Online dynamic measurement of saturation-capillary pressure relation in sandy medium under water level fluctuation

An online dynamic method based on electrical conductivity probe, tensiometer and datataker was presented to measure saturation-capillary pressure （S-p） relation in water-light nonaqueous phase liquid （LNAPL） two-phase sandy medium under water level fluctuation. Three-electrode electrical conductivity probe （ECP） was used to measure water saturation. Hydrophobic tensiometer was obtained by spraying waterproof material to the ceramic cup of commercially available hydrophilic tensiometer. A couple of hydrophilic tensiometer and hydrophobic tensiometer were used to measure pore water pressure and pore LNAPL pressure of the sandy medium, respectively. All the signals from ECP and tensiometer were collected by a data taker connected with a computer. The results show that this method can finish the measurement of S-R relation of a complete drainage or imbibition process in less than 60 min. It is much more timesaving compared with 10-40 d of traditional methods. Two cycles of water level fluctuation were produced, and four saturation-capillary pressure relations including two stable residual LNAPL saturations of the sandy medium were obtained during in 350 h. The results show that this method has a good durable performance and feasibility in the porous medium with complicated multiphase flow. Although further studies are needed on the signal stability and accuracy drift of the ECP, this online dynamic method can be used successfully in the rapid characterization of a LNAPL migration in porous media.

Modeling the Pressure Distribution and the Changes of Water Level around the Offshore Platforms Exposed to Waves, Using the Numerical Model of Flow 3D

The humans’ need to use the oceans for exploration and extraction of oil has led to the development of engineering science in the field of offshore structures. Since it’s important to examine the offshore structures from different aspects and perspectives, we would have to evaluate many different parameters about them. So categorizing these parameters can help to perform their related analysis with more accuracy and more details. Due to the efficient force it exerts on the structure, the pressure distribution around every marine or hydraulic structure has a significant importance, and it even accounts for one of the dominant issues in designing and building of such structures. In the present study, an oil platform located in Phase 15 of South Pars oil fields, located in the Persian Gulf waters, has been analyzed using the FLOW 3D software. The outputs indicate that the pressure of water is distributed almost hydrostatically with the depth, and its maximum reaches 0.6 MPa at the bottom.

Evaluation of the treatment effect of rear slope cutting on hydrodynamic pressure landslides:A case study

After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir,some huge ancient landslides were reactivated and deformed,showing typical hydrodynamic pressure landslide characteristics.The Baishuihe landslide was a typical hydrodynamic pressure landslide.The management department conducted slope cutting treatments from 2018 to 2019.To evaluate the treatment effect of rear slope cutting,this study analyzed the data of the surface deformation survey and field monitoring over the past 20 years and the characteristics of the reservoir water-triggered Baishuihe landslide deformation,and calculated the seepage field,displacement field,and stability coefficient before and after landslide treatment.The results showed that the deformation of the Baishuihe landslide was primarily related to a decrease in the reservoir water level.Owing to the poor permeability of the landslide soil,the decrease in the reservoir water level produced a seepage force pointing to the outside of the landslide body,leading to the step deformation of the landslide displacement.The landslide was treated by rear slope cutting,and the“step”deformation of the landslide disappeared after treatment.The hydrodynamic pressure caused by the change in reservoir water after cutting the slope did not disappear.However,as the slope cutting greatly reduced the overall sliding force of the landslide,its stability was greatly improved.Notably,high stability can still be ensured under extreme rainfall after treatment.Slope cutting is effective for treating hydrodynamic pressure landslides.This study can provide effective technical support for the treatment of reservoir landslides.

Analysis of the relationship between water level fluctuation and seismicity in the Three Gorges Reservoir(China)

