Influence of pore structure heterogeneity on channeling channels during hot water flooding in heavy oil reservoir based on CT scanning

Hot water flooding is an effective way to develop heavy oil reservoirs.However,local channeling channels may form,possibly leading to a low thermal utilization efficiency and high water cut in the reservoir.The pore structure heterogeneity is an important factor in forming these channels.This study proposes a method that mixes quartz sand with different particle sizes to prepare weakly heterogeneous and strongly heterogeneous models through which hot water flooding experiments are conducted.During the experiments,computer tomography(CT)scanning identifies the pore structure and micro remaining oil saturation distribution to analyze the influence of the pore structure heterogeneity on the channeling channels.The oil saturation reduction and average pore size are divided into three levels to quantitatively describe the relationship between the channeling channel distribution and pore structure heterogeneity.The zone where oil saturation reduction exceeds 20%is defined as a channeling channel.The scanning area is divided into 180 equally sized zones based on the CT scanning images,and threedimensional(3D)distributions of the channeling channels are developed.Four micro remaining oil distribution patterns are proposed,and the morphology characteristics of micro remaining oil inside and outside the channeling channels are analyzed.The results show that hot water flooding is more balanced in the weakly heterogeneous model,and the oil saturation decreases by more than 20%in most zones without narrow channeling channels forming.In the strongly heterogeneous model,hot water flooding is unbalanced,and three narrow channeling channels of different lengths form.In the weakly heterogeneous model,the oil saturation reduction is greater in zones with larger pores.The distribution range of the average pore size is larger in the strongly heterogeneous model.The network remaining oil inside the channeling channels is less than outside the channeling channels,and the hot water converts the network remaining oil into cluster,film,and droplet remaining oil.

STUDY ON OPTIMIZATION OF DESIGN PROPOSALFOR HOT WAXY ORUDE OIL TRANSMISSIONPIPELINE AND ITS APPLICATION

A mathematical model for optlmization design of the hot waxy crude oil transmission IZipelineis studied. The dimension-reducing method is selected to solve problems raised from multivariable,restricted and non-linear planning. And the optimization design model is applied to the practical design ofHejian Shijiazhuang oil transmission pipeline. outstanding economic and social benefits have beengained.

Bench-Scale Testing of Zinc Ferrite Sorbent for Hot Gas Clean-up

Advanced integrated gasification combined cycle （IGCC） power generation systems require the development of high-temperature, regenerable desulfurization sorbents, which are capable of removing hydrogen sulfide from coal gasifier gas to very low levels. In this paper, zinc ferrites prepared by co-precipitation were identified as a novel coal gas desulfurization sorbent at high temperature. Preparation of zinc ferrite and effects of binders on pore volume, strength and desulfurization efficiency of zinc ferrite desulfurizer were studied. Moreover, the behavior of zinc ferrite sorbent during desulfurization and regeneration under the temperature range of 350-400 ℃ are investigated. Effects of binders on the pore volume, mechanical strength and desulfurization efficiency of zinc ferrite sorbents indicated that the addition of kaolinite to zinc ferrite desulfurizer seems to be superior to other binders under the experimental conditions.

Standard friction prediction model of long-distance hot oil pipelines

We developed a predictive model for the pipeline friction in the 520-730 m^3/h transmission range using the multi-layerperceptron-back-propagation(MLP-BP)method and analyzing the unit friction data after the pigging of a hot oil pipeline.In view of the shortcomings of the MLP-BP model,two optimization methods,the genetic algorithm(GA)and mind evolutionary algorithm(MEA),were used to optimize the MLP-BP model.The research results were applied to the standard friction prediction of three sections of a hot oil pipeline.After the GA and MEA optimizations,the average errors of the three sections were 0.0041 MPa for the GA and 0.0012 MPa for the MEA,and the mean-square errors were 0.083 and 0.067,respectively.The MEA-BP model prediction results were characterized by high precision and small dispersion.The MEABP prediction model was applied to the analysis of the wax formation 60 and 90 days after pigging.The analysis results showed that the model can effectively guide pipe pigging and optimization.There was little sample data for the individual transmission and oil temperature steps because the model was based on actual production data modeling and analysis,which may have affected the accuracy and adaptability of the model.

