Thermodynamic study on welding wire design of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel

Based on thermodynamic calculations, the effect of pressure and alloying elements on the nitrogen content, solidification mode, and welding characteristics were investigated in this study. By increasing the partial pressure of N_2, the nitrogen content in the weld pool increased dramatically, and the γ zone was enlarged. The nitrogen content increased as alloying elements such as Cr and Mn were added to the molten steel. The δ zone with high temperature treatment was compressed by adding Ni. These alloying elements play important roles in the formation of the single γ region at the temperature of 298 K. With proper Mn addition, the phase area of γ was extended and became more stable, and the "ferrite trap" was also avoided. Two kinds of welding wires with different nitrogen contents were developed and corresponding MIG welding experiments were performed. As the nitrogen content in wire was higher than that in the base metal, severe blowhole defects and mixture microstructure of δ and γ developed.

Welding of nickel free high nitrogen stainless steel: Microstructure and mechanical properties

High nitrogen stainless steel(HNS) is a nickel free austenitic stainless steel that is used as a structural component in defence applications for manufacturing battle tanks as a replacement of the existing armour grade steel owing to its low cost, excellent mechanical properties and better corrosion resistance.Conventional fusion welding causes problems like nitrogen desorption, solidification cracking in weld zone, liquation cracking in heat affected zone, nitrogen induced porosity and poor mechanical properties.The above problems can be overcome by proper selection and procedure of joining process. In the present work, an attempt has been made to correlate the microstructural changes with mechanical properties of fusion and solid state welds of high nitrogen steel. Shielded metal arc welding(SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW), electron beam welding(EBW) and friction stir welding(FSW) processes were used in the present work. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction were used to characterize microstructural changes. Hardness, tensile and bend tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of welds. The results of the present investigation established that fully austenitic dendritic structure was found in welds of SMAW. Reverted austenite pools in the martensite matrix in weld zone and unmixed zones near the fusion boundary were observed in GTA welds. Discontinuous ferrite network in austenite matrix was observed in electron beam welds.Fine recrystallized austenite grain structure was observed in the nugget zone of friction stir welds.Improved mechanical properties are obtained in friction stir welds when compared to fusion welds. This is attributed to the refined microstructure consisting of equiaxed and homogenous austenite grains.

Effect of the cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high nitrogen stainless steel weld metals

The microstructure and mechanical properties of high nitrogen steel(HNS) weld metals prepared under air-and water-cooling conditions are investigated, and the effect of the cooling rate on these properties is discussed. The results indicate that an increase in the cooling rate could significantly increase the nitrogen content in HNS weld metals, especially for weld metals with a nitrogen content of 0.85%.Moreover, increasing the cooling rate could result in an increase in the tensile strength of HNS weld metals, which is found to be strongly dependent on the nitrogen content of the HNS sample. For high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel welding wire with lower nitrogen content, increasing the cooling rate could significantly improve its tensile strength, but a higher cooling rate has no influence on weld metals with nitrogen content less than 0.58%. The tensile strength of the joint reached 850 MPa.

Influence of welding parameters on nitrogen content in welding metal of 32Mn-7Cr-1Mo-0.3N austenitic steel

The transfer behavior of nitrogen into the welding metal during gas tungsten arc welding process of 32Mn-7Cr-1Mo-0.3N steel was investigated. The effects of gas tungsten arc welding process variables, such as the volume fraction of nitrogen in shielding gas, arc holding time and arc current on the nitrogen content in the welding metal were also evaluated. The results show that the volume fraction of nitrogen in gas mixture plays a major role in controlling the nitrogen content in the welding metal. It seems that there exhibits a maximum nitrogen content (depending) on the arc current and arc holding time. The optimum volume fraction of nitrogen in shielding gas is 4% or so. The role of gas tungsten arc welding processing parameters in controlling the transfer of nitrogen is further (confirmed) by the experimental results of gas tungsten arc welding process with feeding metal.