The Three Gorges Reservoir is a good site for the further researches on reservoir induced seismicity due to decades＇ seismic monitoring. After the first water impounding in 2003, seismic activity becomes more frequent than that before water impoundment. In order to quantitatively study, the relationship between the water level fluctuation and earthquakes in TGR, we introduced statistical methods to attain the goal. First of all, we relocated the earthquakes in TGR region with double difference method and divided the earthquakes into 5 clusters with clustering analysis method. Secondly, to examine the impacts of water level fluctuation in different water filling stages on the seismic activity in the 5 clusters, a series of statistical analyses are applied. Pearson correlation results show that only the 175 m water level fluc- tuation has significantly positive impacts on the seismic activity in clusters I, II, III and V with correlation coefficients of 0.44, 0.38, 0.66 and 0.63. Cross-correlation analysis demonstrates that 0, ], 0 and 0 month time delay separately for the clusters I, II, III and V exists. It illustrated the influences of the water loading and pore pressure diffusion on induced earthquakes. Cointegration tests and impulse response analysis denoted that the 175 m water level only had long term and significant effects just on the seismic events in the intersection region of the Fairy Mount Fault and Nine-brook Fault. One standard deviation shock to 175 m water level increased the seismic activity in cluster V for the first 3 months, and then the negative influence was shown. After 7 months, the negative impulse response becomes stable. The long-term effect of the 175 m water impoundment also proved the important role of pore pressure diffusion in RIS with time.

Influence of Seasonal Ground Water Level Fluctuations on the Stability of the Rohingya Refugee Camp Hills of Ukhiya, Teknaf, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh—A Threat for Sustainable Development

Bangladesh is a south Asian Monsoonal Country and the recent precipitation pattern in the Cox’s Bazar area of Bangladesh is changing and increasing the number of monsoonal slope failures and landslide hazards in the Kutubpalong & Balukhali Rohingya camp area. An attempt has been made to see the influence of seasonal variation of ground water level (G.W.L.) fluctuations on the stability of the eco hills and forests of Ukhiya Teknaf region. Ukhiya hills are in great danger because of cutting trees from the hill slopes and it is well established that due to recent change of climate, short term rainfall for few consecutive days during monsoon might show an influence on the factor of safety (Fs) values of the camp hill slopes. A clear G.W.L. variation between dry and wet seasons has an influence on the stability (Fs) values indicating that climate has a strong influence on the stability and threatening sustainable development. A stable or marginally stable slope might be unstable during raining and show a variation of ground water level (G.W.L.). The generation of pore water pressure (P.W.P.) is also influenced by seasonal variation of ground water level. During wet season negative P.W.P. called suction plays an important role to occur slope failures in the Ukhiya hills. Based on all calculated factor of safety values (Fs) at different locations, four (4) susceptible landslide risk zones are identified. They are very high risk (Fs = 0.18 to 0.46), high risk (Fs = 0.56 to 0.75), medium risk (Fs = 0.76 to 1.0) and marginally stable areas (Fs ≈ 1). Proper geo-engineering measures must be taken by the concerned authorizes to reduce P.W.P. during monsoon by installing rain water harvesting system, allowing sufficient drainage & other geotechnical measures to reduce the risk of slope failures in the Ukhiya hills. Based on the stability factor (Fs) at different slope locations of the camp hills, a risk map of the investigated area has been produced for the local community for their safety and to build up awareness & to motivate them to evacuate the site during monsoonal slope failures. The established “Risk Maps” can be used for future geological engineering works as well as for sustainable planning, design and construction purposes relating to adaptation and mitigation of landslide risks in the investigated area.

Analytical and Experimental Studies on Wave Scattering by a Horizontal Perforated Plate at the Still Water Level

This research investigates water-wave scattering via a horizontal perforated plate fixed at the still water level through analytical studies and physical model tests.The velocity potential decomposition method is combined with an efficient iterative algorithm to develop an analytical solution in which the quadratic pressure drop condition is imposed on the horizontal perforated plate.The analytical results are in good agreement with the results of an independently developed iterative boundary element method(BEM)solution.Experimental tests are carried out in a wave flume to measure the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient of the horizontal perforated plate,and the analytical results agree reasonably well with the experimental data.The influence of various structural parameters of the horizontal perforated plate on the hydrodynamic parameters of reflection coefficient,transmission coefficient,energy-loss coefficient,and wave force are analyzed on the basis of the analytical solution.Useful results for the practical engineering application of horizontal perforated plates are also presented.

