Promoting grain production through high-standard farmland construction:Evidence in China

Food security is a strategic priority for a country’s economic development.In China,high-standard farmland construction(HSFC)is an important initiative to stabilize grain production and increase grain production capacity.Based on panel data from 31 sample provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities in China from 2005–2017,this study explored the impact of HSFC on grain yield using the difference-in-differences(DID)method.The results showed that HSFC significantly increased total grain production,which is robust to various checks.HSFC increased grain yield through three potential mechanisms.First,it could increase the grain replanting index.Second,it could effectively reduce yield loss due to droughts and floods.Last,HSFC could strengthen the cultivated land by renovating the low-and medium-yielding fields.Heterogeneity analysis found that the HSFC farmland showed a significant increase in grain yield only in the main grain-producing areas and balanced areas.In addition,HSFC significantly increased the yields of rice,wheat,and maize while leading to a reduction in soybean yields.The findings suggest the government should continue to promote HSFC,improve construction standards,and strictly control the“non-agriculturalization”and“non-coordination”of farmland to increase grain production further.At the same time,market mechanisms should be used to incentivize soybean farming,improve returns and stabilize soybean yields.

Impact of slope farmland use change on ecosystem services value in China,2000-2020

Slope farmland is an important component of farmland resources in China.The utilization and change of slope farmland have significant effects on ecosystems,and understanding the impact of slope farmland change on ecosystem services(ESs)is critical for effective land utilization and ecosystem protection.This study aims to analyze slope farmland changes in China between 2000 and 2020 and quantify the impact of these changes on ESs by the use of a land use dynamic attitude study,and an ecosystem services value(ESV)equivalent.Results show that the area of slope farmland in China was mainly concentrated on slopes of 2°-6°,and exhibited a downward trend between 2000 and 2020.There were significant differences in the spatial distribution of the farmland,which was mainly located in the Taihang,Qinling,Wushan,and Xuefeng mountains.ESV increased by$179.235 million due to the conversion between slope farmland and forest,grassland,and construction land from 2000-2010.Conversely,from 2010 to 2020,ESV decreased by$2613.919 million due to the conversion of forest and grassland to slope farmland as well as the conversion of slope farmland to construction land.

An Improved Farmland Fertility Algorithm with Hyper-Heuristic Approach for Solving Travelling Salesman Problem

Travelling Salesman Problem(TSP)is a discrete hybrid optimization problem considered NP-hard.TSP aims to discover the shortest Hamilton route that visits each city precisely once and then returns to the starting point,making it the shortest route feasible.This paper employed a Farmland Fertility Algorithm(FFA)inspired by agricultural land fertility and a hyper-heuristic technique based on the Modified Choice Function(MCF).The neighborhood search operator can use this strategy to automatically select the best heuristic method formaking the best decision.Lin-Kernighan(LK)local search has been incorporated to increase the efficiency and performance of this suggested approach.71 TSPLIB datasets have been compared with different algorithms to prove the proposed algorithm’s performance and efficiency.Simulation results indicated that the proposed algorithm outperforms comparable methods of average mean computation time,average percentage deviation(PDav),and tour length.

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on soil microbial community structure and ecological processes in the farmland of Chinese Loess Plateau

Microorganisms regulate the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to anthropogenic nutrient inputs.The escalation of anthropogenic activities has resulted in a rise in the primary terrestrial constraining elements,namely nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P).Nevertheless,the specific mechanisms governing the influence of soil microbial community structure and ecological processes in ecologically vulnerable and delicate semi-arid loess agroecosystems remain inadequately understood.Therefore,we explored the effects of different N and P additions on soil microbial community structure and its associated ecological processes in the farmland of Chinese Loess Plateau based on a 36-a long-term experiment.Nine fertilization treatments with complete interactions of high,medium,and low N and P gradients were set up.Soil physical and chemical properties,along with the microbial community structure were measured in this study.Additionally,relevant ecological processes such as microbial biomass,respiration,N mineralization,and enzyme activity were quantified.To elucidate the relationships between these variables,we examined correlation-mediated processes using statistical techniques,including redundancy analysis(RDA)and structural equation modeling(SEM).The results showed that the addition of N alone had a detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass,mineralized N accumulation,andβ-1,4-glucosidase activity.Conversely,the addition of P exhibited an opposing effect,leading to positive influences on these soil parameters.The interactive addition of N and P significantly changed the microbial community structure,increasing microbial activity(microbial biomass and soil respiration),but decreasing the accumulation of mineralized N.Among them,N24P12 treatment showed the greatest increase in the soil nutrient content and respiration.N12P12 treatment increased the overall enzyme activity and total phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA)content by 70.93%.N and P nutrient contents of the soil dominate the microbial community structure and the corresponding changes in hydrolytic enzymes.Soil microbial biomass,respiration,and overall enzyme activity are driven by mineralized N.Our study provides a theoretical basis for exploring energy conversion processes of soil microbial community and environmental sustainability under long-term N and P additions in semi-arid loess areas.