Heating of heavy oil by circulating hot water in closed double casing in ultra-deep wells

In heavy oil production,the loss of energy to ambient surroundings decreases the temperature of the heavy oil flowing upwards in a vertical wellbore,which increases the oil viscosity and the oil may not flow normally in the wellbore.Therefore,it is necessary to lower the heavy oil viscosity by heating methods to allow it to be lifted easily.Heating of heavy oil in an oil well is achieved by circulating hot water in annuli in the well（tubing-casing annulus,casing-casing annulus）.In this paper,based on heat transfer principles and fluid flow theory,a model is developed for produced fluids and hot water flowing in a vertical wellbore.The temperature and pressure of produced fluids and hot water in the wellbore are calculated and the effect of hot water on heavy oil temperature is analyzed.Calculated results show that the hot water circulating in the annuli may effectively heat the heavy oil in the tubing,so as to significantly reduce both oil viscosity and resistance to oil flow.

The Hot Water Oil Expulsion Technique for Geothermal Resources

With the rapid development of Chinese petroleum industry, Oil production way of burning crude oil to produce steam need change. Heavy oil reservoir with thin layer or edgewater is unsuitable thermal recovery, electric heating leads to considerable electrical consumption, low injection water temperature decreases reservoir temperature and increased crude oil viscosity. The prolonged temperature difference break up reservoir pore throat cement and framework minerals. To improve high-capacity channel communication, we proposed geothermal oil recovery. Broad-sense abundant geothermal resources and existing injection water technique equipment are used, deep-seated high temperature liquid (oil-gas-water mixture) draws geothermal warming flowing layer to transit heat upward, decreases viscidity and increases fluidity. Reservoir temperature different offer geothermal fountain. Practicability process is analyzed. statistics and reservoir temperature variation analysis of Gudong Oilfield, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, we have designed flow-chart concept for geothermal oil recovery, suggested drilling multi-branch well in heavy oil reservoir as injection-well, at the same position of geothermal fountain well, using free-pressure pump to inject hot liquid directly to aimed oil layer, made oil recovery in surrounding wells. It is proposed that geothermal oil recovery forerunner test should be first conducted in favorable blocks.

Study on the Economic Insulation Thickness of the Buried Hot Oil Pipelines Based on Environment Factors

It is important to determine the insulation thickness in the design of the buried hot oil pipelines.The economic thickness of the insulation layer not only meets the needs of the project but also maximizes the investment and environmental benefits.However,as a significant evaluation,the environmental factors haven’t been considered in the previous study.Considering this factor,the mathematical model of economic insulation thickness of the buried hot oil pipelines is built in this paper,which is solved by the golden section method while considering the costs of investment,operation,environment,the time value of money.The environmental cost is determined according to the pollutant discharge calculated through relating heat loss of the pipelines to the air emission while building the model.The results primarily showed that the most saving fuel is natural gas,followed by LPG,fuel oil,and coal.The fuel consumption for identical insulation thickness is in the order:coal,fuel oil,LPG,and natural gas.When taking the environmental costs into account,the thicker the economic insulation layer is,the higher cost it will be.Meanwhile,the more pollutant discharge,the thicker the economic insulation layer will be.

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS FOR ZINC HOT ROLLING

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Improvement to anti-rust property of hot rolled rebar by compact oxide scale

A method was proposed to improve the anti-rust property of hot rolled rebar, which uses oil–water emulsion cooling instead of water cooling after hot rolling. The experiments were carried out by two cooling methods, one cooled by water, the other cooled by oil–water emulsion. The results of wet/dry cyclic accelerated corrosion test showed that the anti-rust property of rebar cooled by oil–water emulsion was better than that by water obviously. The results of OM, SEM and EPMA analysis indicated that these two scales contained three layers: an outer Fe_3O_4 layer, an intermediate Fe O layer with island-shaped pro-eutectoid Fe_3O_4, an inner eutectoid Fe_3O_4 layer. For the water cooled rebar, all three layers of oxide scale were relatively thin. Moreover, the scale had plenty of defects such as porosity, and crack. However, for the oil–water emulsion cooled rebar, all three layers of oxide scale were relatively thick and compact, which played an important role in protecting the rebar from atmospheric rust.