Microstructure and pitting corrosion of shielded metal arc welded high nitrogen stainless steel

The present work is aimed at studying the microstructure and pitting corrosion behaviour of shielded metal arc welded high nitrogen steel made of Cromang-N electrode. Basis for selecting this electrode is to increase the solubility of nitrogen in weld metal due to high chromium and manganese content. Microscopic studies were carried out using optical microscopy(OM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM). Energy back scattered diffraction(EBSD) method was used to determine the phase analysis, grain size and orientation image mapping. Potentio-dynamic polarization testing was carried out to study the pitting corrosion resistance in aerated 3.5% NaCl environment using a GillAC electrochemical system. The investigation results showed that the selected Cr-Mn-N type electrode resulted in a maximum reduction in delta-ferrite and improvement in pitting corrosion resistance of the weld zone was attributed to the coarse austenite grains owing to the reduction in active sites of the austenite/delta ferrite interface and the decrease in galvanic interaction between austenite and delta-ferrite.

Effect of the heat input on microstructure and properties of submerged arc welded joint of 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N stainless steel

SAW308L submerged arc welding wire and SJ601A submerged arc welding flux were selected to weld the 12 mm 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N low nickel and high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel plates with three different welding heat input,and microstructure,tensile properties,microhardness and corrosion properties of the welded joints were studied.The results show that no defects are found in the three groups of welded joints,and the welded joints have better performance.The tensile strength of 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N stainless steel welded joints with different heat input is slightly lower than that of the base metal,and fracture occurs in the weld zone,and the hardness of the weld zone is lower than that of the base metal.The weld microstructure of stainless steel welded joints with different heat input is composed of austenite+δferrite,and ferrite is uniformly distributed in austenite.With the increase of the welding heat input,the ferrite content in the weld zone decrease gradually,the grain size in the thermal affected zone increase gradually,and the impact toughness reduce.

Effect of heat-input on pitting corrosion behavior of friction stir welded high nitrogen stainless steel

In this study, different welding param eters were selected to investigate the effects of heat-in put on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the friction stir welded high nitrogen stainless steel joints. The results show ed that, the welding speed had major influence on the duration at elevated tem perature rather than the peak tem perature. The hardness distribution and tensile properties of the nugget zones (NZs) for various joints were very similar while the pitting corrosion behavior of various NZs showed major differences. Large heat-input resulted in the ferrite bands being the pitting location, while tool wear bands were sensitive to pitting corrosion in the low heat-input joints. Cr diffusion and tool wear were the main reasons for pitting. The mechanisms of pitting corrosion in the NZs were analyzed in detail.

船用LNG储罐高锰奥氏体低温钢埋弧焊焊丝焊剂CHW-SMn/CHF610的研制

通过实验研制了一种-196℃超低温船用LNG储罐高锰奥氏体低温钢埋弧焊焊丝焊剂CHW-SMn(φ4.0)/CHF610,焊剂为氟碱型CaF_(2)-CaO-MgO-Al_(2)O_(3)渣系,碱度BⅡW在2.5~3.5。该焊丝焊剂组合具有优良的焊接工艺性能,焊接电弧稳定,焊缝脱渣容易,焊缝成形美观。该焊丝焊剂组合焊缝金属力学性能稳定,屈服强度516 MPa、抗拉强度735 MPa、延伸率49.5%,-196℃冲击功KV2均值为125 J,且杂质含量低,具有良好的抗裂纹性能,完全满足超低温高锰钢LNG储罐焊缝金属的要求。

高速拉拔ER70S-6焊丝钢生产工艺优化

通过总结分析ER70S-6焊丝钢存在的质量问题,提出了有针对性的优化改进措施,重点对ER70S-6焊丝钢的化学成分范围、气体氮含量、尺寸精度、显微组织等关键指标严格控制,攻关后C、Si、Mn、N含量内控达标率提高,尺寸偏差C级精度得到改善,而且消除了混晶异常组织。用户拉拔使用结果表明,优化后的焊丝钢质量得到进一步的提高,可满足用户拉拔速度28 m/s以上高速拉拔的要求。