Influence of Straw Incorporation on Maize Yield,N Accumulation and Remobilization on Slope Farmland in Northeast China

Slope farmland is a main type of agricultural land throughout northeast China.Long-term high intensity utilization and unreasonable farming have caused the deterioration of soil resources and a decrease in crop production.Here,it was hypothesized that crop straw incorporation might help to reduce nutrient losses and increase maize yields across time and space.A field experiment for testing straw management practices on maize across three slope positions(top,back and bottom slopes)was conducted in Northeast China in 2018 and 2019.In this study,the dry matter accumulation(DMA),N accumulation(NA),N remobilization,postsilking N uptake and grain yield were measured under SI(straw incorporation)and NSI(no straw incorporation)across three slope positions of 100-m-long consecutive black soil slope farmland during the maize(Zea mays L.)growth stages.Compared with NSI,SI significantly increased DMA and NA at the silking and maturity stages.SI typically increased the N remobilization in all slope positions,and significantly increased N remobilization efficiency and contribution of N remobilization to grain on the back and bottom slopes.However,post-silking N uptake was only increased by SI on the top slope.SI generally increased the crop yield in three slope positions.In the SI treatments,the bottom slope was the highest yield position,followed by the top,and then the back slopes,suggesting that the bottom slope position of regularly incorporated straw might have increased the potential for boosting maize yield.Overall,the study demonstrated the outsized potential of straw incorporation to enhance maize NA and then increase the grain yield in black soil slope farmland.

Construction of Legal System of China's Farmland Protection under the Coexistence of Multiple Objectives:Historical Logic,Practical Problems and Optimization Paths

[Objectives]To explore the evolution of the legal system of farmland protection and explore the rules and characteristics of policy development based on the theory and logic of institutional change since China's reform and opening up,reveal the problems and deep-seated reasons of its legislation,clarify the direction of farmland protection in the new period,and solve the"non-agricultural""non-grain"and ecological problems of farmland.[Methods]Literature analysis and inductive deduction methods were used.[Results]The evolution of the farmland protection legal system has gone through the process of"national consciousness-policy guidelines-institutional system",the change from"single subject to multiple subjects";change from the use of"one-way administrative means to coordinated use of administrative,economic and technical means".The practical problems of the farmland protection legal system are mainly due to the insufficient systematization of the farmland protection legal system itself,the generalization of quantity protection,the transformation of quality protection,and the absence of ecological protection.[Conclusions]It is recommended to improve the existing farmland protection legal system from the establishment of the Farmland Protection Law,the improvement of the farmland protection public participation mechanism and supervision mechanism,the establishment of the farmland quality construction and improvement system,the differentiated farmland occupation and supplementation balance system,and the ecological restoration system.

Zoning Control of Health of Farmland System

In addition to the quality and quantity of farmland, the health of farmland has also become an important research direction in the field of farmland protection. In order to comprehensively evaluate the relationship and distribution of health and farmland production capacity, the depression area behind the Yellow River in Henan Province is taken as the research object. Using production capacity evaluation data and system health evaluation results, the health status and production capacity of farmland in the region are coupled. The results show that high productivity farmland is most distributed in areas with moderate health risks, while low productivity farmland is more distributed in areas with low health risks. Based on their coupling characteristics, the depression area behind the Yellow River can be divided into five types, and management and protection strategies can be formulated separately.