A laboratory study of hot WAG injection into fractured and conventional sand packs

Gas injection is the second largest enhanced oil recovery process, next only to the thermal method used in heavy oil fields. To increase the extent of the reservoir contacted by the injected gas, the gas is generally injected intermittently with water. This mode of injection is called water-alternating-gas (WAG). This study deals with a new immiscible water alternating gas (IWAG) EOR technique, “hot IWAG” which includes combination of thermal, solvent and sweep techniques. In the proposed method CO2 will be superheated above the reservoir temperature and instead of normal temperature water, hot water will be used. Hot CO2 and hot water will be alternatively injected into the sand packs. A laboratory test was conducted on the fractured and conventional sand packs. Slugs of water and CO2 with a low and constant rate were injected into the sand packs alternatively; slug size was 0.05 PV. Recovery from each sand pack was monitored and after that hot water and hot CO2 were injected alternatively under the same conditions and increased oil recovery from each sand pack and breakthrough were measured. Experimental results showed that the injection of hot WAG could significantly recover residual oil after WAG injection in conventional and fractured sand packs.

Study on Differences in Quality Indices of Peanut Oil Obtained by Different Oil-making Processes

[Objectives]The differences in indices of different peanut oil were found out by analyzing the quality of peanut oil obtained by different oil-making processes.[Methods]The effects of different oil-making processes on the quality of peanut oil were analyzed and compared through the determination of the main physicochemical indices,V_(E) contents and fatty acid compositions of peanut oil obtained by cold pressing,hot pressing and leaching and refining.[Results]The leached refined peanut oil had the lightest color and the lightest fragrance;the hot-pressed peanut oil had the highest V_(E) content;the refractive index,relative density and main fatty acid compositions of the three kinds of peanut oil had no significant differences;and there were trans-fatty acids in the leached refined peanut oil,and the trans-fatty acid contents in the leached refined fresh and aged peanut oil were 1.90%and 4.39%,respectively.The trans-fatty acid content is expected to be a characteristic index to distinguish pressed peanut oil from leached refined peanut oil.[Conclusions]This study can provide a theoretical basis for distinguishing and identifying peanut oil obtained from different oil-making processes.

超稠油油藏热化学驱油水渗流特征

针对超稠油油藏热化学驱开发过程中不同温度区域内的油水渗流特征不明的问题,利用微观可视化实验和一维物理模拟实验,定量研究了不同温度下热水和驱油剂对驱油效率的影响及相对渗透率的变化规律,分析了热水和驱油剂驱油的致效机理和交互作用。实验结果表明:温度为70℃时,高温驱油剂驱的油相相对渗透率增大,水相相对渗透率变化较小;温度为150℃时,热水和驱油剂的协同增效作用更显著,热水驱转高温驱油剂驱和直接高温驱油剂驱的油相、水相相对渗透率均明显增大;温度超过200℃后,驱油剂在高温限制下驱油作用减弱,热水对驱油效率的提升大幅增加。研究表明:不同温度下,热水驱和高温驱油剂驱均可提高驱油效率;随着温度升高,热水对提高驱油效率的作用不断增大,驱油剂对驱油效率的贡献先增大后减小;热化学驱通过热水、驱油剂在不同温度区域的接替驱油和协同作用,能够实现超稠油油藏效益开发。该研究可为热化学驱提高超稠油油藏采收率提供参考。

聚乙烯油水分离膜的制备及表征

线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)与聚氧乙烯(PEO)以不同质量比混合,通过热压成型技术制备了LLDPE/PEO膜,利用超声沥滤工艺除去PEO,实现多孔结构,再采用热压印技术在膜表面构筑微结构制备LLDPE高效油水分离膜。结果表明:LLDPE/PEO最佳质量比为40/60;超声沥滤的时间为6 h;LLDPE油水分离膜能快速选择性吸附二氯甲烷和环己烷等油剂,对环己烷、花生油和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的饱和吸附量约为150%~180%;油水分离膜对二氯甲烷/水混合物的分离效率为99.9%。