高强钢焊接接头优化方法研究现状

高强钢以出色的力学性能在焊接结构的应用量急剧增加,其焊接接头性能已逐步成为研究焦点。为了解决高强钢焊接易出现冷裂纹、热影响区软化脆化、低温冲击韧度不高等问题,获得高强钢焊接接头优良强韧匹配。在使用熔化极气体保护焊接工艺的基础上采用不同的高强钢焊接接头优化方法,对严格控制热输入、焊前预热并控制热输入和研发并采用药芯焊丝这3种焊接接头优化方法进行分析总结,对3种优化方法下的焊接接头微观组织及力学性能进行分析,发现通过这3种接头优化方法可避免焊接接头产生裂纹、获得良好的韧性组织和力学性能优良的焊接接头。

高氮不锈钢光丝同轴激光增材组织与性能研究

为研究光丝同轴激光增材技术在制备高氮不锈钢块体材料中的应用潜力,采用直径1.2 mm、氮含量为0.71 wt.%的高氮钢丝材,通过光丝同轴激光增材技术进行多道多层增材试验。利用工业CT扫描、氮含量分析、组织形貌观察、物相分析及力学性能测试等方法,对增材块体的内部质量、氮含量、微观组织及力学性能进行了系统研究。结果表明,增材块体中存在少量未熔合缺陷,主要分布在底部,且一般出现于每一层的前两道附近,等效直径主要分布于200~300μm。内部存在大量细小孔洞状低密度缺陷,其体积占比为0.073%,其中约90%的等效直径区间为1.5~7.5μm。中部和顶部的氮含量都在0.66 wt.%以上,氮损失均低于7.5%;底部氮含量降至0.58 wt.%,氮损失为19%。物相分析表明,增材块体主要为奥氏体γ-Fe相,通过SEM和EDS可发现基体材料中存在少量α-Fe枝晶和Mn的氧化物。金相观察发现,增材块体主要由细小的柱状晶和等轴晶组成。增材块体底部力学性能较好,中部各向异性较小。其增材方向上的硬度分布为315~355 HV,且底部明显高于中部和顶部。块体中部增材方向抗拉强度875 MPa,屈服强度为679 MPa,延伸率为50%;行进方向抗拉强度为908 MPa,屈服强度为685 MPa,延伸率为34%。此外,块体底部行进方向的抗拉强度为997 MPa,屈服强度为770 MPa,延伸率为43%。本研究证实了光丝同轴激光增材技术制备高氮不锈钢块体材料的可行性,为高氮不锈钢增材制造技术的开发和应用提供了重要的理论依据和技术支持。

1000 MPa级高强钢国产自研实心焊丝焊接工艺研究

针对国产自研的1 000 MPa级高强钢实心焊丝的熔化极气体保护焊工艺进行了系统性试验与分析。深入探讨了焊接电流和预热温度对接头微观组织、硬度分布以及力学性能的影响。研究发现,焊缝金属组织主要由马氏体构成,且随着焊接电流和预热温度的增加,贝氏体的含量相应增加;热影响区(HAZ)呈现出明显的硬化和软化趋势,细分为粗晶区、细晶区和不完全重结晶区;硬度在细晶区达到最高值,临界热影响区最低;在相同的预热温度下,随着焊接电流的增加,焊接接头的抗拉强度和冲击韧性呈现先增加后减少的趋势;而在相同的焊接电流下,抗拉强度和冲击韧性随预热温度变化的规律性不明显。当焊接电流为260 A,预热温度为100℃时,接头的力学性能最优,其抗拉强度高达1 088 MPa,-40℃时的冲击韧性达到47.8 J。