Attenuation-type and failure-type curve models on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidated clay

Based on dynamic triaxial test results of saturated soft clay, similarities of variations between accumulated pore water pressure and accumulated deformation were analyzed. The Parr＇s equation on accumulated deformation was modified to create an attenuation-type curve model on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidation clay. In this model, dynamic strength was introduced and a new parameter called equivalent dynamic stress level was added. Besides, based on comparative analysis on variations between failure-type and attenuatiun-type curves, a failure-type curve model was created on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidation clay. Two models can take cycle number, coupling of static and dynamic deviator stress, and consolidation way into consideration. The models are verified by test results. The correlation coefficients are more than 0.98 for optimization of test results based on the two models, and there is good agreement between the optimized and test curves, which shows that the two models are suitable to predict variations of accumulated pore water pressure under different loading cases and consolidation ways. In order to improve prediction accuracy, it is suggested that loading cases and consolidation ways should be consistent with in-situ conditions when dynamic triaxial tests are used to determine the constants in the models.

Impact of Mid-and Upper-Level Dry Air on Tropical Cyclone Genesis and Intensification:A Modeling Study of Durian(2001)

The impact of mid-and upper-level dry air,represented by low relative humidity(RH)values,on the genesis of tropical cyclone(TC)Durian(2001)in the South China Sea was investigated by a series of numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model.The mid-level RH was lowered in different regions relative to TC Durian(2001)’s genesis location.Results suggest that the location of dry air was important to Durian(2001)’s genesis and intensification.The rapid development of the TC was accompanied by sustained near-saturated mid-and upper-level air,whereas low humidity decelerated its development.Water vapor budget analysis showed that moisture at mid and upper levels was mainly supplied by the vertical convergence of moisture flux and the divergence terms,and consumed by the condensation process.The horizontal convergence of moisture flux term supplied moisture in the air moistening process but consumed moisture in the air drying process.With a dryer mid-and upper-level environment,convective and stratiform precipitation were both inhibited.The upward mass fluxes and the diabatic heating rates associated with these two precipitation types were also suppressed.Generally,convection played the dominant role,since the impact of the stratiform process on vertical mass transportation and diabatic heating was much weaker.The vorticity budget showed that the negative vorticity convergence term,which was closely related to the inhibited convection,caused the vorticity to decrease above the lower troposphere in a dryer environment.The negative vorticity tendency is suggested to slow down the vertical coherence and the development rate of TCs.

Pressure drop of the film-enlarged tube bundles in air-water two-phase cross flow in evaporative air cooler

An experiment was carried out to investigate the relation of the maximum velocity of air passing through narrowest passage, mass flux of spray water in one square meter in one hour and the pressure drop of tube bundles. Twelve equations were obtained for the relation. The results show that the pressure drop of the tube bundles increases with increase of the maximum velocity of air and the mass flux of spray water. Comparing the pressure drop of the bare tube bundles with that of the film-enhanced tube bundles, it is found that the pressure drop of the film-enhanced tube bundles is lower about 11% and the surface roughness of the film-enhanced plates is a main factor that influences the pressure drop. The data and method obtained in the paper can be used to compute the pressure drop of the film-enhanced tube bundles and is helpful for selection of fan.

Characteristics and possible causes of the seasonal sea level anomaly along the South China Sea coast

Based on sea level, air temperature, sea surface temperature（SST）, air pressure and wind data during 1980–2014,this paper uses Morlet wavelet transform, Estuarine Coastal Ocean Model（ECOM） and so on to investigate the characteristics and possible causes of seasonal sea level anomalies along the South China Sea（SCS） coast. The research results show that：（1） Seasonal sea level anomalies often occur from January to February and from June to October. The frequency of sea level anomalies is the most in August, showing a growing trend in recent years. In addition, the occurring frequency of negative sea level anomaly accounts for 50% of the total abnormal number.（2） The seasonal sea level anomalies are closely related to ENSO events. The negative anomalies always occurred during the El Ni？o events, while the positive anomalies occurred during the La Ni？a（late El Ni？o） events. In addition, the seasonal sea level oscillation periods of 4–7 a associated with ENSO are the strongest in winter, with the amplitude over 2 cm.（3） Abnormal wind is an important factor to affect the seasonal sea level anomalies in the coastal region of the SCS. Wind-driven sea level height（SSH） is basically consistent with the seasonal sea level anomalies. Moreover, the influence of the tropical cyclone in the coastal region of the SCS is concentrated in summer and autumn, contributing to the seasonal sea level anomalies.（4） Seasonal variations of sea level, SST and air temperature are basically consistent along the coast of the SCS, but the seasonal sea level anomalies have no much correlation with the SST and air temperature.