不同预处理方式对抑制再制薯条吸油特性的影响

探究热风干燥预处理(60、90 min和120 min)和焙烤预处理(24、27 min和30 min)对降低再制薯条吸油效果及抑制吸油的作用机理,确定最佳的预处理方式。结果表明:与未处理样品相比,经过热风干燥和焙烤预处理后油脂质量分数分别降低了5.37%~15.75%和16.30%~16.51%(P<0.05);预处理后样品的水分质量分数降低,油炸后油脂质量分数也相应降低,且呈线性正相关;通过低场核磁共振分析发现,预处理后样品中自由水含量大幅度降低,部分自由水向结合水、半结合水转变;焙烤预处理后样品表面和内部油脂分布少于热风干燥预处理;通过激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察发现焙烤预处理后少量油脂分布于淀粉细胞缝隙中,淀粉-脂质复合物生成明显少于热风干燥和未处理样品;通过扫描电镜观察发现相比于热风干燥预处理,焙烤预处理后样品表面的粗糙度降低、裂缝和孔隙数量减少。因此,预处理是通过改变样品初始水分质量分数、水分状态、表面微观结构和淀粉特性抑制再制薯条吸油,焙烤预处理抑制吸油的效果优于热风干燥预处理。结合感官评价结果综合考虑,选择焙烤预处理27 min作为最佳预处理方式制备油脂含量低且品质较好的马铃薯休闲食品。

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS结合电子鼻分析热风烘烤及压榨工艺对香榧饼风味物质的影响

以制油后的香榧饼为研究对象,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS)、电子鼻和感官评定结合气味活度(ROAV)等方法,研究热风烘烤和压榨工艺对香榧饼香气特征和关键风味物质的影响。从香榧饼中共鉴定54种挥发性物质(5种醛类、7种酮类、3种醇类、6种酯类、12种烃类、15种杂环类和6种其他类)。螺杆压榨香榧饼风味偏清甜香,1,5,5-三甲基-3-亚甲基环己烯的风味贡献最大,液压香榧饼中反,反-2,4-十二碳二烯醛的风味贡献最大,呈现烘烤香味。通过变量投影重要性分析(VIP score)和聚类分析,150℃烘烤螺杆香榧饼风味标记性物质为2,3-二氢苯并呋喃,160℃烘烤液压香榧饼风味浓郁,标记性物为2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪。

面向典型负荷曲线的油浸式电力变压器动态载荷能力评估方法

开展油浸式电力变压器动态载荷能力评估,保障设备安全运行条件下提高设备利用率和迎峰能力,是资产精益化管理的发展方向。该文首先分析动态温升模型的热参数,使用光纤实测的绕组热点温度数据对热参数优化并对温升估算模型进行改进,最终热点温度估算最大误差不超过3K,其次结合变压器运行工况,综合考虑热点温度、顶层油温、寿命损失及套管和分接开关最大允许电流等约束,提出了一种基于负荷循环迭代的变压器动态载荷能力评估方法,并分析了典型负荷曲线及环境温度曲线的提取方法,最后针对变压器在不同场景下的多个动态载荷能力评估应用实例进行研究,确定变压器的动态载荷能力及限制因素。结果表明,套管和分接开关最大允许电流可能成为限制变压器动态载荷能力的主要因素,较额定工况,不同场景下变压器载荷能力可提升28%以上,具有较大的载荷潜力。

煤制油沥青改性制备包覆沥青及其表征分析

以煤制油沥青(coal to oil asphalt,CTOA)为原料,加入乙烯焦油沥青(ethylene tar pitch,ETP)进行改性,采用热聚合法制备出高品质的包覆沥青。在最佳热聚合工艺条件下制备出200^(#)包覆沥青;利用元素分析仪、红外光谱仪、拉曼光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪等对包覆沥青的微观形貌、结构和组成进行分析。结果表明,相较于空气氧化法和催化交联聚合法,改性和热聚合所制备的200^(#)包覆沥青的QI和灰分质量分数显著降低,产品性能优异;微观结构和组成分析表明,包覆沥青分子具有较高的碳质量分数和芳香缩合度,分子中类石墨结构增多,碳微晶排列规整,热重分析结果进一步证实其热稳定性显著增强,可用作锂电负极包覆材料。