回火对E101T1-K3C熔敷金属显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用E101T1-K3C低合金高强钢药芯焊丝对EH620钢进行焊接。焊接接头分别在460℃、580℃进行保温1 h回火热处理,应用金相显微镜、材料试验机、冲击试验机、扫描电子显微镜等对试样进行分析与测量。结果表明:焊态下熔敷金属显微组织为条状铁素体+少量贝氏体+第二相颗粒,熔合区显微组织为片状铁素体+马氏体+第二相颗粒。焊接接头经过460℃×1 h焊后回火处理后,焊缝区的显微组织为铁素体+少量贝氏体+第二相颗粒,熔合区组织为铁素体+回火屈氏体+第二相颗粒。焊接接头经过580℃×1 h回火处理后,焊缝及熔合区显微组织均为铁素体+回火索氏体+第二相颗粒;熔敷金属屈服强度由725 MPa下降589 MPa,-40℃冲击吸收能量KV2由71 J提高到114 J;维氏硬度值在焊接接头焊缝及热影响区的分布趋向一致,焊接接头具有理想的力学性能。

高钛焊丝钢ER70S-G冶炼工艺优化实践

高钛焊丝钢ER70S-G研发时经常出现水口结瘤、结晶器“结鱼”、铸坯夹渣等问题,尤其是铸坯夹渣导致轧制后盘条表面出现连续性锯齿状结疤缺陷,严重影响盘条表面质量。引起水口结瘤、结晶器“结鱼”的主要原因是存在TiO_(x)、TiN等高熔点非金属夹杂物。通过控制钢水中氧氮含量、使用纯净合金、降低渣中SiO_(2)活度、调整钛合金化时机及温度等手段,解决了水口结瘤、结晶器“结鱼”、铸坯夹渣等问题,将高钛焊丝钢ER70S-G连浇炉数提高至10炉,盘条成材率提高至97%,优化效果显著。

实-药芯多丝电弧复合焊中药芯焊丝位置对焊接稳定性的影响

为了实现高强钢的优质高效焊接,提出了一种全新的Q960E高强钢的高效焊接工艺,即实-药芯多丝电弧复合焊工艺,该工艺通过一把集成式三丝焊枪实现两根实心焊丝复合一根药芯焊丝,既可以利用药芯焊丝实现焊接接头力学性能的优化,又可以利用3根焊丝实现高效焊接。其中药芯焊丝可以从两实心焊丝的正前方、正后方及侧面送入,通过对比分析焊接过程、焊道成形得出最佳药芯焊丝作用位置,并对最佳药芯焊丝作用位置下焊接接头的组织和显微硬度展开分析。结果表明:当药芯焊丝从正后方或侧面送入时,其中一根实心焊丝易与熔池接触发生短路过渡,前者会导致焊道宽窄不一,后者会导致焊道明显偏向药芯焊丝送入一侧。当药芯焊丝从正前方送入时,药芯焊丝呈一脉多滴过渡,且两实心焊丝均为一脉一滴过渡,此时焊接过程稳定,焊后焊道成形较好,焊道横截面形貌呈“双峰”状,是最佳的药芯焊丝送入位置。此外,当药芯焊丝从正前方送入时,焊缝区组织主要为细小的针状铁素体,粗晶区组织主要为粗大的板条马氏体和少量粒状贝氏体,细晶区组织主要为细小的马氏体,不完全淬火区组织主要为回火马氏体。此外,热影响区同时出现了软化和硬化现象,近不完全淬火区的母材硬度最低,仅为296 HV,完全淬火区硬度最高,达到396 HV,母材和焊缝区的硬度在320~340 HV之间。

一种抗拉强度1000 MPa级高强钢焊丝制备工艺

【目的】为解决目前国内抗拉强度1000 MPa级别焊丝在制备过程中盘条退火不均匀、拉拔过程中焊丝易脆断、生产成本较高等问题。【方法】提出了使用辊模拉拔+模具拉拔的混合拉拔工艺制备抗拉强度1000 MPa级高强钢焊丝。将混合拉拔工艺制备焊丝与传统模具拉拔制备焊丝进行对比试验,研究焊丝拉拔工艺对盘条抗拉强度、屈服强度的影响;分析退火工艺对盘条O,N含量、盘条组织的影响;通过对比焊丝电解前后焊丝表面质量,研究退火工艺、超声波电解清洗对焊丝表面质量的影响;通过对比焊接飞溅率、熔深、熔宽等参数,研究焊丝镀铜前后焊接工艺性。【结果】试验结果表明,通过合理控制道次减面率和拉拔前进速度,更易实现在较大减面率下的焊丝稳定制备过程,盘条经过1050℃连续退火可以有效消除盘条残余应力,极大地降低了拉拔断丝概率。盘条微观组织以马氏体为主并带有少量贝氏体、渗碳体,组织结构均匀的盘条更易制备性能稳定的焊丝。焊丝经超声波电解清洗、吹干涂油最终获得混合拉拔+无镀铜涂油的制备工艺。【结论】通过辊模拉拔+模具拉拔的混合拉拔工艺制备了抗拉强度1000 MPa级高强钢焊丝,且O,N含量≤0.005%,组织均匀稳定,有效保证盘条抗拉强度、屈服强度、表面质量均匀稳定,焊接工艺性优良。

