表明:变截面钢管混凝土单桩在地震作用下的桩身加速度、加速度放大系数、桩身位移最大值和桩身弯矩变化规律均同变截面普通混凝土单桩类似,但钢管使桩身加速度放大系数降低、桩基抵抗侧向变形能力和抗弯承载力提高.因此,钢管可以显著提升地震作用下桩基的抵抗变形能力和承载力.

人工鱼礁群对单桩基础局部冲刷防护效应的试验研究

为探究人工鱼礁群对单桩基础冲刷的影响,在波流水槽中开展局部冲刷物理模型试验,分析不同波流条件、鱼礁类型、布置方式以及鱼礁群与桩基础距离条件下鱼礁群的自身稳定性及其对桩基的防护效果.结果表明:立方体空心礁相比实心礁具有更好的稳定性,交错布置对桩基础冲刷的防护效果优于均匀布置形式;纯流作用下,人工鱼礁群桩基础冲刷深度的削弱效果随流速的增大而减小;波流作用下,空心礁对桩基础冲刷深度的削弱效果更优;2种礁体的不同平面布置形式对桩基础冲刷范围的削弱程度相近;鱼礁群与桩基础前缘距离的改变影响桩基础冲刷深度和冲刷形态.

礁坪上单桩在孤立波作用下的受力状况研究

文中介绍了孤立波冲击礁坪上单桩的三维水槽试验和OpenFOAM数值模拟研究。礁体模型坡度为1:4,直径0.15m的单桩布置在礁坪上。试验以水深的30%作为入射孤立波的波高,对沿程波面、特定位置处流速以及单桩上波浪冲击荷载进行了采集。选用realizablek-8端流模型进行RANS数值模拟,并与物理试验数据进行验证分析。基于试验数据和RANS模拟结果,研究了岛礁地形上孤立波传播的水动力特性及其对礁坪上单桩的作用力,并探讨了不同坡度和人射波高下孤立波对单桩作用力的影响。研究成果对于桩基础选址和防护有一定工程指导意义。

海上单桩基础风机土体阻尼校核与预测方法研究

对长期承受动荷载作用的海上风机而言,土体阻尼是影响其疲劳寿命的重要因素之一,不同学者对其考虑方式尚未统一,同时土体阻尼的输入和校核结果间存在一定差异.针对这一问题,本文以江苏黄海某风机工程项目为依托,在ABAQUS软件中建立单桩基础式海上风机有限元计算模型,设计了包含风机结构壁厚、基础埋深、结构密度及土体阻尼等因素的系列计算方案,采用自由振动分析对土体阻尼输入与校核间差异性进行系统研究,并设计正交试验采用极差分析方法进行各因素的影响权重分析,在此基础上基于多参数非线性回归分析提出了综合拟合公式,并给出相应土体校核阻尼预测方法.结果表明:风机土体阻尼校核结果远小于其输入值,仅为后者的2%~15%;校核阻尼与风机结构壁厚、结构密度呈正相关关系,与基础埋深呈负相关关系,但当基础埋深达到8倍桩径后,则基本不再影响校核结果;以上各因素并非线性独立,三者共同作用决定土体阻尼校核结果,其中结构壁厚影响最为显著,其次为结构密度,最后为基础埋深;本文提出的以结构壁厚与校核结果间幂函数为基础的拟合经验公式,其拟合精度良好,可有效模拟各因素与校核阻尼间的关系,同时可为同类型风机土体阻尼校核预测提供数学基础.

海上风力发电机组单桩基础侧向位移估计研究

常规海上风力发电机组单桩基础侧向位移估计模型的构建多采用粒子群优化算法。但该算法无法准确计算出海水与单桩基础之间的耦合力,估计准确率较低。对此,提出海上风力发电机组单桩基础侧向位移估计研究。首先,根据海上风力发电机组与连接单桩基础的基本结构,将单桩基础结构进行断面划分,建立单桩基础结构动力学方程。然后,结合海水域、桩基区域和两者交界处这三个场域,求取海水与单桩基础之间的耦合力,并计算单桩基础的受力值。基于此,采用风力和海浪循环荷载作用下单桩基础的累积应变指数型经验式,构建单桩基础侧向位移估计模型。以某海域NREL 5 MW单桩基础海上风力发电机组为算例,对所提模型进行仿真对比试验。试验结果表明,所构建的模型具有更高的估计准确率,即准确率在98%以上。该模型能够更好地监测和评估海上风力发电机组的结构安全性,及时发现潜在的问题并进行修复或维护。