热榨菜籽油加工过程中三甲胺及其前体物质的分布和变化规律

旨在为热榨菜籽油的质量控制和生产工艺调控提供理论参考,以市场上3种基因型(甘蓝型、白菜型、芥菜型)共6个不同品种的油菜籽为原料,探究了热榨菜籽油加工过程中三甲胺及其前体物质(芥子碱、胆碱、甜菜碱和甘磷酸胆碱)的分布和变化规律。结果表明:3种不同基因型油菜籽中4种前体物质的含量均存在显著差异;经过烘炒后,白菜型油菜籽制备的菜籽油中三甲胺含量最高,芥菜型油菜籽的最低;油菜籽经过烘炒后,胆碱和甜菜碱含量有所上升,芥子碱和甘磷酸胆碱含量有所降低,三甲胺及其前体物质主要存在于菜籽饼中,少量转移至菜籽油中;随着烘炒温度的升高和烘炒时间的延长,油菜籽、菜籽油和菜籽饼中三甲胺含量逐渐升高,在220℃下烘炒20 min时,菜籽油中三甲胺含量达到最高值(552.0μg/kg);随烘炒温度的升高和烘炒时间的延长,芥子碱和甘磷酸胆碱含量总体呈下降趋势,而胆碱和甜菜碱含量呈上升趋势。综上,热榨菜籽油加工过程中,可以优先选用产生三甲胺含量较少的芥菜型油菜籽为原料,对油菜籽进行前处理以减少三甲胺前体物质的含量,或者在保证菜籽油风味的基础上尽可能降低烘炒温度和缩短烘炒时间。

稠油热采热流体循环加热过程中的井筒温度分布

针对稠油开采时闭式热流体循环加热井筒产出流体的情况,文中建立了循环加热流体和产出流体的二维瞬态温度分布模型,充分考虑了对流换热、轴向传热以及热源项对热流体加热产出流体的影响。使用有限体积法对模型进行求解,并分析了热流体入口温度、热流体流量、热流体加热深度、产液量对产液温度的影响规律,以及这4个因素发生变化时对产液温度的影响程度。通过与现场实测数据及其他模型进行对比,验证了文中建立的温度模型的准确性。研究结果表明,热流体入口温度变化对产液温度的影响程度最大,产液量变化和热流体流量变化的影响程度比较接近,而热流体加热深度变化的影响程度较小。该研究成果对于热流体循环加热开采稠油的现场生产具有指导意义。

环氧大豆油木材胶黏剂的制备及其热压工艺的优化

为开发具有较强耐水性的环保可再生胶黏剂,以环氧大豆油(ESO)为原料,选用顺丁烯二酸酐(MA)为固化剂,乙酰丙酮锌〔Zn(acac)2〕为催化剂,制备ESO木材胶黏剂,同时制备了杨木胶合板,考察了MA添加量对胶黏剂性能的影响,通过DSC分析优化了催化剂添加量,对胶黏剂进行了红外光谱和TG/DTG分析,并利用正交实验对热压工艺进行了优化。结果表明:当MA添加量为27%时胶黏剂性能达到最佳;催化剂的最优添加量为3%;通过红外光谱和TG/DTG分析证明ESO与MA发生了交联固化反应;最佳热压工艺为热压温度150℃、热压时间10 min、热压压力2 MPa、涂胶量320 g/m^(2),在此条件下湿态胶合强度为1.613 MPa,符合国家规定的普通胶合板Ⅱ类板要求(≥0.70 MPa)。该胶黏剂制备方法具有简单、高效、环保等优势,是实现ESO在木材产品生产中可持续应用的一种很有前景的策略,具有很大的工业应用潜力。