冬春季生态沟渠对农田径流污染物的净化效果分析

为有效提高冬春季沟渠的净化效率,在原有土质沟渠中增设耐寒植物黑麦草浮毯与填料透水坝构建生态沟渠,分析生态沟渠对农田径流中主要污染物的削减率,对比沿程不同处理段对污染物的净化效果,估算植物吸收对于污染通量降低总量的贡献。结果显示:在冬春季节,生态沟渠对总氮(TN)、硝氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)和悬浮物(SS)的总削减率均值分别为29.06%、54.93%、20.76%、54.08%和49.85%。透水坝段的TN和NO_(3)^(-)-N沿程削减率最高;植物浮毯+透水坝段的TP和COD沿程削减率最高;植物浮毯段的SS沿程削减率最高,其对NO_(3)^(-)-N、TP和COD也有较好的净化效果。在降水量达到10 mm以上的9 d内,TN和TP的污染通量降低总量分别为11.43和0.27 kg;黑麦草吸收的氮、磷量分别约占污染通量降低总量的20.6%和55.6%。大雪融化后气温降至0℃以下,可能引起土壤冻融作用,雪水径流中的氮、磷浓度显著升高,此时生态沟渠对径流中氮、磷的净化效果不明显,可利用周边河塘暂存雪水径流,后续结合生态措施对污染物实施强化处理。

辽宁地区农田土壤中微塑料丰度及其在团聚体中的分布特征

为了明确辽宁地区农田土壤微塑料污染情况,本研究以辽宁14个地区的农田土壤为研究对象,采用密度分离和氧化分解的方法,结合显微镜和红外光谱技术测定了土壤及各级团聚体中微塑料的丰度和分布特征。结果表明:辽宁地区农田土壤中微塑料丰度为3605个·kg^(-1),主要包括纤维状、颗粒状、块状和薄膜状4种形状,其中纤维状最多(42.11%),颗粒状和块状次之(29.10%和22.32%),薄膜状最少(6.47%)。纤维状微塑料的主要成分是尼龙,颗粒状微塑料的主要成分是聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯,块状和薄膜状微塑料的主要成分是聚乙烯。辽宁14个地区农田土壤中微塑料丰度及其形状组成各不相同,其中辽阳、朝阳、本溪、营口地区土壤中微塑料丰度显著高于其他地区。土壤中69.14%的微塑料以与团聚体结合的方式存在,尤其与小团聚体结合的最多,另外30.86%的微塑料以分散态存在。不同形状微塑料在团聚体中的分布也不同,纤维状和颗粒状微塑料主要存在于小团聚体中,薄膜状微塑料主要存在于大团聚体中,而块状微塑料在各级团聚体中的分布没有显著差异。研究表明,辽宁地区农田土壤中普遍存在微塑料污染,但是在空间上分布不均衡。土壤中微塑料主要是纤维,其成分是尼龙。土壤中的微塑料主要以与团聚体结合的方式存在,但是仍有一部分微塑料以分散态存在,在灌溉或降雨条件下存在向下淋失污染深层土壤和地下水的风险。

苯醚甲环唑胁迫下农田土壤微生物群落和多样性分析

为研究三唑类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑(dif)施用后土壤中微生物群落结构的响应变化,通过模拟生产中的施用剂量,监测35 d后土壤的理化性质并利用高通量测序技术分析土壤中细菌和真菌的群落组成变化,通过db-RDA分析建立环境因子与微生物群落响应关系。研究结果显示,随着dif施用浓度的增加,土壤中有机质(SOM)、总氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)均有所提高,有效磷(AP)呈下降趋势,Alpha多样性指数中细菌Chao1、ACE和Shannon指数均低于未处理土壤,真菌Shannon指数高于未处理土壤;所有样本中细菌共检出31门、91纲、206目、315科、553属,真菌共检测出11门、34纲、79目、174科、370属;苯醚甲环唑施用浓度为50 mg/kg时,土壤细菌中变形菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度分别提高了14.2%和1.81%,酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门相对丰度分别降低了8.28%和3.44%,绝对优势菌属节杆菌属相对丰度下降7.85%,真菌中赤霉属和被孢霉属逐渐成为优势菌群;细菌的优势菌群中变形菌门与TN呈显著正相关,真菌优势菌门中子囊菌门与AN、TN和dif呈显著正相关,被孢霉门与SOM呈显著负相关;TN和AN对细菌的Shannon指数影响较大。以上说明,高浓度苯醚甲环唑的施用对土壤的理化性质以及微生物的丰富度和群落结构均产生了影响。