弹簧地基上大直径单桩海上风机的一阶自振频率

自振频率是海上风机前期动力设计的主要难点之一,计算精度要求极高,而桩-土相互作用对自振频率影响显著。目前,针对桩-土相互作用普遍采用弹簧地基简化模型,为对比分析不同弹簧地基简化模型的准确性和精度,本文采用回传射线矩阵法,建立固定端、单弹簧、双弹簧和三弹簧这4种地基简化模型,基于Bernoulli-Euler梁理论和Timoshenko梁理论,求解风机系统的自振频率,并与风机基频实测值作对比,进一步分析三弹簧简化地基模型中地基旋转刚度、地基耦合刚度和地基水平刚度对风机系统基频的影响。研究结果表明,桩-土相互作用不可忽略,三弹簧地基简化模型计算风机系统基频精度最高;地基刚度对风机系统基频的敏感性次序为,地基耦合刚度>地基旋转刚度>地基水平刚度;当地基旋转(水平)刚度较小时,地基耦合刚度与地基旋转(水平)刚度的耦合效应对风机系统的基频影响较大;地基耦合刚度与地基旋转刚度的耦合效应对风机系统基频的影响程度大于地基耦合刚度与地基水平刚度的耦合效应。

局部冲刷下砂土中桩-盘复合基础V-H组合承载特性

海上风电基础除承受复杂组合荷载作用外,也受波流冲刷作用.为探讨局部冲刷对砂土地基中V-H联合加载下单桩-摩擦盘复合基础承载特性的影响,基于自行设计的室内水槽试验装置,完成了一系列冲刷及模型载荷试验,获得了复合基础冲刷前后的荷载-位移曲线,经无量纲化处理与曲线拟合,得到复合基础承载包络线及其简化计算公式.计算结果表明:局部冲刷作用使复合基础的竖向及横向抗力明显降低,削弱程度分别约12.1%和26.9%.进一步分析表明:存在一个最优预加竖向荷载(V),其对复合基础的极限横向承载力起到最显著的增强效果;此外,局部冲刷作用导致V-H联合受荷单桩-摩擦盘复合基础的承载包络线明显向内收缩,所提出的简化计算公式可供工程应用参考.

土工合成材料约束碎石桩承载特性数值分析

工程实践中碎石桩常因缺乏足够的侧向约束力导致其应用效果不佳,复合地基沉降难以得到有效控制。为解决普通碎石桩应用效果不佳的问题,基于ABAQUS有限元数值软件建立土工合成材料约束桩复合地基模型,研究不同桩体长径比、桩体模量、土工合成材料强度等因素对承载特性的影响。结果表明,土工合成材料可以有效地为碎石桩提供侧向约束并提高复合地基承载力。研究结果有助于深入认识土工合成材料约束桩加固地基机理,为相关工程施工提供参考。

基于AFL的海上风电单桩基础冲刷动力响应研究

单桩式基础作为海上风电应用最为广泛的支撑型式,其周围普遍存在不同程度冲蚀。目前,海上风电基础冲刷后的结构动力响应研究较少考虑叶片、机舱、轮毂等细节特征,而是将上部结构简化为质点或静止状态,缺乏基础-结构-荷载一体化数值仿真方法,难以反映冲刷后风机结构振动规律。为此,依托菩提岛海上风电场,通过多波束扫测探明了单桩基础最大冲刷深度,基于AFL(等效嵌固长度)法考虑桩基柔性特征,计算不同冲刷深度下桩基等效嵌固长度,建立风、浪共同作用下风机仿真模型,揭示不同冲刷深度下单桩式海上风电动力响应规律。结果表明,现有桩基冲刷深度难以引起结构共振,且风机的整体振幅较小。塔架和桩基均在F-A(前后)向出现最大振幅,而S-S(侧)向和YAW(垂)向的位移幅值相对较小,故需要对F-A向振动进行重点监测。随着桩基局部冲刷深度增加,风机结构固有频率单调递减,当冲刷深度达到12 m,结构整体刚度不足,给出了海上风电单桩基础冲刷安全阈值。提出的单桩式海上风电动力响应分析方法可为工程中不同冲刷深度引起风机振动安全性评价提供依据。

软基中多向受荷大直径单桩桩土相互作用试验研究

为了研究多向循环受荷大直径单桩的水平变形响应及桩土相互作用机理,开展多向受荷大直径单桩的1g大比尺模型试验,探讨不同竖向和水平循环荷载比下的桩侧受力及变形响应.试验结果表明,施加竖向循环荷载会增大桩身水平位移的发展速率;最大弯矩出现在2.0倍桩径深度处,随着循环次数的增大,桩身弯矩表现出减小的趋势;在循环荷载作用下,最大土抗力所在的位置随着循环次数的增大逐渐从1.5倍桩径深度处向2.0倍桩径深度处移动,循环土体抗力-桩身水平变形(p-y)曲线的退化主要发生在表层土体;施加竖向循环荷载会增大桩土界面的初始刚度,但同时也会加速桩土体系的刚度退化.建议在海上风电大直径单桩的设计中,特别注意竖向循环荷载对长期循环荷载作用下桩身位移及桩土相互作用的不利影响.