Design of deep-water omnidirectional spirit level

Attitude adjustment is a key link in the installation process of underwater facilities in deep water.To solve this problem,an omnidirectional spirit level for deep water was developed.The sealing principle of the spirit level and the principle of deep-water pressure resistance are analyzed,and the threaded connection strength is checked.The mechanical simulation verifies that the spirit level can withstand the pressure of 2000 m water depth,and the water pressure test is carried out for 30 min in a 20 MPa hyperbaric chamber.After the experiment is completed,the appearance of the spirit level is intact and there is no leakage.The experiment results show that the deep-water omnidirectional spirit level can be used in the deep sea within 2000 m.

Study on the Elman Neural Network Operation Control Strategy of the Central Air Conditioning Chilled Water System

The stable operation of the central air conditioning water system always is a major difficulty for the control profession. Paper focus on the water system with multi variable, strong coupling, nonlinear, large time delay characteristics, presented use feed forward coupling compensation method, to eliminate the coupling effect between temperature and pressure. In this paper, the Elman neural network controller is designed for the first time, and the simulation results show that the response time of Elman neural network controller is shorter, the system is more stable and the overshoot is small.

水击补气式压力罐及水力瞬变仿真

空气阀常常安装在输水管检修孔侧壁,进气后部分气体就会存留在检修孔上部产生气垫式压力罐的水击防护作用。据此,提出了水击补气式压力罐装置的设计方法,即利用泵站事故断电产生的水击负压现象,通过真空破坏阀或空气阀给压力罐补气,以防止输水管发生液体汽化现象并削减水击最大压力。然后,建立了水击补气式压力罐水力瞬变数值仿真数学模型。最后,以一个实际输水工程为例,计算比较了分别设置空气阀、空气阀调压室及真空破坏阀补气式压力罐时的水击防护效果,结果表明,补气式压力罐水击防护效果最好。

华北地区深井水位对飑线天气过程的水力响应

为探讨华北地区飑线天气对深井水位干扰的特征和影响机制,以2017年9月21日发生在华北中部的一次飑线事件为例,使用时频分析和线性回归等方法系统地诊断了此次飑线对无极、辛集、永清和宁晋等四口千米级深井的水位扰动特征。结果表明:在宏观层面,飑线过境各深井时会引起气压快速涌升,在气压的激励下,深井水位出现了即时的脉冲状波动,该干扰的持续时间可长达127 min;此次飑线过程中周期性气压波动的主频段为15—25 cpd,在该频段内,各深井水位与气压扰动的形态高度负相关,相关系数均低于-0.95,气压系数主要集中在-4.9—-6.9 mm/hPa之间。

水位变化下浅埋盾构隧道开挖面渗透力与稳定性研究

为分析临江地区透水地层浅埋盾构开挖面渗流作用下的稳定性,结合安庆市沿江东路管廊盾构段典型断面,建立浅埋盾构三维流固耦合数值模型,分析水位变化、土体力学性质对开挖面稳定性影响以及渗透力的变化规律,明确浅埋盾构渗透作用下开挖面的失稳形式,建立区别于传统破坏模型的圆台-弧转体数学模型,提出一种基于极限分析上限法且考虑渗透力作用的极限支护压力的计算方法,并与已有研究结果相对比,验证该方法的可行性;根据该方法分析水位、土体力学参数、盾构掘进参数对极限支护压力的影响。研究结果表明:黏聚力及内摩擦角增加会导致破坏区高度显著减小,而水位增加会导致破坏区高度及长度显著增加;开挖面上渗透力随开挖面与拱顶的距离增大而增大,渗透力随水位变化呈线性变化,平均渗透力随水位变化率为2.75 kN·m^(-3);极限支护压力随黏聚力、水位呈线性变化,随摩擦角呈非线性变化;结合开挖面前方土层土体力学性质,极限支护压力随水位变化率为5.11~5.75 kPa,与实测土仓压力变化率6.38 kPa较吻合,控制土仓压力在80 kPa以上时能有效保证开挖面稳定。