耕地保护补偿制度的定位反思与规范重构

研究目的:探析耕地保护补偿制度的立法定位,准确把握耕地保护补偿制度的调整范畴,为正在制定的《耕地保护法》关于“国家建立耕地保护补偿制度”提供具体的立法建议。研究方法:规范分析法和制度目标分析法。研究结果:(1)耕地保护补偿制度在认识论层面,耕地权利设限与补偿的法权基础模糊;在本体论层面,耕地保护补偿的内涵外延尚存争议;在价值论层面,生态供益与增益的激励属性无从彰显。(2)耕地具有资源利益和生态利益一体两面共存的属性,《耕地保护法(草案)》相关条款仍是在“资源—管制”立法理念下的产物,存在显著构造缺陷。(3)以补偿目的为基准,该制度涵盖耕地资源存续补偿与耕地生态保护补偿;以补偿属性为基准,该制度包括耕地保护填平补偿与耕地保护奖励补助。研究结论:建议通过“一般规定+具体制度群”的立法模式在《耕地保护法》中完善耕地保护补偿制度,从而实现该制度维护粮食安全和生态安全的目标定位、价值导向和功能预设。

关于高标准农田基础设施建设投入问题的思考——基于河北省农田建设多元化投入的实证

本文基于对河北省农田建设项目现状以及财政投入情况进行实地考察,系统总结了中国当前农田建设投入管理的特点、存在问题及其根本原因。借鉴日本在农田基础设施建设方面的经验和做法,提出了一些政策建议,例如最大限度发挥参与农田建设的实体的作用、制定合理的投资标准、优化财政资金补助方式以及增加项目收益渠道。

畜禽粪肥中抗生素残留对土壤微生物及抗性基因的影响分析研究进展

简述了施用集约化养殖的畜禽粪肥对农田土壤造成不利影响的抗生素残留水平和种类,并结合抗生素检测方法的发展对国内外农田土壤抗生素残留现状进行分析。探究了抗生素对土壤微生物菌群的影响,揭示了抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)对农田土壤的潜在风险。最后展望了未来应深入了解土壤微生物和ARGs之间的作用机理,从而为管控抗生素的负面环境影响提供科技支撑。

俯仰式播种单体仿形性能检测试验台设计与试验

为解决播种单体仿形机构性能难以检测的问题,设计了俯仰式播种单体仿形性能检测试验台。阐述了试验台组成结构与工作原理,对其高速传动系统、液压升降系统、监控系统以及关键部件参数进行设计。应用ANSYS软件对台架整体和关键部件进行静力学分析和模态分析,验证结构设计的合理性。为检验俯仰式播种单体仿形性能检测试验台的实际检测效果,以德邦大为1205型牵引式免耕精量播种机播种单体为研究对象,先以液压杆伸出量与传送带速度为试验因素,以监控系统误差为评价指标进行试验。试验得出,在液压杆伸出量为0~200 mm范围内,监控系统角度传感器最大误差为0.69 mm;在传送带速度8~19 km/范围内,光电编码器最大误差为0.18 km/h。确认监控系统准确性后,再以单体速度为试验因素,采集速度8、10、12 km/h下地块的起伏数据为目标曲线,以地形起伏模拟曲线的绝对误差平均值为指标进行单因素试验,试验得出,所设计的试验台可有效模拟田间地面的起伏频率与起伏量,绝对误差平均值为1.86 mm,满足播种单体仿形性能检测需求。

农地经营权属性如何影响规模经营户耕地质量保护行为?

基于常州市1532个规模经营户样本数据,采用两阶段估计策略,实证分析农地经营权属性对规模经营者耕地质量保护行为的影响。结果表明:农地经营权债权属性占优时,农地产权稳定性与完整性相对较低,规模经营户更倾向于采取耕地质量保护行为;农地经营权物权属性占优时,农地产权稳定性、完整性较强,规模经营户采取耕地质量保护行为的概率反而较低。此外,农技培训、农地经营规模、参与农业经营组织与农业保险等经历对农地经营者耕地质量保护行为具有促进作用。据此,建议采取农地经营权属性分类引导的耕地质量保护激励措施,促进农地经营权流转法律制度与耕地质量保护协同发展。

农田灌溉光伏水泵系统性能测试分析

【目的】探究农田灌溉光伏水泵系统综合用能需求特性,提高该系统性能可靠性和实用性。【方法】基于高效水泵和研发的逆变器,构建了农田灌溉光伏水泵系统,结合系统装置构成与运行特点,对不同扬程运行工况下的电性能参数和扬水效率特性及水泵流量与功率特性等进行测试分析。【结果】在一定太阳辐射强度范围内,调速运行的水泵流量与输出频率有较好一致性;稳定运行时段的水泵流量可达到2 m^(3)·h^(-1);定扬程24.8 m下,系统最大扬水效率达12.7%,日平均扬水效率11.6%,日扬水量13.1 m^(3);当扬程降低到14.0 m时,最大扬水效率和日平均效率分别比前者低3.2%和3.6%,表明减低扬程并不一定能提高系统扬水效率,但对输出流量有影响。【结论】该农田灌溉光伏水泵系统配置稳态和动态性能良好,扬水能力可满足省水微灌和植被绿化等基本农业生产需要。