高强焊丝钢N2M2T连铸坯表面缺陷分析及工艺改进

针对某钢厂在冶炼N2M2T高强焊丝钢时,连铸坯表面出现的凹陷、角部深振痕裂纹及渣坑等表面缺陷,结合理论分析及现场实际生产情况,从保护渣理化性能、结晶器振动参数、一冷配水及钢中N含量等对铸坯表面产生的缺陷进行分析。结果表明,连铸坯产生的表面缺陷主要与保护渣理化指标、结晶器振动参数、钢中N含量有关,而与一冷配水关系不大。生产实践表明,通过将保护渣碱度从0.6提高到1.19,w[C]从13.51%降低到8.21%,粘度从0.666 Pa.s降低到0.156 Pa.s,结晶器振动参数偏斜率由0.15提高至0.20,振频公式由60+50 V调整为90+60V,钢中N含量控制在<50×10^(-6),连铸工序△N<7×10^(-6)等措施,N2M2T高强焊丝钢连铸坯的表面缺陷得到明显改善,铸坯合格率从85%提高到95%以上,为后续轧钢的稳定轧制提供了保证。

高钛焊丝钢生产工艺优化

本钢北营炼钢厂在冶炼高钛焊丝钢时,经常会出现钛收得率低、熔渣性能恶化、铸坯卷渣等问题,特别是铸坯卷渣导致轧制后的盘条存在结疤缺陷,严重影响高钛焊丝钢的性能及质量。引起上述问题的主要原因是钢中的金属元素Ti和非金属元素O、N结合生成高熔点、团簇状的TiN、TiO_(2)非金属夹杂物。通过转炉工艺优化、精炼工艺优化和连铸工艺优化,有效控制了氮氧含量、改善了铸坯卷渣缺陷等严重问题,实现了小方坯生产高钛焊丝钢的目标,优化效果显著。

国产高强级焊接材料在船舶领域的研究与应用

为了保证疫情期间的生产率及生产质量,首次将国产品牌京群药芯焊丝引入到船舶领域。以Q690ME钢为母材,京群GFR-110K3药芯焊丝为焊接材料,采用药芯焊丝气体保护焊方法对厚板母材进行了X形坡口焊接工艺试验研究,以各项力学性能,如拉伸试验、弯曲试验、冲击试验、宏观试验及硬度试验结果为依据,不仅对后续现场施工提供了较强的技术支持,更证明了该种国产焊丝在690级钢材上的可焊接性与可推广性。

1Cr22Mn16N高氮钢激光焊接 I.焊接保护气体组成和热输入对焊缝氮含量及气孔性的影响

利用CO2激光对1Cr22Mn16N高氮钢进行了焊接,研究了焊接热输入和保护气体组成对焊缝氮含量、气孔的影响。结果表明,在相同激光焊接热输入条件下,随着保护气体中氮含量的增加,高氮钢焊缝中的氮含量略有增加。当采用纯氩作为焊接保护气体时,焊缝氮含量随热输入的增加而减小;当保护气体中的氮比例达到一定比例时,焊缝氮含量随热输入的增加而增大。焊接热输入较小的条件下焊缝易产生气孔,较大的热输入将抑制焊缝中气孔的产生,而且保护气体中氮含量越高,焊缝中产生气孔的倾向越小。