井水位气压效率计算方法的对比研究——以云南高大井为例

为了研究不同井水位气压效率计算方法的原理及差异性,基于2019年2月1日至2020年7月28日云南高大井的气压与水位数据,使用Clark方法、Rahi方法、回归反卷积法和Acworth方法计算了该井的气压效率BE值,分别为:0.4395、0.4968、0.6174和0.6654,平均值为0.5548。对比分析结果表明:Clark方法和Rahi方法的优点是计算简单方便,但是没有考虑时间滞后的影响;回归反卷积法可以获得BE值随滞后时间的变化情况,但是极易受到降水、蒸散发等信号的影响;Acworth方法考虑了固体潮信号并且避免了降水、蒸散发等信号的干扰,但是该方法仅适用于承压和半承压含水层中。最后,根据4种方法的特点和适用性,对不同目的下的井水位气压效应分析给出了相应的建议。

输水管线空气阀进排气孔径的合理选择

输水管线空气阀进排气孔径的选择,包括防水锤型空气阀低压进排气孔、缓冲板小排气孔和高压微量排气孔,不仅影响输水的安全性,而且严重影响工程投资。为了合理选择各种类型空气阀进排气孔径,本文首先提出了气体流量与流量系数、孔径、气压的函数关系,以及输水管液柱弥合水击压力与输水管直径、水击波速和空气阀流量改变量的函数关系;然后,建立了空气阀进排气孔径与输水管线充水和排水流速、负压控制要求及水击压力之间的函数关系,同时考虑了管材刚度和位置高程的影响。最后,分别以重力流输水管线和泵站加压输水管线为例,应用所得理论公式分别计算确定了复合式空气阀和防水锤型空气阀进排气孔孔径,结果表明按照本文公式确定的空气阀进排气孔径,不仅比按照常规经验确定的空气阀孔径小得多,而且可以有效削减输水管的液柱弥合水击压力。

某新建高位水池消能改造方案及应急措施研究

某新建高位水池建成运行后,产生了两种恶劣流态:一是通气孔出口发生喷水,二是下游水厂出现掺气。该文通过水工模型试验演示了新建高位水池内部水流运行流态及掺气状况,探究了池内水流紊动及掺气机理,验证并提出了憋阀运行时的堰后“临界水位”消能方案,短期可消除高位水池内恶劣流态;在比较了堰板中部、及底部开孔等多个消能改造方案后,提出的优化方案池内流态平稳、无掺气,消能效果良好,可作为水池结构改造的可行实施方案,试验研究成果可为类似工程设计提供参考。

基于CPTU的承压水位勘察测试方法

基坑隧道等工程中承压水突涌、渗漏等问题时有发生,如何经济、便捷、准确地获取承压水位对工程设计及施工具有重要指导意义。通过分析江阴靖江过江隧道和海太过江通道工程中的孔压静力触探(CPTU)测试及地勘资料,提出了一种基于CPTU的承压水位测试方法,可在获取CPTU原位测试参数的同时,通过测量的孔隙水压力计算承压水位。将CPTU测试获取的承压水位与观测井水位进行对比,结果表明,测试值与观测值较为一致;CPTU方法具有操作便捷、快速、施工成本低的优点,值得在基坑隧道工程中推广使用。

甘蔗生物质炭在界面太阳能海水淡化中的应用

太阳能驱动的界面水蒸发作为环保、高效、可持续的海水淡化技术,在近年来受到广泛关注。快速的水运输、高效的光热转换是实现持续、稳定蒸发的关键。多级孔道的生物质衍生蒸发器在太阳能水蒸发应用中展示出高效、环保、可持续的应用潜力。以废弃的甘蔗节为原料,利用冷冻干燥和高温碳化工艺制备了具有天然多级孔道结构的生物质基蒸发器,并研究了材料的光吸收、水运输和蒸发性能以及不同风速下对流空气对蒸发器的蒸发性能和热损失的改善作用。结果表明:具有发达的多级孔道结构的生物质基蒸发器展示出了高达92.8%的太阳光吸收率。在一倍太阳光强下展示出1.55 kg/(m^(2)·h)的蒸发速率和77.6%的光热转换效率。此外,在风速2 m/s的条件下,蒸发器的蒸发速率展示出了高达2.27 kg/(m^(2)·h)的蒸发速率和91.6%的光热转换效率,显示了对流效应对淡水产出速率的增强和对热损失的抑制作用。