农地产权的结构变化·权能功效和规模经营

运用文献研究法、对比分析法和制度分析法等研究方法,从产权结构角度阐释其变化历程和权能功效,进而揭示农地产权结构与农地经营模式的互馈。研究发现:农地产权结构的变化经历了所有权与使用权一体,所有权与使用权初步分离,所有权、资格权及使用权再分离等发展阶段,权能划分越来越细、权能内涵界定更趋清晰。农地产权正持续进行合理性变革,农地权能的分解具有中国特色,更加注重农民权能利益保护,并与农地经营模式关联紧密。未来农地产权结构和农地经营模式的创新需要国家从政策措施、经济措施、法律措施等方面进一步完善和予以保障。

基于GIS的农田墒情管理系统应用研究

以农田土壤墒情监测过程和数据分析与管理过程为研究对象,建立农田土壤墒情监测和数据分析过程模型,对当前农田土壤墒情监测过程中的不足进行分析,并结合无线网络传输技术和GIS地理信息技术构建农田墒情管理系统功能模块,实现土壤墒情数据采集、分析处理及管理输出。农田墒情管理系统运行结果表明:系统能够实时快速对农田土壤含水量进行监测,同时能够对土壤水分含量数据动态变化过程进行管理,便于土壤水分含量变化趋势的预测。

黄土塬区果园-农田交界带土壤水分分布及农田对果园的供水特征

[目的]为探明黄土高原南部塬区果园-农田镶嵌格局下土壤水分空间分布与协同利用特征。[方法]选取长武塬区10龄、21龄和25龄苹果园(AO10、AO21和AO25)及其邻近农田,通过测定2021年雨季后果园-农田交界带有关位点的土壤含水量,定量计算农田土壤储水对果园耗水的贡献。[结果]2021年降水量756 mm,为典型的丰水年份,农田和AO21、AO25果园降雨入渗深度在11月底分别达8.4,7.0,5.0 m。AO10果园-农田交界带以4 m深度为界,其下部土壤含水量较上部大,4-10 m土层平均含水量为25.5%;AO21果园0-7 m土层平均含水量为22.1%,7-10 m为15.0%;AO25果园0-5 m土层平均含水量为20.9%,5-10 m土层平均含水量为13.6%,AO21和AO25果园分别在7.0,5.0 m以下仍存在土壤干层。水平方向上,AO21、AO25果园利用邻近农田土壤水分的距离分别达到5,8 m,农果交界面上农田向果园的供水量,当以干层上界划分土壤剖面,其上为表观供水量,2个果园分别为0.08,0.25 m^(3)/m^(2);其下为实际供水量,分别为0.45,0.81 m^(3)/m^(2)。[结论]黄土塬区果园和农田镶嵌布局是一种较为合理的利用结构,在其规划管理中应考虑果树年限及其相邻农田宽度等因素,研究结果有助于推进区域土壤水资源的可持续利用及其空间优化。

气候行动最前线的高标准农田生产气象保障

以变暖为主要特征的全球气候变化已经严重威胁到全球粮食安全,高标准农田建设作为农业适应气候变化的重要措施已经在中国推广实施。为助力气候变暖影响下的高标准农田生产,文章梳理了国际土地整理与我国高标准农田建设历程,并从高标准农田适宜性评价、土地要素配置的粮食效应、高标准农田监督管理和高标准农田建设效益评价四个方面综述了高标准农田的最新研究进展,指出目前缺乏高标准农田生产气象保障相关研究。在此基础上,针对高标准农田旱涝保收、抗灾能力强和生态良好“三位一体”的要求,提出气象助力高标准农田生产应加强三个方面研究:农田生态系统气候水资源相互作用与农田节水灌溉;主要粮食作物气象灾变精准监测模拟与快速解析归因;农田生态气象风险敏感因子检测及其气象监测评价,以实现气象为农服务提质增效,助力高标准农田高产增效。